黄颡鱼幼鱼蛋白质和能量需要的研究
|
摘要
配制十七种半精制饲料，通过六周养殖实验，对黄颡鱼幼鱼(均重2.0g)的蛋白质和能量需要进行了研究。每种饲料设三个平行试验组，每日投喂二次，日投喂率4％～5％。具体研究结果如下：
1．设定总能为20.01MJ／kg，采用八种蛋白质含量梯度(20％～5％)饲料，以增重率为指标，通过折线模型，确定了黄颡鱼幼鱼饲料的适宜蛋白质含量为37.49％，维持体重的蛋白质含量为10.37％，折合蛋白质需要量1.50g～1.81g／100g鱼·d，维持需要量0.41g～0.52g／100g鱼·d。饲料蛋白质含量过低(20％)时，黄颡鱼增重率、成活率和鱼体粗脂肪含量均显著低于其它组(P＜0.05)；增重率随饲料蛋白质含量增加而增加，在蛋白质含量50％时最高，但当蛋白质含量增加到55％时，黄颡鱼增重率呈下降趋势，且55％组的鱼体粗脂肪含量显著高于其它组(P＜0.05)。蛋白质含量过低(20％)和过高(55％)，蛋白质沉积率都显著低于其它组(P＜0.05)。
2．设定四个总能水平(18.87MJ／kg、20.01MJ／kg、21.39MJ／kg、22.81MJ／kg)和三个蛋白质含量(35％、40％、45％)的十二种饲料，以总能和蛋白质含量为因子，以增重率、蛋白质沉积率和能量保留率为指标，通过二元二次回归方程确定黄颡鱼幼鱼饲料的总能适宜值为19.89MJ／kg～20.06MJ／kg，适宜能量蛋白比为46.35kJ／g～52.93kJ／g。
3．黄颡鱼对蛋白质需要量的适宜值与饲料总能水平有关。总能较低(18.87MJ／kg)时，则饲料蛋白质含量从35％提高至40％以上时，黄颡鱼的增重率、蛋白质沉积率和能量保留率等指标显著提高，饲料系数显著降低(P＜0.05)；总能较高(21.39MJ／kg、22.81MJ／kg)时，蛋白质含量增加，黄颡鱼的增重率、蛋白质沉积率和能量保留率呈下降趋势，饲料系数呈上升趋势，表明饲料总能提高，黄颡鱼对蛋白质需要量降低。
4．黄颡鱼饲料总能的适宜值与饲料蛋白质含量有关。在蛋白含量为35％时，总能21.39MJ／kg组的黄颡鱼增重率和饲料转化效率最好；在蛋白含量为40％以上时，总能18.87MJ／kg组的黄颡鱼增重率和饲料转化效率最好。
5.饲料总能过高(22.slMJ瓜g)时，黄颗鱼的增重率、成活率和饲料转化效
率均显著低于其它能量水平组(P<0.05)。表明总能过高的饲料不适宜于黄颗鱼生
长和饲料利用。
6.饲料总能和蛋白质含量对鱼的生长和饲料转化有极显著的交互作用
(P<0.01)。低能低蛋白含量饲料(总能1 8.87MJ瓜g、蛋白质含量35%)和高能
高蛋白含量饲料(总能21·39MJ瓜g和22·81MJ瓜g、蛋白质含量45%)下，黄颗鱼
的增重率和饲料转化效率显著低于适宜总能(20.01MJ瓜g)和适宜蛋白含量(40%)
饲料(P<0.05)。
7.总能从18.87MJ/kg提高至20.01MJ瓜g以上时，鱼体水份和粗蛋白含量显
著减少(P<0.05);粗脂肪含量随总能提高呈现先增后降趋势，在总能ZI.39MJ/kg
组最高;当总能增加至22.81MJ/kg时，粗脂肪含量较ZI.39MJ瓜g组显著降低
(P<0 .05)。
Seventeen semi-purified diets were formulated to estimate the protein and energy requirements of juvenile yellow catfish (initial average weight 2.0g) by a 6-week feeding trial. Each diet was fed in triplicate to groups of yellow catfish at 4%~5% of body weight, twice a day. The main results were summarized as follows:
1. Eight isoenergetic diets (20.01MJ gross energy/kg) with protein contents ranging from 20% to 55% at an increment of 5% were used. Based on weight gain rate (WGR), a broken-line model fitted by least squares showed that the dietary protein requirement for the optimum growth of juvenile yellow catfish was 37.49%, and 10.37% for the weight maintenance, that is 1.50g -1.8 Ig protein requirement per lOOg body weight per day for the optimum growth, 0.41g~0.52g/100g-d for maintenance. When dietary protein content was as low as 20%, WGR and body crude lipid contents were significantly lower. But when protein level increased to 55%, WGR tend to decrease, body crude lipid content was significantly higher (P<0.05). Whether the dietary protein content was low (20%) or high (55%), protein deposit rate (PDR) were significantly lower (PO.05).
2. Using the second-order polynomial regression analysis, the optimum gross energy and the optimum energy to protein ratio in diets for juvenile yellow catfish were estimated to be 19.89MJ/kg~20.06MJ/kg and 46.35kJ/g~52.93kJ/g based on WGR, PDR and energy retention rate (ERR) of the juveniles fed twelve diets with four energy levels (18.87MJ/kg, 20.01MJ/kg, 21.39MJ/kg and 22.81MJ/kg) and three protein contents (35%, 40%, 45%).
3. The optimum dietary protein requirement was related to dietary gross energy (DGE). When DGE decreased from 20.01MJ/kg to 18.87MJ/kg, the dietary protein content should increase to 40% for improved growth of juvenile yellow catfish. With
the diets containing high gross energy levels (21.39MJ/kg, 22.81MJ/kg), WGR, PDR and ERR of juvenile decrease and FCE increase as dietary protein contents increased, indicating low protein requirement of juvenile yellow catfish with diets of high energy levels.
4. The optimum DGE was related to dietary protein content as well. When the dietary protein content was 35%, the optimum DGE for growth and feed utilization was 21.39MJ/kg. While the dietary protein content increased to 40% or more, the optimum DGE decreased to 18.87MJ/kg.
5. When DGE was as high as 22.81MJ/kg, WGR, PDR and ERR were significantly lower, FCE was significantly higher (P<0.05) than other energy levels, indicating that diets with too high energy level would inhibit the growth and feed utilization of juvenile yellow catfish.
6. DGE interacted with dietary protein content significantly (P<0.01) on growth and feed utilization of juvenile yellow catfish. Diet with low energy level (18.87MJ/kg) and low protein content (35%) resulted in poor growth of juvenile catfish and bad feed utilization, so did diets with high energy levels (21.39MJ/kg, 22.81MJ/kg) and high protein content (45%).
7. Increased DGE from 18.87MJ/kg to 20.01MJ/kg or higher resulted in significant (P<0.05) decrease in body moisture and crude protein content, and body crude lipid content, increase at first and then decrease as DGE increased. The body crude lipid content was highest when DGE was 21.39MJ/kg.
1．设定总能为20.01MJ／kg，采用八种蛋白质含量梯度(20％～5％)饲料，以增重率为指标，通过折线模型，确定了黄颡鱼幼鱼饲料的适宜蛋白质含量为37.49％，维持体重的蛋白质含量为10.37％，折合蛋白质需要量1.50g～1.81g／100g鱼·d，维持需要量0.41g～0.52g／100g鱼·d。饲料蛋白质含量过低(20％)时，黄颡鱼增重率、成活率和鱼体粗脂肪含量均显著低于其它组(P＜0.05)；增重率随饲料蛋白质含量增加而增加，在蛋白质含量50％时最高，但当蛋白质含量增加到55％时，黄颡鱼增重率呈下降趋势，且55％组的鱼体粗脂肪含量显著高于其它组(P＜0.05)。蛋白质含量过低(20％)和过高(55％)，蛋白质沉积率都显著低于其它组(P＜0.05)。
2．设定四个总能水平(18.87MJ／kg、20.01MJ／kg、21.39MJ／kg、22.81MJ／kg)和三个蛋白质含量(35％、40％、45％)的十二种饲料，以总能和蛋白质含量为因子，以增重率、蛋白质沉积率和能量保留率为指标，通过二元二次回归方程确定黄颡鱼幼鱼饲料的总能适宜值为19.89MJ／kg～20.06MJ／kg，适宜能量蛋白比为46.35kJ／g～52.93kJ／g。
3．黄颡鱼对蛋白质需要量的适宜值与饲料总能水平有关。总能较低(18.87MJ／kg)时，则饲料蛋白质含量从35％提高至40％以上时，黄颡鱼的增重率、蛋白质沉积率和能量保留率等指标显著提高，饲料系数显著降低(P＜0.05)；总能较高(21.39MJ／kg、22.81MJ／kg)时，蛋白质含量增加，黄颡鱼的增重率、蛋白质沉积率和能量保留率呈下降趋势，饲料系数呈上升趋势，表明饲料总能提高，黄颡鱼对蛋白质需要量降低。
4．黄颡鱼饲料总能的适宜值与饲料蛋白质含量有关。在蛋白含量为35％时，总能21.39MJ／kg组的黄颡鱼增重率和饲料转化效率最好；在蛋白含量为40％以上时，总能18.87MJ／kg组的黄颡鱼增重率和饲料转化效率最好。
5.饲料总能过高(22.slMJ瓜g)时，黄颗鱼的增重率、成活率和饲料转化效
率均显著低于其它能量水平组(P<0.05)。表明总能过高的饲料不适宜于黄颗鱼生
长和饲料利用。
6.饲料总能和蛋白质含量对鱼的生长和饲料转化有极显著的交互作用
(P<0.01)。低能低蛋白含量饲料(总能1 8.87MJ瓜g、蛋白质含量35%)和高能
高蛋白含量饲料(总能21·39MJ瓜g和22·81MJ瓜g、蛋白质含量45%)下，黄颗鱼
的增重率和饲料转化效率显著低于适宜总能(20.01MJ瓜g)和适宜蛋白含量(40%)
饲料(P<0.05)。
7.总能从18.87MJ/kg提高至20.01MJ瓜g以上时，鱼体水份和粗蛋白含量显
著减少(P<0.05);粗脂肪含量随总能提高呈现先增后降趋势，在总能ZI.39MJ/kg
组最高;当总能增加至22.81MJ/kg时，粗脂肪含量较ZI.39MJ瓜g组显著降低
(P<0 .05)。
Seventeen semi-purified diets were formulated to estimate the protein and energy requirements of juvenile yellow catfish (initial average weight 2.0g) by a 6-week feeding trial. Each diet was fed in triplicate to groups of yellow catfish at 4%~5% of body weight, twice a day. The main results were summarized as follows:
1. Eight isoenergetic diets (20.01MJ gross energy/kg) with protein contents ranging from 20% to 55% at an increment of 5% were used. Based on weight gain rate (WGR), a broken-line model fitted by least squares showed that the dietary protein requirement for the optimum growth of juvenile yellow catfish was 37.49%, and 10.37% for the weight maintenance, that is 1.50g -1.8 Ig protein requirement per lOOg body weight per day for the optimum growth, 0.41g~0.52g/100g-d for maintenance. When dietary protein content was as low as 20%, WGR and body crude lipid contents were significantly lower. But when protein level increased to 55%, WGR tend to decrease, body crude lipid content was significantly higher (P<0.05). Whether the dietary protein content was low (20%) or high (55%), protein deposit rate (PDR) were significantly lower (PO.05).
2. Using the second-order polynomial regression analysis, the optimum gross energy and the optimum energy to protein ratio in diets for juvenile yellow catfish were estimated to be 19.89MJ/kg~20.06MJ/kg and 46.35kJ/g~52.93kJ/g based on WGR, PDR and energy retention rate (ERR) of the juveniles fed twelve diets with four energy levels (18.87MJ/kg, 20.01MJ/kg, 21.39MJ/kg and 22.81MJ/kg) and three protein contents (35%, 40%, 45%).
3. The optimum dietary protein requirement was related to dietary gross energy (DGE). When DGE decreased from 20.01MJ/kg to 18.87MJ/kg, the dietary protein content should increase to 40% for improved growth of juvenile yellow catfish. With
the diets containing high gross energy levels (21.39MJ/kg, 22.81MJ/kg), WGR, PDR and ERR of juvenile decrease and FCE increase as dietary protein contents increased, indicating low protein requirement of juvenile yellow catfish with diets of high energy levels.
4. The optimum DGE was related to dietary protein content as well. When the dietary protein content was 35%, the optimum DGE for growth and feed utilization was 21.39MJ/kg. While the dietary protein content increased to 40% or more, the optimum DGE decreased to 18.87MJ/kg.
5. When DGE was as high as 22.81MJ/kg, WGR, PDR and ERR were significantly lower, FCE was significantly higher (P<0.05) than other energy levels, indicating that diets with too high energy level would inhibit the growth and feed utilization of juvenile yellow catfish.
6. DGE interacted with dietary protein content significantly (P<0.01) on growth and feed utilization of juvenile yellow catfish. Diet with low energy level (18.87MJ/kg) and low protein content (35%) resulted in poor growth of juvenile catfish and bad feed utilization, so did diets with high energy levels (21.39MJ/kg, 22.81MJ/kg) and high protein content (45%).
7. Increased DGE from 18.87MJ/kg to 20.01MJ/kg or higher resulted in significant (P<0.05) decrease in body moisture and crude protein content, and body crude lipid content, increase at first and then decrease as DGE increased. The body crude lipid content was highest when DGE was 21.39MJ/kg.
引文
1．于东祥，韩阿寿，柳学周，马爱军，雷霁霖，刘彬昌．真鲷幼鱼能源物质的研究．中国水产科学，1998，5(4)：109～110
2．王道尊，宋天复，杜汉斌．饲料中蛋白质和醣的含量对青鱼鱼种生长的影响．水产学报，1984，8(1)：9～17
3．王道尊，龚希章，刘玉芳．饲料中脂肪含量对青鱼种生长的影响．水产学报，1987，11(2)：23～28
4．王道尊，梅志平，潘兆龙．青鱼配合饲料中可消化能需要量的研究．水产科技情报，1992，19(2)：38～42
5．方之平，潘黔生，何瑞国，聂卫兵．彭泽鲫鱼种配合饲料的初步研究．水利渔业，1998a，(4)：1～3
6．方之平，潘黔生，何瑞国，吴小平．彭泽鲫配合饲料中必需氨基酸适合量的研究．水利渔业，1998b，(5)：1～3
7．叶元土，陈昌齐．鲤必需氨基酸需求量标准分析及有关问题探讨．水产科学，1992，11(5)：22～55
8．付世建，谢小军，张文兵，曹振东．南方鲶的营养学研究：Ⅲ．饲料脂肪对蛋白质的节约效应．水生生物学报，2001，25(1)：70～75
9．朱晓鸣，解绶启，崔奕波．摄食水平对异育银鲫生长及能量收支的影响．海洋与湖沼，2000，31(5)：471～479
10．许国焕，丁庆秋，王燕．饲料不同能蛋比对大口鲶生长及体组成之影响．浙江海洋学院学报(自然科学版)，2001，20(增刊)：94～97
11．刘世平．鄱阳湖黄颡鱼的生物学研究．动物学杂志，1997，32(4)：10～16
12．刘立鹤．黄颡鱼仔幼鱼摄食、生长特性的研究．[硕十学位论文]．武汉，华中农业大学，2001
13．刘玮，任本根．饲料中不同脂肪含量对草鱼稚鱼生长的影响．江西科学，1995，13(4)：219～223
14．刘汉华，李爱杰，孙鹤田．鲤鱼对蛋白质氨基酸糖类脂肪混合无机盐适宜需要量的研究．齐鲁渔业，1991，(6)：9～12
15．刘永坚，刘栋辉，田丽霞．饲料蛋白质和能量水平对红姑鱼生长和鱼体组成的影响．水产学报，2002，26(3)：242～246
16．李祖军，王道尊，龚希章．以能量代谢水平评价鱼用饲料的研究．上海水产大学学报，1997，6(3)：186～192
17．李谨，何瑞国，张世萍，王升平，张国雄．不同饲料蛋白源对幼鳝生长和饲料利用的影响初探．饲料工业，2001，22(8)：11～14
18．李爱杰主编．水产动物营养与饲料学．中国农业出版社，北京，1996：103～104
19．李爱杰，徐玮，孙鹤田，刘汉华，马俊岭，王志忠．鲤鱼营养需要的研究．水利渔业，1999，19(5)：18～20
20．吴江，张泽芸，黄德友．大口鲶营养需要量的研究．科学养鱼，1996，4：9～10
21．吴遵霖，李桂云，何顺清．鳜幼鱼配合饲料最适蛋白质含量的初步研究．水利渔业，1995，(5)：3～6
22．肖调义，盛玲芝，苏建明，张学文，陈开建，王晓清．洞庭湖瓦氏黄颡鱼的形态与生长及繁殖特性．湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版)，2002，28(4)：333～336
23．宋平，潘云峰，向筑，胡珈瑞，胡隐昌，蔡从利．黄颡鱼RAPD标记及其遗传多样性的初步分析．武汉大学学报(自然版)，2001，47(2)：233～237
24．余水金，万云辉．蚌肉喂养黄颡鱼效果好．江西水产科技，1991，(2)：29～30
25．余宁，陆全平，周刚．黄颡鱼生长特征与食性的研究．水产养殖，1996，(3)：19～20
26．季文娟．黑鲷幼鱼饲料蛋白质源氨基酸平衡的研究．中国水产科学，2000，7(3)：37～40
27．杨国华．夏花青鱼饵料中最适蛋白质含量．水产学报，1981，5(1)：49～55
28．杨国华，戴祥庆，顾道良．团头鲂的营养、饲料配方和高产养殖技术．饲料工业，1989，(1)：7～10，46
29．杨青松．尼罗罗非鱼饲料赖氨酸和蛋氨酸需求量探讨．福建水产，1992，(1)：67～70，79
30．杨代勤，陈芳，李道霞，刘百韬．黄鳝的营养素需要量及饲料最适能量蛋白比．水产学报，2000，24(3)：259～262
31．杨家云．嘉陵江瓦氏黄颡鱼的繁殖生物学．西南师范大学学报，1994，19(6)：639～645
32．杨小林，黎国权，钟元生，陈教新，侯孟君，陈勇，朱志，林万民，邹志红，曾俊明，施万民，邓科秋，陈春莲．草鱼的营养需要及其优化组合研究．饲料工业，1993，14(3)：30～32
33．邹社校．黄颡鱼幼鱼蛋白质需要量的研究．湖北农学院学报，1999，19(2)：143～145
34．邹社校．洪湖黄颡鱼的生长、食性与渔业地位．湖北农学院学报，1999，19(3)：240～242
35．邹志清，苑福熙，陈双喜．团头鲂饲料中最适蛋白质含量．淡水渔业，1987，3：21～24
36．陈琴，黄飞鹤．三种野生江河鱼类肌肉中矿质元素的组成分析．水产养殖，2001，1：22～24
37．陈章宝，郑曙明．淡水白鲳、团头鲂、黄颡鱼主要消化酶活性的研究．四川畜牧兽医学院学报，2001，15(3)：10～15
38．陈建明，吴文，陈德富．淡水白鲳营养需要量的研究．浙江水产学院学报，1996，15(2)：117～121
39．邱春刚，刘景祯，刘丙阳，徐世谦，张国强，骆小年．汤河水库黄颡鱼的生物学及其资源利用．水产科学，2000，19(2)：28～30
40．陆茂英，石文雷，刘梅珍，黄凤钦，王根林，朱晨炜．团头鲂对饲料中五种必需氨基酸的需要量．水产学报，1992，16(1)：40～49
41．周小秋．鱼类能量需要量研究进展．国外水产，1994，(4)：3～8
42．周洪琪，潘兆龙，覃志彪．草鱼生理能量收支．上海水产大学学报，1994，3(1／2)：16～20
43．周文玉，俞春玉，刘建忠，杨国华．饲料中油脂的质和量对团头鲂生长的影响．水产科技情报，1997，24(1)：～3～6，9
44．林鼎，毛永庆，蔡发盛．幼鲩(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)鱼种生长阶段蛋白质最适需要量的研究．水生生物学集刊，1980，7(3)：207～212
45．林黑着，江琦，黄剑南，石红．鲻配合饲料适宜蛋白质含量及蛋白能量比的初步研究．上海水产大学学报，1998，7(3)：187～192
46．林仕梅，罗莉，叶元土．嘉陵江黄颡鱼养殖研究．西南农业大学学报，2000，22(1)：68～70
47．郭严军．影响鱼类对饲料蛋白质最适需要量的因素．河南水产，1990，(1)：34～35
48．查金苗．黄冈策湖黄颡鱼繁殖生物学的研究．[硕士学位论文]．武汉，华中农业大学，2002
49．赵兴文，毕宁阳，刘焕亮．真鲷对蛋白质和必需氨基酸需要量的研究．大连水产学院，1995，10(3)：13～18
50．高淳仁，雷霁霖．饲料中氧化鱼油对真鲷幼鱼生长、存活及脂肪酸组成的影响．上海水产大学学报，1999，8(2)：124～130
51．聂国兴，李学军，乔志刚，张浩．乌鳢营养需要的初步研究．水利渔业，2002，22(1)：8～9，11
52．黄峰，严安生，熊传喜，郑锐，张桂蓉．黄颡鱼的含肉率及鱼肉营养评价．淡水渔业，1999，29(10)：3～6
53．韩庆，夏维福，罗玉双，王文彬．酶制剂对黄颡鱼生长能的影响．水产学杂志，2002a，15(1)：84～87
54．韩庆，罗玉双，夏维福，王文彬．不同饲料蛋白质源对黄颡鱼生长的影响．上海水产大学学报，2002b．11(3)：259～263
55．韩庆，夏维福，罗玉双，湛甜．不同能量水平对黄颡鱼生长的影响．内陆水产，2002c，9：36～37
56．韩庆，罗玉双，夏维福，刘良国，王文彬．鱼粉和豆饼的比例对黄颡鱼生长的影响．水产科学，2002d，21(1)：9～10
57．韩庆，夏维福，罗玉双，王文彬，刘良国，李文健．不同营养水平对黄颡鱼春片鱼种生长的影响．饲料工业，2002e，23(7)：43～44
58．解绶启，贺锡勤，杨云霞．长吻鮠幼鱼赖氨酸需要量．水生生物学报，1997，21(1)：1～7
59．雍文岳，黄忠志，廖朝兴，曹经晔，游文章，马琳，吴达辉，胡志洲．饲料中脂肪含量对草鱼生长的影响．淡水渔业，1985，(6)：11～14
60．廖朝兴．草鱼种在不同生长阶段对饲料蛋白质需要的研究．淡水渔业，1987，1：1～5
61．廖翔华，林鼎上，毛永庆．养殖鱼类营养需求研究进展．水生生物学报，1989，13(2)：170～187
62．戴祥庆．青鱼饲料最适能量蛋白比的研究．水产学报，1988，12(1)：35～41
63. Arai S. A purified test diet for coho salmon, Dncorhynchus kisutch fry. Bull Japn Soc Sci Fish, 1981, 47:547～550
64. Arai S & Ogata H. Quantitative amino acid requirements for growth of fingerling coho salmon. In: Collie M R & Mcvey J P eds, Proceedings of the Twentieth U S ～Japan Symposium on Aquaculture Nutrition. UJNR, Department of Commerce, Newport or USA, 1993:19～28
65. Arai S, Nose T and Hashimoto Y. Amino acids essential for the growth of eels, Anguilla anguilla and Anguilla japonica. Bull Jap Soc Sci Fish, 1972, 38:753～759
66. Akiyama T & Arai S. Amino acid requirements of chum salmon fry and supplementation of amino acids to diet. In: Collie M R & Mcvey J P eds, Proceedings of the Twentieth U S ～Japan Symposium on Aquaculture Nutrition. UJNR, Department of Commerce, Newport or USA, 1993:35～48
67. Borlongan I G & Coloso R M. Requirements of juvenile milkfish (Chanos chanos Forsskai) for essential amino acids. J Nutri, 1993, 123: 125～132
68. Brendan J M, Hung S S O and Medrano J F. Protein requirement of hatchery-produced juvenile white sturgeon (Acipensor transmontanus). Aquaculture, 1998, 71:235～245
69. Cho C Y and Kaushik S J. Nutritional energetics in fish: energy and protein utilization in rainbow trout(Saino gairdneri). World Rev Nutri Diet, 1990, 61: 132～172
70. Chithra N K and Delbert M G. Total sulfur amino acid requirement of juvenile hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops×M. Saxatilis). Aquaculture, 1993, 110:331～339
71. Cowey C B, Adron J and Blair A. Studies on the nutrition of marine flatfish. The essential amino acid requirements of plaice and sole. J Mar Biol Ass U K, 1970, 50:87～95
72. Cowey C B, Pope J A, Adron J W and Blair A. Studies on the nutrition of marine flatfish: The protein requirement of plaice (Pleuronectes platessa). Br J Nutri, 1972, 28:447～456
73. Dupree H K and Halver J E. Amino acid essential for the growth of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Trans Am Fish Soc, 1970, 99:90～92
74. Elliot J M. The energetics of feeding, metabolism, and growth of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) in relation to body weight, water temperature and ration size. J Anim Ecol, 1976, 45: 923～948
75. Ellis S C and Reigh R C. Effects of dietary lipid and carbohydrate levels on growth and body composition of juvenile red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus. Aquaculture, 1991, 97:383～394
76. Fischer Z. The elements of energy balance in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella Val). Part 1, Pol Arch Hydrobiol, 1972, 17:421～434
77. Furuichi M and Yone Y. Change of blood sugar and plasma insulin levels of fishes in glucose tolerance test. Bull Jap Soc Sci Fish, 1981, 47:764～781
78. Jacqueline A, Robert M, Christophe K, Herve L D and Jean G. The protein requirement of brown trout (Salmo trutta) fry. Aquaculture, 1995, 130: 67～78
79. Ketola H G. Amino acid nutrition of fishes: Requirements and supplementation of diets. Comp Biochem Physiol, 1982, 73B: 17～24
80. Kyu～11 Kim. Requirement for phenylalanine and replacement value of tyrosine for phenylalanine in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 1993, 113:243～250
81. Khan M S, Ang K J, Ambak M A and Saad C R. Optimum dietary protein requirement of a Malaysian freshwater catfish, Mystus nemurus. Aquaculture, 1993, 112:227～235
82. Lee D J and Putnan G B. The response of rainbow trout to varying protein/energy ratios in a test diet. J Nutri, 1973, 103: 916～922
83. Lee S M, Jeon I G and Lee J Y. Effects of digestible protein and lipid levels in practical diets on growth, protein utilization and body composition of juvenile rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli). Aquaculture, 2002, 211: 227～239
84. Li M. Effects of dietary protein content on weight gain of channel catfish stocked intensively in earthen ponds. M. S. Thesis, Auburn University, Alabama, 1989, 48
85. Mertz E T. The protein and amino acid needs. In: Halver J E (ed.), Fish Nutrition. New York, Academic Press, 1972:105～143
86. Meyer-burgdorff K H, Osman M F and Gunther K D. Energy metabolism in Oreochromis niloticus. Aquaculture, 1989, 79:283～291
87. Mathis N, Feidt J and Brun～Bellut J. Influence of protein/energy ratio on carcass quality during the growing period of Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis). Aquaculture, 2003, 217: 453～464
88. Moore B J, Hung S S O and Medrano J F. Protein requirement of hatchery-produced juvenile white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus). Aqualculture, 1988, 71: 235～245
89. National Reserch Council (NRC). Nutrition Requirements of Fish. National Academy Press, Washington, D. C. 1993
90. Ng W K & Hung S S O. Estimating the ideal dietary indispensable amino acid pattern for growth of white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus (Richardson). Aqualculture Nutrition, 1995, 1: 85～94
91. Nose T, Arai S, Lee D J and Hashimoto Y. A note on amino acids essential for the growth of young carp. Bull Jap Soc Sci Fish, 1974, 40:903～908
92. Ogino C. Requirements of carp and rainbow trout for essential amino acids. Bull Jpn Soc Fish, 1980, 46:171～174
93. Rumsey G L and Ketola H G. Amino acid supplementation of casein in diets of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fry and of soybean meal for rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) finglings. J Fish Res Bd Can, 1975, 32:422～426
94. Ravi J & Chen M S. Quantitative essential amino acids requirements for growth of carla, Carla carla (Hamilton). Aquaculture, 1991, 96:281～291
95. Ricardo C M, Jose E P C, Leandro P, Luiz C T. Effect of dietary lipid level on nutritional performance of the surubim, Pseuoplatystorna coruscans. Aquaculture, 2002, 209:209～218
96. Seenappa D and Devaraj K V. Effect of different levels of protein, fat and carbohydrate on growth, feed utilization and body carcass composition of fingerlings in Catla catla (Ham). Aquaculture, 1995, 129:243～249
97. Winfree R A and Stickley R R. Effects of dietary protein and energy on growth, food conversion efficiency and body composition of tilapia. J Nutri, 1981, 111: 1001～1012
98. Wilson R P and Halver J E. Protein and amino acid requirements of fishes. Annu Rev Nutri, 1986, 6: 225～244.
99. Yang S D, Liou C H and Liu F G. Effects of dietary protein content on growth performance, carcass composition and ammonia excretion in juvenile silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus). Aquaculture, 2002, 213:363～372
2．王道尊，宋天复，杜汉斌．饲料中蛋白质和醣的含量对青鱼鱼种生长的影响．水产学报，1984，8(1)：9～17
3．王道尊，龚希章，刘玉芳．饲料中脂肪含量对青鱼种生长的影响．水产学报，1987，11(2)：23～28
4．王道尊，梅志平，潘兆龙．青鱼配合饲料中可消化能需要量的研究．水产科技情报，1992，19(2)：38～42
5．方之平，潘黔生，何瑞国，聂卫兵．彭泽鲫鱼种配合饲料的初步研究．水利渔业，1998a，(4)：1～3
6．方之平，潘黔生，何瑞国，吴小平．彭泽鲫配合饲料中必需氨基酸适合量的研究．水利渔业，1998b，(5)：1～3
7．叶元土，陈昌齐．鲤必需氨基酸需求量标准分析及有关问题探讨．水产科学，1992，11(5)：22～55
8．付世建，谢小军，张文兵，曹振东．南方鲶的营养学研究：Ⅲ．饲料脂肪对蛋白质的节约效应．水生生物学报，2001，25(1)：70～75
9．朱晓鸣，解绶启，崔奕波．摄食水平对异育银鲫生长及能量收支的影响．海洋与湖沼，2000，31(5)：471～479
10．许国焕，丁庆秋，王燕．饲料不同能蛋比对大口鲶生长及体组成之影响．浙江海洋学院学报(自然科学版)，2001，20(增刊)：94～97
11．刘世平．鄱阳湖黄颡鱼的生物学研究．动物学杂志，1997，32(4)：10～16
12．刘立鹤．黄颡鱼仔幼鱼摄食、生长特性的研究．[硕十学位论文]．武汉，华中农业大学，2001
13．刘玮，任本根．饲料中不同脂肪含量对草鱼稚鱼生长的影响．江西科学，1995，13(4)：219～223
14．刘汉华，李爱杰，孙鹤田．鲤鱼对蛋白质氨基酸糖类脂肪混合无机盐适宜需要量的研究．齐鲁渔业，1991，(6)：9～12
15．刘永坚，刘栋辉，田丽霞．饲料蛋白质和能量水平对红姑鱼生长和鱼体组成的影响．水产学报，2002，26(3)：242～246
16．李祖军，王道尊，龚希章．以能量代谢水平评价鱼用饲料的研究．上海水产大学学报，1997，6(3)：186～192
17．李谨，何瑞国，张世萍，王升平，张国雄．不同饲料蛋白源对幼鳝生长和饲料利用的影响初探．饲料工业，2001，22(8)：11～14
18．李爱杰主编．水产动物营养与饲料学．中国农业出版社，北京，1996：103～104
19．李爱杰，徐玮，孙鹤田，刘汉华，马俊岭，王志忠．鲤鱼营养需要的研究．水利渔业，1999，19(5)：18～20
20．吴江，张泽芸，黄德友．大口鲶营养需要量的研究．科学养鱼，1996，4：9～10
21．吴遵霖，李桂云，何顺清．鳜幼鱼配合饲料最适蛋白质含量的初步研究．水利渔业，1995，(5)：3～6
22．肖调义，盛玲芝，苏建明，张学文，陈开建，王晓清．洞庭湖瓦氏黄颡鱼的形态与生长及繁殖特性．湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版)，2002，28(4)：333～336
23．宋平，潘云峰，向筑，胡珈瑞，胡隐昌，蔡从利．黄颡鱼RAPD标记及其遗传多样性的初步分析．武汉大学学报(自然版)，2001，47(2)：233～237
24．余水金，万云辉．蚌肉喂养黄颡鱼效果好．江西水产科技，1991，(2)：29～30
25．余宁，陆全平，周刚．黄颡鱼生长特征与食性的研究．水产养殖，1996，(3)：19～20
26．季文娟．黑鲷幼鱼饲料蛋白质源氨基酸平衡的研究．中国水产科学，2000，7(3)：37～40
27．杨国华．夏花青鱼饵料中最适蛋白质含量．水产学报，1981，5(1)：49～55
28．杨国华，戴祥庆，顾道良．团头鲂的营养、饲料配方和高产养殖技术．饲料工业，1989，(1)：7～10，46
29．杨青松．尼罗罗非鱼饲料赖氨酸和蛋氨酸需求量探讨．福建水产，1992，(1)：67～70，79
30．杨代勤，陈芳，李道霞，刘百韬．黄鳝的营养素需要量及饲料最适能量蛋白比．水产学报，2000，24(3)：259～262
31．杨家云．嘉陵江瓦氏黄颡鱼的繁殖生物学．西南师范大学学报，1994，19(6)：639～645
32．杨小林，黎国权，钟元生，陈教新，侯孟君，陈勇，朱志，林万民，邹志红，曾俊明，施万民，邓科秋，陈春莲．草鱼的营养需要及其优化组合研究．饲料工业，1993，14(3)：30～32
33．邹社校．黄颡鱼幼鱼蛋白质需要量的研究．湖北农学院学报，1999，19(2)：143～145
34．邹社校．洪湖黄颡鱼的生长、食性与渔业地位．湖北农学院学报，1999，19(3)：240～242
35．邹志清，苑福熙，陈双喜．团头鲂饲料中最适蛋白质含量．淡水渔业，1987，3：21～24
36．陈琴，黄飞鹤．三种野生江河鱼类肌肉中矿质元素的组成分析．水产养殖，2001，1：22～24
37．陈章宝，郑曙明．淡水白鲳、团头鲂、黄颡鱼主要消化酶活性的研究．四川畜牧兽医学院学报，2001，15(3)：10～15
38．陈建明，吴文，陈德富．淡水白鲳营养需要量的研究．浙江水产学院学报，1996，15(2)：117～121
39．邱春刚，刘景祯，刘丙阳，徐世谦，张国强，骆小年．汤河水库黄颡鱼的生物学及其资源利用．水产科学，2000，19(2)：28～30
40．陆茂英，石文雷，刘梅珍，黄凤钦，王根林，朱晨炜．团头鲂对饲料中五种必需氨基酸的需要量．水产学报，1992，16(1)：40～49
41．周小秋．鱼类能量需要量研究进展．国外水产，1994，(4)：3～8
42．周洪琪，潘兆龙，覃志彪．草鱼生理能量收支．上海水产大学学报，1994，3(1／2)：16～20
43．周文玉，俞春玉，刘建忠，杨国华．饲料中油脂的质和量对团头鲂生长的影响．水产科技情报，1997，24(1)：～3～6，9
44．林鼎，毛永庆，蔡发盛．幼鲩(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)鱼种生长阶段蛋白质最适需要量的研究．水生生物学集刊，1980，7(3)：207～212
45．林黑着，江琦，黄剑南，石红．鲻配合饲料适宜蛋白质含量及蛋白能量比的初步研究．上海水产大学学报，1998，7(3)：187～192
46．林仕梅，罗莉，叶元土．嘉陵江黄颡鱼养殖研究．西南农业大学学报，2000，22(1)：68～70
47．郭严军．影响鱼类对饲料蛋白质最适需要量的因素．河南水产，1990，(1)：34～35
48．查金苗．黄冈策湖黄颡鱼繁殖生物学的研究．[硕士学位论文]．武汉，华中农业大学，2002
49．赵兴文，毕宁阳，刘焕亮．真鲷对蛋白质和必需氨基酸需要量的研究．大连水产学院，1995，10(3)：13～18
50．高淳仁，雷霁霖．饲料中氧化鱼油对真鲷幼鱼生长、存活及脂肪酸组成的影响．上海水产大学学报，1999，8(2)：124～130
51．聂国兴，李学军，乔志刚，张浩．乌鳢营养需要的初步研究．水利渔业，2002，22(1)：8～9，11
52．黄峰，严安生，熊传喜，郑锐，张桂蓉．黄颡鱼的含肉率及鱼肉营养评价．淡水渔业，1999，29(10)：3～6
53．韩庆，夏维福，罗玉双，王文彬．酶制剂对黄颡鱼生长能的影响．水产学杂志，2002a，15(1)：84～87
54．韩庆，罗玉双，夏维福，王文彬．不同饲料蛋白质源对黄颡鱼生长的影响．上海水产大学学报，2002b．11(3)：259～263
55．韩庆，夏维福，罗玉双，湛甜．不同能量水平对黄颡鱼生长的影响．内陆水产，2002c，9：36～37
56．韩庆，罗玉双，夏维福，刘良国，王文彬．鱼粉和豆饼的比例对黄颡鱼生长的影响．水产科学，2002d，21(1)：9～10
57．韩庆，夏维福，罗玉双，王文彬，刘良国，李文健．不同营养水平对黄颡鱼春片鱼种生长的影响．饲料工业，2002e，23(7)：43～44
58．解绶启，贺锡勤，杨云霞．长吻鮠幼鱼赖氨酸需要量．水生生物学报，1997，21(1)：1～7
59．雍文岳，黄忠志，廖朝兴，曹经晔，游文章，马琳，吴达辉，胡志洲．饲料中脂肪含量对草鱼生长的影响．淡水渔业，1985，(6)：11～14
60．廖朝兴．草鱼种在不同生长阶段对饲料蛋白质需要的研究．淡水渔业，1987，1：1～5
61．廖翔华，林鼎上，毛永庆．养殖鱼类营养需求研究进展．水生生物学报，1989，13(2)：170～187
62．戴祥庆．青鱼饲料最适能量蛋白比的研究．水产学报，1988，12(1)：35～41
63. Arai S. A purified test diet for coho salmon, Dncorhynchus kisutch fry. Bull Japn Soc Sci Fish, 1981, 47:547～550
64. Arai S & Ogata H. Quantitative amino acid requirements for growth of fingerling coho salmon. In: Collie M R & Mcvey J P eds, Proceedings of the Twentieth U S ～Japan Symposium on Aquaculture Nutrition. UJNR, Department of Commerce, Newport or USA, 1993:19～28
65. Arai S, Nose T and Hashimoto Y. Amino acids essential for the growth of eels, Anguilla anguilla and Anguilla japonica. Bull Jap Soc Sci Fish, 1972, 38:753～759
66. Akiyama T & Arai S. Amino acid requirements of chum salmon fry and supplementation of amino acids to diet. In: Collie M R & Mcvey J P eds, Proceedings of the Twentieth U S ～Japan Symposium on Aquaculture Nutrition. UJNR, Department of Commerce, Newport or USA, 1993:35～48
67. Borlongan I G & Coloso R M. Requirements of juvenile milkfish (Chanos chanos Forsskai) for essential amino acids. J Nutri, 1993, 123: 125～132
68. Brendan J M, Hung S S O and Medrano J F. Protein requirement of hatchery-produced juvenile white sturgeon (Acipensor transmontanus). Aquaculture, 1998, 71:235～245
69. Cho C Y and Kaushik S J. Nutritional energetics in fish: energy and protein utilization in rainbow trout(Saino gairdneri). World Rev Nutri Diet, 1990, 61: 132～172
70. Chithra N K and Delbert M G. Total sulfur amino acid requirement of juvenile hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops×M. Saxatilis). Aquaculture, 1993, 110:331～339
71. Cowey C B, Adron J and Blair A. Studies on the nutrition of marine flatfish. The essential amino acid requirements of plaice and sole. J Mar Biol Ass U K, 1970, 50:87～95
72. Cowey C B, Pope J A, Adron J W and Blair A. Studies on the nutrition of marine flatfish: The protein requirement of plaice (Pleuronectes platessa). Br J Nutri, 1972, 28:447～456
73. Dupree H K and Halver J E. Amino acid essential for the growth of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Trans Am Fish Soc, 1970, 99:90～92
74. Elliot J M. The energetics of feeding, metabolism, and growth of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) in relation to body weight, water temperature and ration size. J Anim Ecol, 1976, 45: 923～948
75. Ellis S C and Reigh R C. Effects of dietary lipid and carbohydrate levels on growth and body composition of juvenile red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus. Aquaculture, 1991, 97:383～394
76. Fischer Z. The elements of energy balance in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella Val). Part 1, Pol Arch Hydrobiol, 1972, 17:421～434
77. Furuichi M and Yone Y. Change of blood sugar and plasma insulin levels of fishes in glucose tolerance test. Bull Jap Soc Sci Fish, 1981, 47:764～781
78. Jacqueline A, Robert M, Christophe K, Herve L D and Jean G. The protein requirement of brown trout (Salmo trutta) fry. Aquaculture, 1995, 130: 67～78
79. Ketola H G. Amino acid nutrition of fishes: Requirements and supplementation of diets. Comp Biochem Physiol, 1982, 73B: 17～24
80. Kyu～11 Kim. Requirement for phenylalanine and replacement value of tyrosine for phenylalanine in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 1993, 113:243～250
81. Khan M S, Ang K J, Ambak M A and Saad C R. Optimum dietary protein requirement of a Malaysian freshwater catfish, Mystus nemurus. Aquaculture, 1993, 112:227～235
82. Lee D J and Putnan G B. The response of rainbow trout to varying protein/energy ratios in a test diet. J Nutri, 1973, 103: 916～922
83. Lee S M, Jeon I G and Lee J Y. Effects of digestible protein and lipid levels in practical diets on growth, protein utilization and body composition of juvenile rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli). Aquaculture, 2002, 211: 227～239
84. Li M. Effects of dietary protein content on weight gain of channel catfish stocked intensively in earthen ponds. M. S. Thesis, Auburn University, Alabama, 1989, 48
85. Mertz E T. The protein and amino acid needs. In: Halver J E (ed.), Fish Nutrition. New York, Academic Press, 1972:105～143
86. Meyer-burgdorff K H, Osman M F and Gunther K D. Energy metabolism in Oreochromis niloticus. Aquaculture, 1989, 79:283～291
87. Mathis N, Feidt J and Brun～Bellut J. Influence of protein/energy ratio on carcass quality during the growing period of Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis). Aquaculture, 2003, 217: 453～464
88. Moore B J, Hung S S O and Medrano J F. Protein requirement of hatchery-produced juvenile white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus). Aqualculture, 1988, 71: 235～245
89. National Reserch Council (NRC). Nutrition Requirements of Fish. National Academy Press, Washington, D. C. 1993
90. Ng W K & Hung S S O. Estimating the ideal dietary indispensable amino acid pattern for growth of white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus (Richardson). Aqualculture Nutrition, 1995, 1: 85～94
91. Nose T, Arai S, Lee D J and Hashimoto Y. A note on amino acids essential for the growth of young carp. Bull Jap Soc Sci Fish, 1974, 40:903～908
92. Ogino C. Requirements of carp and rainbow trout for essential amino acids. Bull Jpn Soc Fish, 1980, 46:171～174
93. Rumsey G L and Ketola H G. Amino acid supplementation of casein in diets of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fry and of soybean meal for rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) finglings. J Fish Res Bd Can, 1975, 32:422～426
94. Ravi J & Chen M S. Quantitative essential amino acids requirements for growth of carla, Carla carla (Hamilton). Aquaculture, 1991, 96:281～291
95. Ricardo C M, Jose E P C, Leandro P, Luiz C T. Effect of dietary lipid level on nutritional performance of the surubim, Pseuoplatystorna coruscans. Aquaculture, 2002, 209:209～218
96. Seenappa D and Devaraj K V. Effect of different levels of protein, fat and carbohydrate on growth, feed utilization and body carcass composition of fingerlings in Catla catla (Ham). Aquaculture, 1995, 129:243～249
97. Winfree R A and Stickley R R. Effects of dietary protein and energy on growth, food conversion efficiency and body composition of tilapia. J Nutri, 1981, 111: 1001～1012
98. Wilson R P and Halver J E. Protein and amino acid requirements of fishes. Annu Rev Nutri, 1986, 6: 225～244.
99. Yang S D, Liou C H and Liu F G. Effects of dietary protein content on growth performance, carcass composition and ammonia excretion in juvenile silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus). Aquaculture, 2002, 213:363～372