无人机隐身技术若干问题研究
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摘要
本文从理论分析和实际应用两方面入手，深入研究了无人机雷达散射截面缩减的若干关键问题。主要包括电磁散射模型的计算方法、复杂结构的电大尺寸无人机散射特性分析及计算、无人机散射特性的测量及二维成像诊断、无人机功能隐身材料设计与应用等。论文的理论分析和预估数据与研制出的实际无人机隐身测试结果基本一致，采用的隐身功能材料等综合隐身设计措施使无人机的整机RCS缩减约6dB。论文对无人机的RCS缩减具有较高的理论价值和工程设计参考价值。。
论文作者的主要研究成果可概括为以下几个方面：
1．结合工程应用中的实际情况讨论了目标电磁散射计算的原理和方法，包括数值计算方法（矩量法（MOM）和时域有限差分（FDTD）算法），高频算法中的物理光学法（PO）。文中对各种散射计算方法进行了分析计算，通过对同一目标各算法计算的结果，总结分析了各种算法的优缺点。根据工程实践中的经验，提出了一种无人机RCS快速预估的混合高频算法（PO+IMEC）。重点讨论了混合高频算法对凸体和凹体目标计算时的情况，为后续无人机整机的快速计算分析打下基础。
2．从散射体电磁散射机理出发，根据无人机隐身设计工程中重点散射部位及其散射贡献，分析了无人机整机的强散射源结构分布特点，采取相应技术措施，如对机翼前缘及翼型结构散射，前缘尖劈及涂覆结构散射设计进行了重点讨论，分析得出了不同形状的机翼前缘及翼型对入射波的散射影响。论述了无人机整机RCS预估的方法和流程，最后对两种不同类型的整机模型进行了仿真计算，计算和测试结果的对比，验证了高频一体化预估算法的有效性。
3．从微波暗室散射测量的原理和方法出发，采用时域、频域对消降噪处理措施，提高了RCS测量精度。为了充分利用暗室测量数据信息，根据转台成像原理和相关算法，完成了两种飞行器二维转台散射成像，诊断分析了飞行器的强散射源及其空间分布。完善了对散射目标的认识，有利于进一步提高对目标的赋形优化设计。
4．从吸波功能材料的吸波机理出发讨论了现有吸波材料的应用状况及对电磁波的吸收原理。根据纳米超薄金属薄膜对电磁波的透射效应设计了一种超薄金属膜结构复合吸波功能材料，对单层复合材料和多层（双层）复合材料的谐振（干涉）吸波原理进行了分析和大量的实验测试。在暗室中将设计的三种无人机机体板材进行对比测试，测试结果与标准的金属板材相比对不同测试频段的入射电磁波均具有良好的吸收作用，吸收效能达10dB。最后通过在某型无人机上使用综合隐身措施，使整机RCS数值有明显的缩减，特别是机头峰值缩减在8dB，侧向及后向缩减了5dB，全方向RCS平均缩减约6dB。
From the theoretical analysis and practical application, the key issues of radar crosssection reduction of the UAV are detailedly studied. This dissertation is mainly involved in ofthe basic models scattering computation, the scattering analysis of the electric large modelsfor UAV, the testing of scattering targets, two-dimensional imaging models and the stealthmaterial design and using for the UAV. The analysis conclusion and results are identical facetesting results. By using the synthesis method for the UAV radar cross section reduction, itcan reduce6dB.
The main contribution the dissertation can be summarized as follows:
1. According to our experience in engineering applications, the electromagnetic scatteringtheory and the computing methods of calculation are discussed, which include numericalmethods (the method of moments (MOM) and the finite difference time domain (FDTD)algorithm), high-frequency algorithms such as physical optics (PO). According to ourpractices, a hybrid high-frequency algorithm (PO+IMEC) for rapid prediction estimates isprovided. In this dissertion, the real testing is finished for various scattering methods. Theadvantages and disadvantages of various algorithms for the same simulation targets aresummarized and analyzed. By Using the high-frequency hybrid algorithm the RCS predictionof the convex and concave bodies is discussed. It will become the fundation for the rapidcalculation of the UAV.
2. From the scattering source and the scattering theory of the UAV, body parts of theUAV, such as the wing leading edge and the wing leading edge wedge structure, coated coverwing leading edge wedge andwing airfoil structure design, are analyzed. The process ofsimulation caculation for UAV is discussed. Finally, two different types of whole planemodels are simulated.
3. The far-field test conditions, step-scan test method and the measurement data of timedomain and frequency domain noise cancellation processing are discussed. We focused on thelow frequency measurement techniques and measurement of all polarization information andprocessing technology. In order to improve the measurement data of the chamber and the usemade of information, the turntable laboratory imaging theory are discussed and analyzed. Inour anechoic chamber, two-dimensional imaging of the relevant algorithms and processes arefinished for two UAV targets. By imaging of the target will be converted intoone-dimensional scattering from two-dimensional image information. It can improve ourunderstanding of the scattering target and help to further improve the target shapingoptimization.
4. From the absorbing mechanism of the absorbing function materials, the application ofexisting conditions and absorbing materials on the principle of electromagnetic waveabsorption are discussed. Nano-thin metal films under the transmission effect ofelectromagnetic waves are presented. A thin metal film with the structural compositeabsorbing function materials is designed. Resonance (interference) absorbing principle ofmonolayer and multi-layer (double layer) are analyzed and tested. Finally, three patterns arecompared. The absorbing rate of three patterns is10dB. By using the synthesis reductionmethods, the numerical value reduction results of UAV achieve6dB.
论文作者的主要研究成果可概括为以下几个方面：
1．结合工程应用中的实际情况讨论了目标电磁散射计算的原理和方法，包括数值计算方法（矩量法（MOM）和时域有限差分（FDTD）算法），高频算法中的物理光学法（PO）。文中对各种散射计算方法进行了分析计算，通过对同一目标各算法计算的结果，总结分析了各种算法的优缺点。根据工程实践中的经验，提出了一种无人机RCS快速预估的混合高频算法（PO+IMEC）。重点讨论了混合高频算法对凸体和凹体目标计算时的情况，为后续无人机整机的快速计算分析打下基础。
2．从散射体电磁散射机理出发，根据无人机隐身设计工程中重点散射部位及其散射贡献，分析了无人机整机的强散射源结构分布特点，采取相应技术措施，如对机翼前缘及翼型结构散射，前缘尖劈及涂覆结构散射设计进行了重点讨论，分析得出了不同形状的机翼前缘及翼型对入射波的散射影响。论述了无人机整机RCS预估的方法和流程，最后对两种不同类型的整机模型进行了仿真计算，计算和测试结果的对比，验证了高频一体化预估算法的有效性。
3．从微波暗室散射测量的原理和方法出发，采用时域、频域对消降噪处理措施，提高了RCS测量精度。为了充分利用暗室测量数据信息，根据转台成像原理和相关算法，完成了两种飞行器二维转台散射成像，诊断分析了飞行器的强散射源及其空间分布。完善了对散射目标的认识，有利于进一步提高对目标的赋形优化设计。
4．从吸波功能材料的吸波机理出发讨论了现有吸波材料的应用状况及对电磁波的吸收原理。根据纳米超薄金属薄膜对电磁波的透射效应设计了一种超薄金属膜结构复合吸波功能材料，对单层复合材料和多层（双层）复合材料的谐振（干涉）吸波原理进行了分析和大量的实验测试。在暗室中将设计的三种无人机机体板材进行对比测试，测试结果与标准的金属板材相比对不同测试频段的入射电磁波均具有良好的吸收作用，吸收效能达10dB。最后通过在某型无人机上使用综合隐身措施，使整机RCS数值有明显的缩减，特别是机头峰值缩减在8dB，侧向及后向缩减了5dB，全方向RCS平均缩减约6dB。
From the theoretical analysis and practical application, the key issues of radar crosssection reduction of the UAV are detailedly studied. This dissertation is mainly involved in ofthe basic models scattering computation, the scattering analysis of the electric large modelsfor UAV, the testing of scattering targets, two-dimensional imaging models and the stealthmaterial design and using for the UAV. The analysis conclusion and results are identical facetesting results. By using the synthesis method for the UAV radar cross section reduction, itcan reduce6dB.
The main contribution the dissertation can be summarized as follows:
1. According to our experience in engineering applications, the electromagnetic scatteringtheory and the computing methods of calculation are discussed, which include numericalmethods (the method of moments (MOM) and the finite difference time domain (FDTD)algorithm), high-frequency algorithms such as physical optics (PO). According to ourpractices, a hybrid high-frequency algorithm (PO+IMEC) for rapid prediction estimates isprovided. In this dissertion, the real testing is finished for various scattering methods. Theadvantages and disadvantages of various algorithms for the same simulation targets aresummarized and analyzed. By Using the high-frequency hybrid algorithm the RCS predictionof the convex and concave bodies is discussed. It will become the fundation for the rapidcalculation of the UAV.
2. From the scattering source and the scattering theory of the UAV, body parts of theUAV, such as the wing leading edge and the wing leading edge wedge structure, coated coverwing leading edge wedge andwing airfoil structure design, are analyzed. The process ofsimulation caculation for UAV is discussed. Finally, two different types of whole planemodels are simulated.
3. The far-field test conditions, step-scan test method and the measurement data of timedomain and frequency domain noise cancellation processing are discussed. We focused on thelow frequency measurement techniques and measurement of all polarization information andprocessing technology. In order to improve the measurement data of the chamber and the usemade of information, the turntable laboratory imaging theory are discussed and analyzed. Inour anechoic chamber, two-dimensional imaging of the relevant algorithms and processes arefinished for two UAV targets. By imaging of the target will be converted intoone-dimensional scattering from two-dimensional image information. It can improve ourunderstanding of the scattering target and help to further improve the target shapingoptimization.
4. From the absorbing mechanism of the absorbing function materials, the application ofexisting conditions and absorbing materials on the principle of electromagnetic waveabsorption are discussed. Nano-thin metal films under the transmission effect ofelectromagnetic waves are presented. A thin metal film with the structural compositeabsorbing function materials is designed. Resonance (interference) absorbing principle ofmonolayer and multi-layer (double layer) are analyzed and tested. Finally, three patterns arecompared. The absorbing rate of three patterns is10dB. By using the synthesis reductionmethods, the numerical value reduction results of UAV achieve6dB.
引文
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