论侦查程序中犯罪嫌疑人的权利保障
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摘要
从现实出发,必须承认在社会的任何层面或任何特定的时间点,法律所能做的都是有限度的,特别是公诉案件中因涉嫌犯罪正在被立案侦查和审查起诉的刑事当事人的权利保障问题。刑事诉讼的直接目的是惩罚犯罪和保障人权,实现司法公正,而最终目的是维护一定阶级社会的统治,而要想实现最终目的,直接目的则是必经阶段。在两个目的中,惩罚犯罪是手段,保障人权是目的,这是现代社会人权观发展的必然要求,也是国际上刑事诉讼制度发展的必然趋势。侦查阶段是刑事程序的起端,抓获犯罪嫌疑人,收集相关证据是这个阶段的主要任务,直接关系到提起公诉的成功与否、刑事审判能否顺利进行。同时在整个刑事诉讼过程中,处于被追诉者地位的犯罪嫌疑人的诉讼权利及人身安危极易受到国家有关机关的有组织的非法的侵犯。在刑事侦查阶段收集证据环节、采取强制措施环节还有讯问环节,存在着非制度性技术侦查措施采用不规范侦查羁押期限具有任意性,“变相羁押”、“超期羁押”现象严重;犯罪嫌疑人的部分自我辩护能力被剥夺;还有犯罪嫌疑人在侦查羁押阶段遭受刑讯逼供等问题屡禁不止。由此可见,在控制犯罪与保障人权的方面有明显失衡,刑事诉讼中犯罪嫌疑人权利的保障不仅事关司法的公正与效率,亦关系到人权的保护、司法的文明水平和国家形象。就目前情形来看,我国实现程序正当化的条件已渐成熟,笔者认为可以结合我国刑事诉讼的实际情况并借鉴外国的一些先进经验,从确保程序公正的方面来完善我国的侦查程序,从而完善犯罪嫌疑人的人权保障机制,赋予我国侦查程序中犯罪嫌疑人必要的取保候审、沉默权和获得律师帮助的一些权利。因此在注重人权保障,加快诉讼民主化进程的今天,结合我国刑事诉讼的实际情况,通过赋予犯罪嫌疑人必要的程序权利,以权利制约权力,创造一个权利与权力的适度平衡的正当法律程序。同时也应注意程序正当的有限性,不能将一些可能影响侦查机关追究能力的措施完全归纳到法律中去。
From the reality, we must be admitted that any level of society or any particular point in time, the law can do is limited, especially in cases of suspected criminal prosecution is being on file for investigation and prosecution in the form of protecting the rights of the parties Problem.
The direct purpose of criminal proceedings to punish crimes and safeguard human rights, achieve justice, with the ultimate aim is to maintain the rule of a certain class society, and in order to achieve the ultimate goal, the purpose is to direct a necessary stage. In the two purposes, the punishment of crime is a means of protection of human rights is the goal, indicating that the concept of human rights in modern society, the inevitable demand of the international system of criminal procedure on the development trend of development. Investigation stage is the form of program education, arrested the suspect, the collection of relevant evidence is the main task of this stage, is directly related to the success of prosecution and criminal trial can proceed smoothly. At the same time throughout the criminal proceedings, in the status of the defendants procedural rights of criminal suspects and personal safety of vulnerable countries, the profits of organized violations Part of gathering evidence in the criminal investigation stage, to take part also questioned aspects of coercive measures, there is a non-institutional use of non-standard technical detection measures; the principle of compulsory measures to detention, release on bail as the exception; investigation period of arbitrary detention, "in disguise Custody "," extended detention "is serious; criminal suspects deprived of part of self-defense capabilities; there are investigators in the investigation of criminal suspects in custody phase of repeated torture and other issues. Thus, in the control of crime and protection of human rights has obvious imbalance, the rights of criminal suspects not only concerns the protection of judicial fairness and efficiency, also related to the protection of human rights, the level of civilization of justice and national image. On the current situation, our country Due process conditions to achieve gradually mature,I believe that criminal proceedings can be combined with the actual situation in China and learn the advanced experience of foreign countries and in line with China's national conditions, based on aspects from ensuring procedural fairness to improve our investigative procedures to improve the human rights of criminal suspects protection mechanism, to give our investigation Procedures necessary to bail the suspect, silence, and some of the rights to counsel. So pay attention to human rights protection, speed up the democratization process in litigation today, combined with the actual situation of the criminal proceedings, criminal suspects by giving the necessary procedural rights, the right to restrict power to create a proper balance of rights and powers of the due process of law. Also note the limited nature of procedural due process can not be held that may affect the ability of measures to investigating authorities to the law to complete induction.
From the reality, we must be admitted that any level of society or any particular point in time, the law can do is limited, especially in cases of suspected criminal prosecution is being on file for investigation and prosecution in the form of protecting the rights of the parties Problem.
The direct purpose of criminal proceedings to punish crimes and safeguard human rights, achieve justice, with the ultimate aim is to maintain the rule of a certain class society, and in order to achieve the ultimate goal, the purpose is to direct a necessary stage. In the two purposes, the punishment of crime is a means of protection of human rights is the goal, indicating that the concept of human rights in modern society, the inevitable demand of the international system of criminal procedure on the development trend of development. Investigation stage is the form of program education, arrested the suspect, the collection of relevant evidence is the main task of this stage, is directly related to the success of prosecution and criminal trial can proceed smoothly. At the same time throughout the criminal proceedings, in the status of the defendants procedural rights of criminal suspects and personal safety of vulnerable countries, the profits of organized violations Part of gathering evidence in the criminal investigation stage, to take part also questioned aspects of coercive measures, there is a non-institutional use of non-standard technical detection measures; the principle of compulsory measures to detention, release on bail as the exception; investigation period of arbitrary detention, "in disguise Custody "," extended detention "is serious; criminal suspects deprived of part of self-defense capabilities; there are investigators in the investigation of criminal suspects in custody phase of repeated torture and other issues. Thus, in the control of crime and protection of human rights has obvious imbalance, the rights of criminal suspects not only concerns the protection of judicial fairness and efficiency, also related to the protection of human rights, the level of civilization of justice and national image. On the current situation, our country Due process conditions to achieve gradually mature,I believe that criminal proceedings can be combined with the actual situation in China and learn the advanced experience of foreign countries and in line with China's national conditions, based on aspects from ensuring procedural fairness to improve our investigative procedures to improve the human rights of criminal suspects protection mechanism, to give our investigation Procedures necessary to bail the suspect, silence, and some of the rights to counsel. So pay attention to human rights protection, speed up the democratization process in litigation today, combined with the actual situation of the criminal proceedings, criminal suspects by giving the necessary procedural rights, the right to restrict power to create a proper balance of rights and powers of the due process of law. Also note the limited nature of procedural due process can not be held that may affect the ability of measures to investigating authorities to the law to complete induction.
引文
②参见李龙:《人权理论与国际人权》,武汉大学出版社1992年版,第15页。
③参见罗玉中等:《人权与法制》,北京大学出版社2001年5月版,第11页。
④[英]洛克:《政府论》瞿菊农、叶启芳译,商务艺术馆1983年版,第36页。
⑤[意]贝卡利亚:《犯罪与刑罚》,黄风译,北京商务印书馆.2006年,第49页。
⑥宋世杰、孙长永主编:《硕士论丛.刑诉法学》(第一辑),中国检察出版社2002年版,第3页。
⑦《马克思恩格斯全集》,中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局译,人民出版社2008年版,第341页。
⑧有关刑事诉讼的目的的各种学术观点及其评述,具体可参见陈建军:《刑事诉讼的目的、价值及其关系》,载《法学研究》2003年第4期。
①孙长永:《沉默权制度研究》,法律出版社2001年8月。
①参见[德]拉德布鲁赫:《法学导论》,米健、朱林译,中国大百科全书出版社1997年版,第121页。
②参见陈光中主编:《刑事诉讼法实施研究》,中国法制出版社2000年5月北京第一版。
①洪道德:《刑讯逼供有药可治》,《法律与生活》2003年第1期。
①参见杨军:《试论我国犯罪嫌疑人权利保护机制的完善》,载论文天下论文网http://www.lunwentianxia,浏览时间:2011-2-20.
①姚振贵:《两大法系侦查程序的比较研究》,载《公安学刊-浙江公安高等专科学校学报》2003年第5期。
①[意]贝卡利亚:《论犯罪与刑罚》,黄凤译,中国大百科全书出版社,1993年版,第17页。
①宴向华:《陈卫东教授谈英国保释制度:借鉴,不存在法律障碍》,《检察日报》2002年11月1日。
②[德]汉斯·约格阿尔布莱希特:《审前羁押---实证的情况》,中国政法大学刑事法律研究中心:《中德强制措施研讨会论文集》第177页。
③孙宁华:《沉默权三论》,载《西南政法大学学报》2000年第2期。
①万毅、林喜芬、何永军:《刑事证据法的制度转型与研究方向》,载《现代法学》2008年第7期。
①陈瑞华:《刑事诉讼法的立法技术问题》,载《法学》2005年第3期。
[1]柯葛壮.刑事诉讼中的人权保障制度[M].上海:交通大学出版社,2006年版.
[2]孙长永.探索正当程序——比较刑事诉讼法专论[M].中国法制出版社,2005版.
[3]陈光中主编.刑事诉讼法(第二版)[M].北京大学出版社、高等教育出版社,2002版.
[4]刘广三.犯罪控制视野下的刑事诉讼[M].中国人民公安大学出版社,2007版.
[5]莫纪宏主编.人权保障法与中国[M].法律出版社,2008版.
[6]朱征夫.公民的权利[M].法律出版社,2006:45-89.
[7]陈卫东.程序正义之路(第一卷)[M] .法律出版社,2005:315-457.
[8]孙长永.沉默权制度研究[M].法律出版社,2001版.
[9]陈卫东主编.保释制度与取保候审[M].中国检察出版社,2005:37-46.
[1]姚健.侦查讯问中犯罪嫌疑人的人权保障问题探析[J] .中州学刊,2004,(5).
[2]陈卫东、李奋飞.论侦查权的司法控制[J] .政法论坛,2000,(6).
[3]耿春雨.论侦查阶段对犯罪嫌疑人权利的保障[J] .互联网:www.law-lib.com/lw/lwview.asp 2011-3-23.
[4]高生发.论侦查阶段犯罪嫌疑人人权保障制度的缺陷与完善[J] .吉首大学学报(社会科学版),2005,(1).
[5]王炳璋、张希兰.检察机关在侦查阶段如何保障犯罪嫌疑人的人权[J] .正义网:review.jcrb.com/zyw/n478/ca335262.htm 2008-6-17.
[6]徐静村、孙长永.中国犯罪嫌疑人的基本权利[D] .法律出版社,2000:329-337.
[7]陆镇养.略论侦查阶段犯罪嫌疑人权利的保障[D] .中国政法大学出版社,2003:475-479.
[8]顾永忠.我国侦查程序中犯罪嫌疑人权利保障之检讨与改造[D] .中国政法大学出版社,2003:480-486.
[9]李建明.论犯罪嫌疑人的人身权利保障[D] .中国政法大学出版社2003:487-494.
[10]李学宽.一起刑讯逼供案的法律思考[D] .诉讼法论丛,2002:239-248.
[11]刘方权.论侦查讯问程序的法治化[J] .湖北警官学院学报,2004,17,(4).
[12]左峰.刑事侦查阶段犯罪嫌疑人的权利保障.法律咨询网:www.110.com/ziliao/2011-3-23.
[13]花涛.犯罪嫌疑人权利保护的几点思考[J] .中国人民公安大学学报,2003,(4).
[14]管晓静.刑事羁押制度——侦查阶段犯罪嫌疑人人权保障分析[J] .山西警官高等专科学校学报,2003,(3).
[15]许志.论侦查程序中的人权保障[J] .理论前沿,2007,(19).
[16]蔡能.论刑事诉讼侦查阶段犯罪嫌疑人的人权保障[D] .犯罪研究,2009,561-572.
[17]江文.关于刑事侦查中犯罪嫌疑人的权利的思考[J] .中国检察网: www.zhuxi.jcy.gov.cn/jcll/ShowArticle.asp2011-3-23.
[18]郇敏.论侦查阶段犯罪嫌疑人的权利保护的完善[J] .济南法治,2008,(4).
[19]闫广涛.我国刑事诉讼中的人权保障[J] .黄河科技大学学报,2006,(03).
[20]张璐.浅议我国刑事诉讼中的人权保障.正义网:www.cqvip.com/qk/90602D2011-2-13.
[21]张玲.论刑事侦查阶段犯罪嫌疑人的权利保障[D] .中国论文门户网:www.59165.net/papers.asp 2011-3-17.
[22]白东.人权保障:现代刑事诉讼之灵魂—兼论中国刑事诉讼人权保障之观念[J] .南都学坛,2003,(1).
③参见罗玉中等:《人权与法制》,北京大学出版社2001年5月版,第11页。
④[英]洛克:《政府论》瞿菊农、叶启芳译,商务艺术馆1983年版,第36页。
⑤[意]贝卡利亚:《犯罪与刑罚》,黄风译,北京商务印书馆.2006年,第49页。
⑥宋世杰、孙长永主编:《硕士论丛.刑诉法学》(第一辑),中国检察出版社2002年版,第3页。
⑦《马克思恩格斯全集》,中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局译,人民出版社2008年版,第341页。
⑧有关刑事诉讼的目的的各种学术观点及其评述,具体可参见陈建军:《刑事诉讼的目的、价值及其关系》,载《法学研究》2003年第4期。
①孙长永:《沉默权制度研究》,法律出版社2001年8月。
①参见[德]拉德布鲁赫:《法学导论》,米健、朱林译,中国大百科全书出版社1997年版,第121页。
②参见陈光中主编:《刑事诉讼法实施研究》,中国法制出版社2000年5月北京第一版。
①洪道德:《刑讯逼供有药可治》,《法律与生活》2003年第1期。
①参见杨军:《试论我国犯罪嫌疑人权利保护机制的完善》,载论文天下论文网http://www.lunwentianxia,浏览时间:2011-2-20.
①姚振贵:《两大法系侦查程序的比较研究》,载《公安学刊-浙江公安高等专科学校学报》2003年第5期。
①[意]贝卡利亚:《论犯罪与刑罚》,黄凤译,中国大百科全书出版社,1993年版,第17页。
①宴向华:《陈卫东教授谈英国保释制度:借鉴,不存在法律障碍》,《检察日报》2002年11月1日。
②[德]汉斯·约格阿尔布莱希特:《审前羁押---实证的情况》,中国政法大学刑事法律研究中心:《中德强制措施研讨会论文集》第177页。
③孙宁华:《沉默权三论》,载《西南政法大学学报》2000年第2期。
①万毅、林喜芬、何永军:《刑事证据法的制度转型与研究方向》,载《现代法学》2008年第7期。
①陈瑞华:《刑事诉讼法的立法技术问题》,载《法学》2005年第3期。
[1]柯葛壮.刑事诉讼中的人权保障制度[M].上海:交通大学出版社,2006年版.
[2]孙长永.探索正当程序——比较刑事诉讼法专论[M].中国法制出版社,2005版.
[3]陈光中主编.刑事诉讼法(第二版)[M].北京大学出版社、高等教育出版社,2002版.
[4]刘广三.犯罪控制视野下的刑事诉讼[M].中国人民公安大学出版社,2007版.
[5]莫纪宏主编.人权保障法与中国[M].法律出版社,2008版.
[6]朱征夫.公民的权利[M].法律出版社,2006:45-89.
[7]陈卫东.程序正义之路(第一卷)[M] .法律出版社,2005:315-457.
[8]孙长永.沉默权制度研究[M].法律出版社,2001版.
[9]陈卫东主编.保释制度与取保候审[M].中国检察出版社,2005:37-46.
[1]姚健.侦查讯问中犯罪嫌疑人的人权保障问题探析[J] .中州学刊,2004,(5).
[2]陈卫东、李奋飞.论侦查权的司法控制[J] .政法论坛,2000,(6).
[3]耿春雨.论侦查阶段对犯罪嫌疑人权利的保障[J] .互联网:www.law-lib.com/lw/lwview.asp 2011-3-23.
[4]高生发.论侦查阶段犯罪嫌疑人人权保障制度的缺陷与完善[J] .吉首大学学报(社会科学版),2005,(1).
[5]王炳璋、张希兰.检察机关在侦查阶段如何保障犯罪嫌疑人的人权[J] .正义网:review.jcrb.com/zyw/n478/ca335262.htm 2008-6-17.
[6]徐静村、孙长永.中国犯罪嫌疑人的基本权利[D] .法律出版社,2000:329-337.
[7]陆镇养.略论侦查阶段犯罪嫌疑人权利的保障[D] .中国政法大学出版社,2003:475-479.
[8]顾永忠.我国侦查程序中犯罪嫌疑人权利保障之检讨与改造[D] .中国政法大学出版社,2003:480-486.
[9]李建明.论犯罪嫌疑人的人身权利保障[D] .中国政法大学出版社2003:487-494.
[10]李学宽.一起刑讯逼供案的法律思考[D] .诉讼法论丛,2002:239-248.
[11]刘方权.论侦查讯问程序的法治化[J] .湖北警官学院学报,2004,17,(4).
[12]左峰.刑事侦查阶段犯罪嫌疑人的权利保障.法律咨询网:www.110.com/ziliao/2011-3-23.
[13]花涛.犯罪嫌疑人权利保护的几点思考[J] .中国人民公安大学学报,2003,(4).
[14]管晓静.刑事羁押制度——侦查阶段犯罪嫌疑人人权保障分析[J] .山西警官高等专科学校学报,2003,(3).
[15]许志.论侦查程序中的人权保障[J] .理论前沿,2007,(19).
[16]蔡能.论刑事诉讼侦查阶段犯罪嫌疑人的人权保障[D] .犯罪研究,2009,561-572.
[17]江文.关于刑事侦查中犯罪嫌疑人的权利的思考[J] .中国检察网: www.zhuxi.jcy.gov.cn/jcll/ShowArticle.asp2011-3-23.
[18]郇敏.论侦查阶段犯罪嫌疑人的权利保护的完善[J] .济南法治,2008,(4).
[19]闫广涛.我国刑事诉讼中的人权保障[J] .黄河科技大学学报,2006,(03).
[20]张璐.浅议我国刑事诉讼中的人权保障.正义网:www.cqvip.com/qk/90602D2011-2-13.
[21]张玲.论刑事侦查阶段犯罪嫌疑人的权利保障[D] .中国论文门户网:www.59165.net/papers.asp 2011-3-17.
[22]白东.人权保障:现代刑事诉讼之灵魂—兼论中国刑事诉讼人权保障之观念[J] .南都学坛,2003,(1).