杭州市景观格局的演变及优化研究
|
摘要
随着城市化进程的快速发展，城市化区域景观格局演变研究日益成为景观生态学领域的热点问题。本研究以杭州市1996、2001和2010年三幅遥感影像作为基础数据源，应用生态学理论、方法和RS、GIS技术，通过遥感影像的解译、景观格局指数选取与计算等，对杭州市1996~2010年景观格局演变进行了全面的分析。在此基础上，利用Conefor Sensinode2.2软件筛选绿色源点，通过耗费距离模型来模拟潜在的绿色廊道，基于图论和景观生态学原理构建绿地生态网络体系；其次由功能网络连通性及其相互作用的角度来分析城市景观格局、功能流路径与不同功能流在空间上的相互作用，以获得生态敏感区域的空间位置。最后在景观格局的演变结果及景观功能网络评价的基础上，提出了杭州市景观格局优化措施。主要结论如下：
（1）1996~2010年间，杭州市的土地利用变化呈现“两增三减”的变化趋势，水域、林地、农田面积呈下降的趋势，绿地和不透水面面积呈上升的趋势。主要景观类型面积的转移发生在农田和林地景观向不透水面景观类型发展。
（2）1996~2010年间，杭州市景观斑块的数量总体呈减小的趋势，其减少幅度为9.1%，平均斑块面积呈增大的趋势，其增加幅度为10.1%，景观破碎度指数呈减小的趋势，减少幅度为9.5%。
（3）1996~2010年间，杭州市景观形状逐渐趋于复杂化。14年来，景观形状指数增加了17.01%，景观多样性指数增加了11.4%，均匀度指数增加了11.27%。
（4）利用Conefor Sensinode软件对杭州市绿地斑块连通性的重要值进行分析，选取出9个绿地源点，在此基础上，采用耗费距离模型，构建了杭州市绿地生态网络，提出5条生态廊道。
（5）通过功能网络的叠加，获得不透水面对于绿地景观功能联系的敏感区域。敏感区域主要包括：西湖、杭州西湖区政府、中河高架、上塘河、西溪湿地、杭州绕城公路、良渚仰家塘村、湘湖、华眉山、南江公园、北塘河等。
（6）针对当前杭州市生态建设中存在的问题，基于景观格局指数的量化研究以及景观生态网络的空间研究，对各类景观类型及生态敏感区提出一系列优化措施。
As the rapid development of urbanization, the research of urban landscape is more and moreimportant in landscape ecology. Based on the remote sensing images in1996、2001and2010, theecological theory, method as well as techniques of RS and GIS are applied to analyze comprehensivelyurban landscape pattern from1996~2010in Hangzhou city by remote sensing image interpretation andselection and calculation of landscape pattern indexes. On this basis, we filtered the green source byConefor Sensinode2.2software, then built the Potential green corridors model of Hangzhou City byusing the cost distance model method; based on the graph theory and landscape ecology principles, theecological network system was developed; In order to obtain the spatial location of ecologicallysensitive areas, we analyzed the urban landscape pattern、function flow paths with different functions onthe interaction space by considering the perspective of the functional network connectivity and theirinteractions. Finally, some optimization measures of the landscape in Hangzhou city were producedbased on the results of the changing landscape pattern and the evaluation of the landscape functionsnetwork. The following conclusions were as followed.
(1) The land-use change of Hangzhou city from1996to2010presents" up and down" trend, thewater, woodland, farmland area showed the tendency of decrease, the otherwise, green land andimpervious surface area showed the tendency of increase. Transfer occurs in the landscape type offarmland and woodland to the impervious surface.
(2) As the development of urbanization, the number of landscape patches was reduced by9.1%, theaverage plaques was showed the tendency of increase with the rate of10.1%, landscape fragmentationindex was reduced by9.5%in the past15years.
(3) The landscape shape becomes complicated gradually. In14years, landscape shape indexincreased by17.01%, the landscape diversity index increased by11.4%, evenness index increased by11.27%.
(4) Conefor Sensinode2.2software was applied to analyze the importance of connectivity ofGreen patches,9green land sources were selected; on this basis, using the cost distance model to buildgreen land ecological network,5ecological corridor were offered at last.
(5) The sensitive areas between impervious surface and green land landscape was analyzed by the overlay of function network; the sensitive areas include: West Lake、government of Xihu District、Zhonghe viaduct, Shangtang River, XiXi Wetland, The round city high way, Xianghu Lake, HuameiMountain、South Park、Beitang River and so on.
(6) On account of the ecological construction problems in Hangzhou city, we put forward a seriesof optimization measures about different type of landscapes and sensitive areas by the quantitativeresearch of landscape pattern index and the space research of landscape ecology network.
（1）1996~2010年间，杭州市的土地利用变化呈现“两增三减”的变化趋势，水域、林地、农田面积呈下降的趋势，绿地和不透水面面积呈上升的趋势。主要景观类型面积的转移发生在农田和林地景观向不透水面景观类型发展。
（2）1996~2010年间，杭州市景观斑块的数量总体呈减小的趋势，其减少幅度为9.1%，平均斑块面积呈增大的趋势，其增加幅度为10.1%，景观破碎度指数呈减小的趋势，减少幅度为9.5%。
（3）1996~2010年间，杭州市景观形状逐渐趋于复杂化。14年来，景观形状指数增加了17.01%，景观多样性指数增加了11.4%，均匀度指数增加了11.27%。
（4）利用Conefor Sensinode软件对杭州市绿地斑块连通性的重要值进行分析，选取出9个绿地源点，在此基础上，采用耗费距离模型，构建了杭州市绿地生态网络，提出5条生态廊道。
（5）通过功能网络的叠加，获得不透水面对于绿地景观功能联系的敏感区域。敏感区域主要包括：西湖、杭州西湖区政府、中河高架、上塘河、西溪湿地、杭州绕城公路、良渚仰家塘村、湘湖、华眉山、南江公园、北塘河等。
（6）针对当前杭州市生态建设中存在的问题，基于景观格局指数的量化研究以及景观生态网络的空间研究，对各类景观类型及生态敏感区提出一系列优化措施。
As the rapid development of urbanization, the research of urban landscape is more and moreimportant in landscape ecology. Based on the remote sensing images in1996、2001and2010, theecological theory, method as well as techniques of RS and GIS are applied to analyze comprehensivelyurban landscape pattern from1996~2010in Hangzhou city by remote sensing image interpretation andselection and calculation of landscape pattern indexes. On this basis, we filtered the green source byConefor Sensinode2.2software, then built the Potential green corridors model of Hangzhou City byusing the cost distance model method; based on the graph theory and landscape ecology principles, theecological network system was developed; In order to obtain the spatial location of ecologicallysensitive areas, we analyzed the urban landscape pattern、function flow paths with different functions onthe interaction space by considering the perspective of the functional network connectivity and theirinteractions. Finally, some optimization measures of the landscape in Hangzhou city were producedbased on the results of the changing landscape pattern and the evaluation of the landscape functionsnetwork. The following conclusions were as followed.
(1) The land-use change of Hangzhou city from1996to2010presents" up and down" trend, thewater, woodland, farmland area showed the tendency of decrease, the otherwise, green land andimpervious surface area showed the tendency of increase. Transfer occurs in the landscape type offarmland and woodland to the impervious surface.
(2) As the development of urbanization, the number of landscape patches was reduced by9.1%, theaverage plaques was showed the tendency of increase with the rate of10.1%, landscape fragmentationindex was reduced by9.5%in the past15years.
(3) The landscape shape becomes complicated gradually. In14years, landscape shape indexincreased by17.01%, the landscape diversity index increased by11.4%, evenness index increased by11.27%.
(4) Conefor Sensinode2.2software was applied to analyze the importance of connectivity ofGreen patches,9green land sources were selected; on this basis, using the cost distance model to buildgreen land ecological network,5ecological corridor were offered at last.
(5) The sensitive areas between impervious surface and green land landscape was analyzed by the overlay of function network; the sensitive areas include: West Lake、government of Xihu District、Zhonghe viaduct, Shangtang River, XiXi Wetland, The round city high way, Xianghu Lake, HuameiMountain、South Park、Beitang River and so on.
(6) On account of the ecological construction problems in Hangzhou city, we put forward a seriesof optimization measures about different type of landscapes and sensitive areas by the quantitativeresearch of landscape pattern index and the space research of landscape ecology network.
引文
[1]赵运林，邹冬生.城市生态学[M].科学出版社,2005.
[2]海热提，涂尔逊.城市生态环境规划:理论,方法与实践[M].化学工业出版社,2005:24-27.
[3]丁圣彦,张明亮. Urban landscape dynamics of Kaifeng city from1988to2002[J].地理研究.2005,24(1).
[4]袁艺，史培军，刘颖慧等.快速城市化过程中土地覆盖格局研究[J].生态学报.2003,23(9):1832-1840.
[5]俞孔坚，李迪华.城乡与区域规划的景观生态模式[J].国外城市规划.1997,3:27-31.
[6]胡晓，郑钦玉，龙伟等.重庆主城区城市绿地景观格局分析及综合评价[J].西南农业大学学报:社会科学版.2007,5(5):47-49.
[7]王仰麟.农业景观格局与过程研究进展[J].环境科学进展.1998,6(2):29-34.
[8]邬建国.景观生态学:格局,过程,尺度与等级[M].高等教育出版社,2000.
[9]O'Neill R V, Milne B T, Turner M G, et al. Resource utilization scales and landscape pattern[J].Landscape Ecology.1988,2(1):63-69.
[10]Kienast F. Analysis of historic landscape patterns with a geographical information system—amethodological outline[J]. Landscape Ecology.1993,8(2):103-118.
[11]马克明，傅伯杰，周华峰.景观多样性测度:格局多样性的亲和度分析[J].生态学报.1998,18(1):76-81.
[12]马克明，傅伯杰.北京东灵山区景观类型空间邻接与分布规律[J].生态学报.2000,20(5):748-752.
[13]Greig-Smith P. Quantitative plant ecology[M]. University of California Press,1984.
[14]Turner M G, Bogucki D J. Landscape heterogeneity and disturbance[M]. Springer-Verlag,1987.
[15]Gustafson E J. Quantifying landscape spatial pattern: What is the state of the art?[J]. Ecosystems.1998,1(2):143-156.
[16]Turner M G. Landscape ecology in North America: past, present, and future[J]. Ecology.2005,86(8):1967-1974.
[17]Lioubimtseva E, Defourny P. GIS-based landscape classification and mapping of EuropeanRussia[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning.1999,44(2-3):63-75.
[18]Mander ü, Jongman R H G. Human impact on rural landscapes in central and northern Europe[J].Landscape and Urban Planning.1998,41(3-4):149-153.
[19]Swetnam R D, Ragou P, Firbank L G, et al. Applying ecological models to altered landscapes::Scenario-testing with GIS[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning.1998,41(1):3-18.
[20]Hietala-Koivu R. Agricultural landscape change: a case study in Yl ne, southwest Finland[J].Landscape and Urban Planning.1999,46(1-3):103-108.
[21]Kristensen S P. Agricultural land use and landscape changes in Rostrup, Denmark: processes ofintensification and extensification[J]. Landscape and urban Planning.1999,46(1-3):117-123.
[22]Thomas M F. Landscape sensitivity in time and space--an introduction[J]. Catena.2001,42(2-4):83-98.
[23]Dumas E, Jappiot M, Tatoni T. Mediterranean urban-forest interface classification (MUFIC): Aquantitative method combining SPOT5imagery and landscape ecology indices[J]. Landscape andUrban Planning.2008,84(3):183-190.
[24]Bolliger J. Simulating complex landscapes with a generic model: sensitivity to qualitative andquantitative classifications[J]. Ecological Complexity.2005,2(2):131-149.
[25]Scheller R M, Mladenoff D J. An ecological classification of forest landscape simulation models:tools and strategies for understanding broad-scale forested ecosystems[J]. Landscape Ecology.2007,22(4):491-505.
[26]Keane R E, Cary G J, Davies I D, et al. A classification of landscape fire succession models: spatialsimulations of fire and vegetation dynamics[J]. Ecological Modelling.2004,179(1):3-27.
[27]Real E, Arce C, Sabucedo M. Classification of landscapes using quantitative and categorical data,and prediction of their scenic beauty in North-Western Spain[J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology.2000,20(4):355-373.
[28]肖笃宁，赵羿，孙中伟.沈阳西郊景观格局变化的研究[J].应用生态学报.1990,1(1):75-84.
[29]陈文波，肖笃宁.景观指数分类,应用及构建研究[J].应用生态学报.2002,13(1):121-125.
[30]曾辉，孔宁宁.基于边界特征的景观格局分析[J].应用生态学报.2002,13(1):81-86.
[31]张峰，张新时.基于TM影像的景观空间自相关分析——以北京昌平区为例[J].生态学报.2004,24(12):2853-2858.
[32]王让会，张慧芝，游先祥等.塔里木河流域生态景观格局的遥感信息提取与分析[J].北京林业大学学报.2003,25(2):43-47.
[33]徐建华，岳文泽，谈文琦.城市景观格局尺度效应的空间统计规律——以上海中心城区为例[J].地理学报.2005,59(6):1058-1067.
[34]李厚增，林文鹏，温家洪等.上海市闵行区景观格局动态变化研究[J].安徽农业科学.2011,38(36):20761-20764.
[35]王安周，张桂宾，耿秀丽.1988--2002年郑州市景观格局演变分析[J].水土保持研究.2010,17(2):190-194.
[36]Bunn A G, Urban D L, Keitt T H. Landscape connectivity: a conservation application of graphtheory[J]. Journal of Environmental Management.2000,59(4):265-278.
[37]Henein K, Merriam G. The elements of connectivity where corridor quality is variable[J].Landscape Ecology.1990,4(2):157-170.
[38]Wu J, David J L. A spatially explicit hierarchical approach to modeling complex ecological systems:theory and applications[J]. Ecological Modelling.2002,153(1-2):7-26.
[39]Michels E, Cottenie K, Neys L, et al. Geographical and genetic distances among zooplanktonpopulations in a set of interconnected ponds: a plea for using GIS modelling of the effectivegeographical distance[J]. Molecular Ecology.2001,10(8):1929-1938.
[40]Niu Z G, Li B G, Zhang F R. Optimum land-use patterns based on regional available soil water[J].Transactions of the CSAE.2002,18(3):173-177.
[41]Cook E A. Landscape structure indices for assessing urban ecological networks[J]. Landscape andUrban Planning.2002,58(2-4):269-280.
[42]Linehan J, Gross M, Finn J. Greenway planning: developing a landscape ecological networkapproach[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning.1995,33(1-3):179-193.
[43]Marulli J, Mallarach J M. A GIS methodology for assessing ecological connectivity: application tothe Barcelona Metropolitan Area[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning.2005,71(2-4):243-262.
[44]Conine A, Xiang W N, Young J, et al. Planning for multi-purpose greenways in Concord, NorthCarolina[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning.2004,68(2-3):271-287.
[45]孔繁花，尹海伟.济南城市绿地生态网络构建[J].生态学报.2008,28(4):42-52.
[46]王海珍，张利权.基于GIS景观格局和网络分析法的厦门本岛生态网络规划[J].植物生态学报.2005,29(1):144-152.
[47]张小飞，王仰麟，李正国.基于景观功能网络概念的景观格局优化——以台湾地区乌溪流域典型区为例[J].生态学报.2005,25(7):1707-1713.
[48]岳德鹏，王计平，刘永兵等. GIS与RS技术支持下的北京西北地区景观格局优化[J].地理学报.2007,62(11):1223-1231.
[49]郭宏斌，黄义雄，叶功富等.厦门城市生态功能网络评价及其优化研究[J]. JOURNAL OFNATURAL RESOURCES.2010,25(1).
[50]张小飞，李正国，王如松等.基于功能网络评价的城市生态安全格局研究—以常州市为例[J].北京大学学报:自然科学版.2009(4):728-736.
[51]袁金国.遥感图像数字处理[M].中国环境科学出版社,2006.
[52]韩荡.城市景观生态分类——以深圳市为例[J].城市环境与城市生态.2003,16(2):50-52.
[53]肖笃宁，钟林生.景观分类与评价的生态原则[J].应用生态学报.1998,9(2):217-221.
[54]彭建，王仰麟，张源等.土地利用分类对景观格局指数的影响[J].地理学报.2006,61(2):157-168.
[55]Gustafson E J, Parker G R. Relationships between landcover proportion and indices of landscapespatial pattern[J]. Landscape ecology.1992,7(2):101-110.
[56]O'Neill R V, Krummel J R, Gardner R H, et al. Indices of landscape pattern[J]. Landscape ecology.1988,1(3):153-162.
[57]王宪礼，肖笃宁.辽河三角洲湿地的景观格局分析[J].生态学报.1997,17(3):317-323.
[58]李国旗.基于能值的景观格局变化及其驱动力研究[D].北京:北京林业大学水土保持学院,2003.
[59]汪永华，苏志尧，陈北光.广州白云山风景区植被景观格局探析[J]. Chinese Journal ofEco-Agriculture.2005,1(13).
[60]常学礼，邬建国.科尔沁沙地景观格局特征分析[J].生态学报.1998,18(3):225-232.
[61]Adriaensen F, Chardon J P, De Blust G, et al. The application of "least-cost" modelling as afunctional landscape model[J]. Landscape and urban planning.2003,64(4):233-247.
[62]俞孔坚，段铁武.景观可达性作为衡量城市绿地系统功能指标的评价方法与案例[J].城市规划.1999,23(8):8-11.
[63]Knaapen J P, Scheffer M, Harms B. Estimating habitat isolation in landscape planning[J].Landscape and Urban Planning.1992,23(1):1-16.
[64]俞孔坚.生物保护的景观生态安全格局[J].生态学报.1999,1(5):8-15.
[65]李纪宏，刘雪华.基于最小费用距离模型的自然保护区功能分区[J].自然资源学报.2006,21(2):219-224.
[66]康苹，刘高焕.基于耗费距离的公路网络路径分析模型研究[J].地球信息科学.2007,9(6):54-59.
[67]郭仁忠.空间分析[M].高等教育出版社,2001.
[68]Walker R, Craighead L. Analyzing wildlife movement corridors in Montana using GIS[C].1997.
[69]Ferreras P. Landscape structure and asymmetrical inter-patch connectivity in a metapopulation ofthe endangered Iberian lynx[J]. Biological Conservation.2001,100(1):125-136.
[70]周廷刚，郭达志.基于GIS的城市绿地景观引力场研究[J].生态学报.2004,24(6):1157-1163.
[71]俞孔坚.景观生态战略点识别方法与理论地理学的表面模型[J].地理学报.1998,53:11-18.
[72]陈文波，孙海放，肖笃宁.森林水文功能安全阻力面模型初探[J].江西农业大学学报.2004,26(3):385-389.
[73]汤国安，杨昕. ArcGIS地理信息系统空间分析实验教程[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.
[74]Yu K-J. Landscape ecological security patterns in biological conservation. Acta Ecologica Sinica，1999,19(1):8-15.
[75]Chardon J P, Adriaensen F, Matthysen E. Incorporating landscape elements into a connectivitymeasure: a case study for the Speckled wood butterfly (Pararge aegeria L.)[J]. Landscape Ecology.2003,18(6):561-573.
[76]Verbeylen G, De Bruyn L, Adriaensen F, et al. Does matrix resistance influence Red squirrel(Sciurus vulgaris L.1758) distribution in an urban landscape?[J]. Landscape Ecology.2003,18(8):791-805.
[77]Singleton P H, Gaines W L, Lehmkuhl J F, et al. Landscape permeability for large carnivores inWashington: a geographic information system weighted-distance and least-cost corridor assessment[M].US Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station,2002.
[78]Epps C W, Wehausen J D, Bleich V C, et al. Optimizing dispersal and corridor models usinglandscape genetics[J]. Journal of Applied Ecology.2007,44(4):714-724.
[79]Sutcliffe O L, Bakkestuen V, Fry G, et al. Modelling the benefits of farmland restoration:methodology and application to butterfly movement[J]. Landscape and urban planning.2003,63(1):15-31.
[80]Sun D, Dawson R, Li H, et al. A landscape connectivity index for assessing desertification: a casestudy of Minqin County, China[J]. Landscape ecology.2007,22(4):531-543.
[81]陈利顶，傅伯杰，赵文武.“源”“汇”景观理论及其生态学意义[J].生态学报.2006,26(5):1444-1449.
[82]华彦，李国忠，高桂华.踏脚石原理在自然保护区设计上的应用[J].野生动物.2005,26(4):30-31.
[83]Saura S, Pascual-Hortal L. A new habitat availability index to integrate connectivity in landscapeconservation planning: comparison with existing indices and application to a case study[J]. Landscapeand Urban Planning.2007,83(2-3):91-103.
[84]Naveh, Z.erman. Landscape Ecology: Theoryand Application(second edition)[M]. New YorkSpringer-Verlag.1993:1-9.
[85]Fu B J, Chen L D, Ma K M, et al. The principle and application of landscape ecology[J]. Beijing:Science Press.2001,126:130.
[86]Yueguang Z. The corridor effects in urban ecological landscape planning: A case study onBeijing[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica.1999,19(2):143-148.
[87]俞孔坚，李迪华.城市河道及滨水地带的“整治”与“美化”[J].现代城市研究.2003,18(5):29-32.
[2]海热提，涂尔逊.城市生态环境规划:理论,方法与实践[M].化学工业出版社,2005:24-27.
[3]丁圣彦,张明亮. Urban landscape dynamics of Kaifeng city from1988to2002[J].地理研究.2005,24(1).
[4]袁艺，史培军，刘颖慧等.快速城市化过程中土地覆盖格局研究[J].生态学报.2003,23(9):1832-1840.
[5]俞孔坚，李迪华.城乡与区域规划的景观生态模式[J].国外城市规划.1997,3:27-31.
[6]胡晓，郑钦玉，龙伟等.重庆主城区城市绿地景观格局分析及综合评价[J].西南农业大学学报:社会科学版.2007,5(5):47-49.
[7]王仰麟.农业景观格局与过程研究进展[J].环境科学进展.1998,6(2):29-34.
[8]邬建国.景观生态学:格局,过程,尺度与等级[M].高等教育出版社,2000.
[9]O'Neill R V, Milne B T, Turner M G, et al. Resource utilization scales and landscape pattern[J].Landscape Ecology.1988,2(1):63-69.
[10]Kienast F. Analysis of historic landscape patterns with a geographical information system—amethodological outline[J]. Landscape Ecology.1993,8(2):103-118.
[11]马克明，傅伯杰，周华峰.景观多样性测度:格局多样性的亲和度分析[J].生态学报.1998,18(1):76-81.
[12]马克明，傅伯杰.北京东灵山区景观类型空间邻接与分布规律[J].生态学报.2000,20(5):748-752.
[13]Greig-Smith P. Quantitative plant ecology[M]. University of California Press,1984.
[14]Turner M G, Bogucki D J. Landscape heterogeneity and disturbance[M]. Springer-Verlag,1987.
[15]Gustafson E J. Quantifying landscape spatial pattern: What is the state of the art?[J]. Ecosystems.1998,1(2):143-156.
[16]Turner M G. Landscape ecology in North America: past, present, and future[J]. Ecology.2005,86(8):1967-1974.
[17]Lioubimtseva E, Defourny P. GIS-based landscape classification and mapping of EuropeanRussia[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning.1999,44(2-3):63-75.
[18]Mander ü, Jongman R H G. Human impact on rural landscapes in central and northern Europe[J].Landscape and Urban Planning.1998,41(3-4):149-153.
[19]Swetnam R D, Ragou P, Firbank L G, et al. Applying ecological models to altered landscapes::Scenario-testing with GIS[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning.1998,41(1):3-18.
[20]Hietala-Koivu R. Agricultural landscape change: a case study in Yl ne, southwest Finland[J].Landscape and Urban Planning.1999,46(1-3):103-108.
[21]Kristensen S P. Agricultural land use and landscape changes in Rostrup, Denmark: processes ofintensification and extensification[J]. Landscape and urban Planning.1999,46(1-3):117-123.
[22]Thomas M F. Landscape sensitivity in time and space--an introduction[J]. Catena.2001,42(2-4):83-98.
[23]Dumas E, Jappiot M, Tatoni T. Mediterranean urban-forest interface classification (MUFIC): Aquantitative method combining SPOT5imagery and landscape ecology indices[J]. Landscape andUrban Planning.2008,84(3):183-190.
[24]Bolliger J. Simulating complex landscapes with a generic model: sensitivity to qualitative andquantitative classifications[J]. Ecological Complexity.2005,2(2):131-149.
[25]Scheller R M, Mladenoff D J. An ecological classification of forest landscape simulation models:tools and strategies for understanding broad-scale forested ecosystems[J]. Landscape Ecology.2007,22(4):491-505.
[26]Keane R E, Cary G J, Davies I D, et al. A classification of landscape fire succession models: spatialsimulations of fire and vegetation dynamics[J]. Ecological Modelling.2004,179(1):3-27.
[27]Real E, Arce C, Sabucedo M. Classification of landscapes using quantitative and categorical data,and prediction of their scenic beauty in North-Western Spain[J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology.2000,20(4):355-373.
[28]肖笃宁，赵羿，孙中伟.沈阳西郊景观格局变化的研究[J].应用生态学报.1990,1(1):75-84.
[29]陈文波，肖笃宁.景观指数分类,应用及构建研究[J].应用生态学报.2002,13(1):121-125.
[30]曾辉，孔宁宁.基于边界特征的景观格局分析[J].应用生态学报.2002,13(1):81-86.
[31]张峰，张新时.基于TM影像的景观空间自相关分析——以北京昌平区为例[J].生态学报.2004,24(12):2853-2858.
[32]王让会，张慧芝，游先祥等.塔里木河流域生态景观格局的遥感信息提取与分析[J].北京林业大学学报.2003,25(2):43-47.
[33]徐建华，岳文泽，谈文琦.城市景观格局尺度效应的空间统计规律——以上海中心城区为例[J].地理学报.2005,59(6):1058-1067.
[34]李厚增，林文鹏，温家洪等.上海市闵行区景观格局动态变化研究[J].安徽农业科学.2011,38(36):20761-20764.
[35]王安周，张桂宾，耿秀丽.1988--2002年郑州市景观格局演变分析[J].水土保持研究.2010,17(2):190-194.
[36]Bunn A G, Urban D L, Keitt T H. Landscape connectivity: a conservation application of graphtheory[J]. Journal of Environmental Management.2000,59(4):265-278.
[37]Henein K, Merriam G. The elements of connectivity where corridor quality is variable[J].Landscape Ecology.1990,4(2):157-170.
[38]Wu J, David J L. A spatially explicit hierarchical approach to modeling complex ecological systems:theory and applications[J]. Ecological Modelling.2002,153(1-2):7-26.
[39]Michels E, Cottenie K, Neys L, et al. Geographical and genetic distances among zooplanktonpopulations in a set of interconnected ponds: a plea for using GIS modelling of the effectivegeographical distance[J]. Molecular Ecology.2001,10(8):1929-1938.
[40]Niu Z G, Li B G, Zhang F R. Optimum land-use patterns based on regional available soil water[J].Transactions of the CSAE.2002,18(3):173-177.
[41]Cook E A. Landscape structure indices for assessing urban ecological networks[J]. Landscape andUrban Planning.2002,58(2-4):269-280.
[42]Linehan J, Gross M, Finn J. Greenway planning: developing a landscape ecological networkapproach[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning.1995,33(1-3):179-193.
[43]Marulli J, Mallarach J M. A GIS methodology for assessing ecological connectivity: application tothe Barcelona Metropolitan Area[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning.2005,71(2-4):243-262.
[44]Conine A, Xiang W N, Young J, et al. Planning for multi-purpose greenways in Concord, NorthCarolina[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning.2004,68(2-3):271-287.
[45]孔繁花，尹海伟.济南城市绿地生态网络构建[J].生态学报.2008,28(4):42-52.
[46]王海珍，张利权.基于GIS景观格局和网络分析法的厦门本岛生态网络规划[J].植物生态学报.2005,29(1):144-152.
[47]张小飞，王仰麟，李正国.基于景观功能网络概念的景观格局优化——以台湾地区乌溪流域典型区为例[J].生态学报.2005,25(7):1707-1713.
[48]岳德鹏，王计平，刘永兵等. GIS与RS技术支持下的北京西北地区景观格局优化[J].地理学报.2007,62(11):1223-1231.
[49]郭宏斌，黄义雄，叶功富等.厦门城市生态功能网络评价及其优化研究[J]. JOURNAL OFNATURAL RESOURCES.2010,25(1).
[50]张小飞，李正国，王如松等.基于功能网络评价的城市生态安全格局研究—以常州市为例[J].北京大学学报:自然科学版.2009(4):728-736.
[51]袁金国.遥感图像数字处理[M].中国环境科学出版社,2006.
[52]韩荡.城市景观生态分类——以深圳市为例[J].城市环境与城市生态.2003,16(2):50-52.
[53]肖笃宁，钟林生.景观分类与评价的生态原则[J].应用生态学报.1998,9(2):217-221.
[54]彭建，王仰麟，张源等.土地利用分类对景观格局指数的影响[J].地理学报.2006,61(2):157-168.
[55]Gustafson E J, Parker G R. Relationships between landcover proportion and indices of landscapespatial pattern[J]. Landscape ecology.1992,7(2):101-110.
[56]O'Neill R V, Krummel J R, Gardner R H, et al. Indices of landscape pattern[J]. Landscape ecology.1988,1(3):153-162.
[57]王宪礼，肖笃宁.辽河三角洲湿地的景观格局分析[J].生态学报.1997,17(3):317-323.
[58]李国旗.基于能值的景观格局变化及其驱动力研究[D].北京:北京林业大学水土保持学院,2003.
[59]汪永华，苏志尧，陈北光.广州白云山风景区植被景观格局探析[J]. Chinese Journal ofEco-Agriculture.2005,1(13).
[60]常学礼，邬建国.科尔沁沙地景观格局特征分析[J].生态学报.1998,18(3):225-232.
[61]Adriaensen F, Chardon J P, De Blust G, et al. The application of "least-cost" modelling as afunctional landscape model[J]. Landscape and urban planning.2003,64(4):233-247.
[62]俞孔坚，段铁武.景观可达性作为衡量城市绿地系统功能指标的评价方法与案例[J].城市规划.1999,23(8):8-11.
[63]Knaapen J P, Scheffer M, Harms B. Estimating habitat isolation in landscape planning[J].Landscape and Urban Planning.1992,23(1):1-16.
[64]俞孔坚.生物保护的景观生态安全格局[J].生态学报.1999,1(5):8-15.
[65]李纪宏，刘雪华.基于最小费用距离模型的自然保护区功能分区[J].自然资源学报.2006,21(2):219-224.
[66]康苹，刘高焕.基于耗费距离的公路网络路径分析模型研究[J].地球信息科学.2007,9(6):54-59.
[67]郭仁忠.空间分析[M].高等教育出版社,2001.
[68]Walker R, Craighead L. Analyzing wildlife movement corridors in Montana using GIS[C].1997.
[69]Ferreras P. Landscape structure and asymmetrical inter-patch connectivity in a metapopulation ofthe endangered Iberian lynx[J]. Biological Conservation.2001,100(1):125-136.
[70]周廷刚，郭达志.基于GIS的城市绿地景观引力场研究[J].生态学报.2004,24(6):1157-1163.
[71]俞孔坚.景观生态战略点识别方法与理论地理学的表面模型[J].地理学报.1998,53:11-18.
[72]陈文波，孙海放，肖笃宁.森林水文功能安全阻力面模型初探[J].江西农业大学学报.2004,26(3):385-389.
[73]汤国安，杨昕. ArcGIS地理信息系统空间分析实验教程[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.
[74]Yu K-J. Landscape ecological security patterns in biological conservation. Acta Ecologica Sinica，1999,19(1):8-15.
[75]Chardon J P, Adriaensen F, Matthysen E. Incorporating landscape elements into a connectivitymeasure: a case study for the Speckled wood butterfly (Pararge aegeria L.)[J]. Landscape Ecology.2003,18(6):561-573.
[76]Verbeylen G, De Bruyn L, Adriaensen F, et al. Does matrix resistance influence Red squirrel(Sciurus vulgaris L.1758) distribution in an urban landscape?[J]. Landscape Ecology.2003,18(8):791-805.
[77]Singleton P H, Gaines W L, Lehmkuhl J F, et al. Landscape permeability for large carnivores inWashington: a geographic information system weighted-distance and least-cost corridor assessment[M].US Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station,2002.
[78]Epps C W, Wehausen J D, Bleich V C, et al. Optimizing dispersal and corridor models usinglandscape genetics[J]. Journal of Applied Ecology.2007,44(4):714-724.
[79]Sutcliffe O L, Bakkestuen V, Fry G, et al. Modelling the benefits of farmland restoration:methodology and application to butterfly movement[J]. Landscape and urban planning.2003,63(1):15-31.
[80]Sun D, Dawson R, Li H, et al. A landscape connectivity index for assessing desertification: a casestudy of Minqin County, China[J]. Landscape ecology.2007,22(4):531-543.
[81]陈利顶，傅伯杰，赵文武.“源”“汇”景观理论及其生态学意义[J].生态学报.2006,26(5):1444-1449.
[82]华彦，李国忠，高桂华.踏脚石原理在自然保护区设计上的应用[J].野生动物.2005,26(4):30-31.
[83]Saura S, Pascual-Hortal L. A new habitat availability index to integrate connectivity in landscapeconservation planning: comparison with existing indices and application to a case study[J]. Landscapeand Urban Planning.2007,83(2-3):91-103.
[84]Naveh, Z.erman. Landscape Ecology: Theoryand Application(second edition)[M]. New YorkSpringer-Verlag.1993:1-9.
[85]Fu B J, Chen L D, Ma K M, et al. The principle and application of landscape ecology[J]. Beijing:Science Press.2001,126:130.
[86]Yueguang Z. The corridor effects in urban ecological landscape planning: A case study onBeijing[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica.1999,19(2):143-148.
[87]俞孔坚，李迪华.城市河道及滨水地带的“整治”与“美化”[J].现代城市研究.2003,18(5):29-32.