农田温室气体排放通量与土壤碳汇研究
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摘要
本文研究了华中地区典型旱地农田的温室气体排放通量动态变化，及其与作物生长、土壤中C、N元素和其它管理因子(施肥、灌溉)和环境因子(如温度、水分等)之间的相互关系：以及晒田和不同类型肥料对北京单季稻田甲烷和N_2O排放的影响及其相互关系；并对我国和发达国家关于京都议定书3.3和3.4条款有关活动的碳汇潜力进行了计算、分析和比较；还计算和总结出我国土壤碳储量及其地理分布特征。研究的主要结果如下：
1．旱地农田土壤CO_2排放通量与作物生长状况密切相关，在作物旺盛生长和成熟期的排放量较高，这可能与根系分泌物和土壤中残留有机物料较多有关；
2．土壤CO_2排放通量与土壤可溶性有机碳之间没有直接的关系。可能是由于土壤可溶性有机碳是土壤碳转化过程中的中间产物，它一方面是土壤微生物分解复杂有机物的降解产物，另一方面又会被其它微生物继续分解和利用；
3．旱地农田N_2O排放与施肥及土壤中无机氮含量密切相关，N_2O排放通量与土壤无机氮含量呈正相关；N_2O排放在施肥后显著增加，尤其在气温和土温较高的季节更为显著；
4．旱地土壤是一弱的甲烷汇(汇强度为-0.003～-0.026 mgCH_4／m~2／h)，较高的土壤湿度和施用氮肥会减弱土壤甲烷汇的强度；
5．本试验条件下，稻田在水稻分蘖末期短期晒田可减少甲烷排放量16.1％，而同时增加的N_2O当量较小，仅为7.3％(500年时间尺度内)；
6．关于京都议定书3.4条款的7项主要活动中，我国未来的固碳潜力为85.6MMtC／y(范围为40.0～218.3 MMtC／y)，其中潜力大小依次为森林＞草地＞农田；全球的潜力为637 MMtC／y，其中草地的潜力最大(占41％)，森林和农田管理次之；
7．附件Ⅰ国家(34个工业化程度较高的国家)和美国可以通过“京都议定书”3.3和3.4条款完成其减排承诺的50～70％。可见，京都议定书引入温室气体吸收汇，为发达国家提供了更多的减排选择；
8．我国80年代的土壤碳储量为107.5 Gt，约占全球土壤碳储量的6～7％。其中，，0-20cm、0-51cm和0～84cm土层的碳储量分别占到0～94cm土层碳总量的38％、77％和98％；
9．我国土壤碳储量的地理分布规律为：东部森林土壤系列由南到北，随纬度的增加土壤有机质和碳密度呈增加的趋势；北部草原土壤系列从东到西，随经度的减小，土壤有机质和碳密度呈逐渐降低的趋势。
Global change resulted mainly from increased concentration of atmospheric greenhouse gases has becoming the worldwide concrn. 70-90% of atmospheric CH_4 and N_2O are produced from soil microbial processes, and the land use and land-use change resulted CO_2 emissions also contribute to climate warming. The agroecosystem contributed to climate change through emission N_2O from dryland soils and CH_4 from paddy soils. While available mitigation options could debate these trends. Based on these backgrounds, this paper focus on the follow aspects, they are:ⅰ) The seasonal variation of greenhouse gases (CO_2, CH_4, N_2O) and their relationships with relative soil indexes such as soil inorganic nitrogen, and soil humidity and other management activities such as fertilization and irrigation etc. from typical dryland soils and paddy soils,ⅱ) The soil carbon stocks and its distribution characters in geographical spaces in China.ⅲ) The carbon sequestration potential of activities under Article 3.3 and 3.4 of Kyoto Protocol in China and some implications of these activities on the implementation of commitment of Annex-I countries since sinks were introduced by the Kyoto Protocol. The results are as follows:
(1). The soil CO_2 emission flux correlated with the growth status of crops: at the stages when plants and roots grew quickly and when the amount of plant debris was more, soil CO_2 emission flux showed higher due to the large amount of root exudations and organic material as the substrate of soil microorganisms;
(2). Soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) could not exactly reflect the soil respiration intensity. This is perhaps because DOC is not only one of the intermal products of decomposition process of complicated plant material, but also it could be decomposed further by microorganisms and this process is quickly happened under higher temperature and proper soil water content;
(3). The N_2O flux was positively correlated with soil inorganic N content mostly resulted from applications especially under higher temperature and proper soil humidity conditions;
(4). The typical cropland was a weak net CH_4 sink with the average flux of-0.003～-0.025 mg CH_4/m~2/h, and the higher soil humidity could decrease the methane absorption intensity of dryland soils;
(5). Under the condition of this experiment, aeration at later tillering stage of single rice growth period could decrease methane emission by 16.1%; while the increased N_2O production only accounted for 7.3% of the total GWP (methane+N_2O) (in the 500years time scale);
(6). The carbon sequestration potential of the seven items of activities under Article 3.4 of Kyoto Protocol is 104.9 MMtC/y with the range of 62.7～233.2 MMtC/y in China in the future. Among these potentials, their contributions are in the order: forest management＞grassland management＞cropland management.
(7). Annex-I countries could complement 50～70% of their mitigation commitments when activities under Article 3.3 and 3.4 were adopted.
(8). The total carbon stocks of Chinese soils in the 0～94cm soils were 107.5 Gt in the 1980's. And the carbon stocks of 0～20, 0～51, and 0～84cm soil depths accounted for 38%, 77%, and 98% of the total stocks respectively.
(9). The geographical distribution rules of soil carbon stocks in China were: with the increase of latitude along the East China, the soil carbon density increased; And with the decrease of longitude along the North China, the soil carbon density decreased.
1．旱地农田土壤CO_2排放通量与作物生长状况密切相关，在作物旺盛生长和成熟期的排放量较高，这可能与根系分泌物和土壤中残留有机物料较多有关；
2．土壤CO_2排放通量与土壤可溶性有机碳之间没有直接的关系。可能是由于土壤可溶性有机碳是土壤碳转化过程中的中间产物，它一方面是土壤微生物分解复杂有机物的降解产物，另一方面又会被其它微生物继续分解和利用；
3．旱地农田N_2O排放与施肥及土壤中无机氮含量密切相关，N_2O排放通量与土壤无机氮含量呈正相关；N_2O排放在施肥后显著增加，尤其在气温和土温较高的季节更为显著；
4．旱地土壤是一弱的甲烷汇(汇强度为-0.003～-0.026 mgCH_4／m~2／h)，较高的土壤湿度和施用氮肥会减弱土壤甲烷汇的强度；
5．本试验条件下，稻田在水稻分蘖末期短期晒田可减少甲烷排放量16.1％，而同时增加的N_2O当量较小，仅为7.3％(500年时间尺度内)；
6．关于京都议定书3.4条款的7项主要活动中，我国未来的固碳潜力为85.6MMtC／y(范围为40.0～218.3 MMtC／y)，其中潜力大小依次为森林＞草地＞农田；全球的潜力为637 MMtC／y，其中草地的潜力最大(占41％)，森林和农田管理次之；
7．附件Ⅰ国家(34个工业化程度较高的国家)和美国可以通过“京都议定书”3.3和3.4条款完成其减排承诺的50～70％。可见，京都议定书引入温室气体吸收汇，为发达国家提供了更多的减排选择；
8．我国80年代的土壤碳储量为107.5 Gt，约占全球土壤碳储量的6～7％。其中，，0-20cm、0-51cm和0～84cm土层的碳储量分别占到0～94cm土层碳总量的38％、77％和98％；
9．我国土壤碳储量的地理分布规律为：东部森林土壤系列由南到北，随纬度的增加土壤有机质和碳密度呈增加的趋势；北部草原土壤系列从东到西，随经度的减小，土壤有机质和碳密度呈逐渐降低的趋势。
Global change resulted mainly from increased concentration of atmospheric greenhouse gases has becoming the worldwide concrn. 70-90% of atmospheric CH_4 and N_2O are produced from soil microbial processes, and the land use and land-use change resulted CO_2 emissions also contribute to climate warming. The agroecosystem contributed to climate change through emission N_2O from dryland soils and CH_4 from paddy soils. While available mitigation options could debate these trends. Based on these backgrounds, this paper focus on the follow aspects, they are:ⅰ) The seasonal variation of greenhouse gases (CO_2, CH_4, N_2O) and their relationships with relative soil indexes such as soil inorganic nitrogen, and soil humidity and other management activities such as fertilization and irrigation etc. from typical dryland soils and paddy soils,ⅱ) The soil carbon stocks and its distribution characters in geographical spaces in China.ⅲ) The carbon sequestration potential of activities under Article 3.3 and 3.4 of Kyoto Protocol in China and some implications of these activities on the implementation of commitment of Annex-I countries since sinks were introduced by the Kyoto Protocol. The results are as follows:
(1). The soil CO_2 emission flux correlated with the growth status of crops: at the stages when plants and roots grew quickly and when the amount of plant debris was more, soil CO_2 emission flux showed higher due to the large amount of root exudations and organic material as the substrate of soil microorganisms;
(2). Soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) could not exactly reflect the soil respiration intensity. This is perhaps because DOC is not only one of the intermal products of decomposition process of complicated plant material, but also it could be decomposed further by microorganisms and this process is quickly happened under higher temperature and proper soil water content;
(3). The N_2O flux was positively correlated with soil inorganic N content mostly resulted from applications especially under higher temperature and proper soil humidity conditions;
(4). The typical cropland was a weak net CH_4 sink with the average flux of-0.003～-0.025 mg CH_4/m~2/h, and the higher soil humidity could decrease the methane absorption intensity of dryland soils;
(5). Under the condition of this experiment, aeration at later tillering stage of single rice growth period could decrease methane emission by 16.1%; while the increased N_2O production only accounted for 7.3% of the total GWP (methane+N_2O) (in the 500years time scale);
(6). The carbon sequestration potential of the seven items of activities under Article 3.4 of Kyoto Protocol is 104.9 MMtC/y with the range of 62.7～233.2 MMtC/y in China in the future. Among these potentials, their contributions are in the order: forest management＞grassland management＞cropland management.
(7). Annex-I countries could complement 50～70% of their mitigation commitments when activities under Article 3.3 and 3.4 were adopted.
(8). The total carbon stocks of Chinese soils in the 0～94cm soils were 107.5 Gt in the 1980's. And the carbon stocks of 0～20, 0～51, and 0～84cm soil depths accounted for 38%, 77%, and 98% of the total stocks respectively.
(9). The geographical distribution rules of soil carbon stocks in China were: with the increase of latitude along the East China, the soil carbon density increased; And with the decrease of longitude along the North China, the soil carbon density decreased.
引文
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