三种M受体阻滞剂对成年近视患者调节及像差的影响
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摘要
第一部分三种M受体阻滞剂对成年近视患者调节的影响
目的探讨三种M受体阻滞剂对成年近视患者调节的影响。
方法自身对照研究。选取19名成年近视患者作为受试者,每位受试者分次滴2.5%洁霉素及三种M受体阻滞剂：1%盐酸环喷托酯、0.05%消旋山莨菪碱、0.5%托吡卡胺,2.5%洁霉素作为对照,两次用药至少间隔4天作为药物洗脱期。给药方法：滴双眼(先右眼后左眼,双眼间隔5分钟)；每只眼睛滴药两次,两次滴药间隔5分钟,每次一滴。于滴药前及滴药后的10、20、30、45、60、75、90、120分钟采用Topcon电脑验光仪在暗室内测量药物干预前后受试者的瞳孔直径,在综合验光仪上采用负镜法测量药物干预前后的受试者右眼的调节幅度。使用SAS9.2统计软件对4种药物干预后的瞳孔直径及调节幅度进行方差分析,对1%盐酸环喷托酯及0.5%托吡卡胺干预后的最小调节幅度进行t检验,对0.05%消旋山莨菪碱及2.5%洁霉素干预后的最小调节幅度进行t检验。P<0.05有统计学意义。
结果1、散瞳作用：滴用1%盐酸环喷托酯滴眼液及0.5%托吡卡胺滴眼液后120分钟瞳孔散至最大,与给药前相比瞳孔直径分别增大(1.34±0.81)mm及(1.59±0.89)mm,滴用0.05%消旋山莨菪碱滴眼液10分钟后瞳孔直径缩小,45分钟后瞳孔开始散大,120分钟后散至最大,与给药前相比瞳孑孔直径增大(0.63±0.30)mm,滴用2.5%洁霉素后瞳孔直径较给药前缩小,滴药后10分钟瞳孔直径最小较给药前缩小(0.27±0.15)mm,方差分析4种药物干预后不同时间点的瞳孔直径发现4种药物之间差别具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2、睫状肌麻痹作用：1%盐酸环喷托酯滴眼液干预后10分钟开始起效,60分钟调节幅度为(2.01±1.20)D,120分钟调节幅度最小为(1.67±0.85)D, 0.5%托吡卡胺滴眼液干预后10分钟开始起效,30分钟调节幅度最小为(1.94±0.72)D,60分钟调节幅度为(2.05±0.70)D,睫状肌麻痹作用开始减弱,120分钟调节幅度为(3.75±1.52)D,t检验分析干预后的最小调节幅度2种药物之间差别无统计学意义。0.05%消旋山莨菪碱滴眼液干预后的最小调节幅度为(9.48±2.21)D,2.5%洁霉素眼液干预后的最小调节幅度为(9.56±3.28)D,t检验分析干预后的最小调节幅度2种药物之间差别无统计学意义。
结论1.1%盐酸环喷托酯滴眼液对于成年近视患者的睫状肌麻痹效果并不明显优于0.5%托吡卡胺,但其睫状肌麻痹作用持续时间较长,适用于等待时间超过1小时的近视患者睫状肌麻痹验光。2.0.05%消旋山莨菪碱滴眼液有散瞳作用,无明显的睫状肌麻痹作用。
第二部分三种M受体阻滞剂对成年近视患者像差的影响
目的探讨三种M受体阻滞剂对成年近视患者像差的影响。
方法自身对照研究。选取12名成年近视患者作为受试者,每位受试者分次滴2.5%洁霉素及三种M受体阻滞剂：1%盐酸环喷托酯、0.05%消旋山莨菪碱、0.5%托吡卡胺,2.5%洁霉素作为对照,两次用药至少间隔4天作为药物洗脱期。给药方法：滴双眼(先右眼后左眼,双眼间隔5分钟)；每只眼睛滴药两次,两次滴药间隔5分钟,每次一滴。于滴药前及滴药后的30分钟应用Schwind波前像差仪检查药物干预眼的全眼像差,提取瞳孔分析直径4.0mm、5.0mm、6.0mm时的像差值,比较4种药物干预前后及4种药物之间在总像差(RMSg)、总高阶像差(RMSh)、3阶、4阶像差的均方根(RMS)值及球差、彗差等方面的差异。采用SAS 9.2统计分析软件对数据进行方差分析。P<0.05有统计学意义。
结果1、随着瞳孔分析直径增大,总像差(RMSg)、总高阶像差(RMSh)、3阶、4阶像差的均方根(RMS),彗差,球差均增加,方差分析发现除洁霉素干预后的球差外其余各项像差值的差别具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2、瞳孔分析直径为6mm时,药物干预前球差为(0.07±0.11)u m,1%盐酸环喷托酯干预后、0.5%托吡卡胺干预后、0.05%消旋由莨菪干预后及2.5%洁霉素干预黄后球差分别为(0.10±0.10)μm、(0.08±0.11)u m、(0.07±0.12)μm、(0.05±0.12)μm,1%盐酸环喷托酯及0.5%托吡卡胺药物干预后球差向正向方向增大,0.05%消旋山莨菪碱干预后球差无明显变化,方差分析比较药物干预前及4种药物干预后的球差显示差异无统计学意义。
结论成年近视患者准分子激光术术前应用1%盐酸环喷托酯眼液或0.5%托吡卡胺眼液散瞳时,应注意其对像差特别是球差的影响。
Part one
The effect of three types of muscarinic receptor antagonists on accommodation of myoic adults
Objective To investigate the effect of three types of muscarinic receptor antagonists on accommodation of myopic adults.
Methods 19 healthy myopic adults were enrolled in this self-controlled study. All eyes of the 19 were instilled 2.5% cillimycin and three types of muscarinic receptor antagonists:1% cyclopentolate hydrochloride,0.05% racanisodamine eye drop,0.5% tropicamide during the study with at least a 4-day washout-period between each treatment to rule out the effect of the previous agent.2.5% cillimycin was used as the control drug.(Two drops of each agent were applied in a 5-minute interval in both eyes(first the right eye then the left one within a 5-minute interval), each time with a single drop.) All eyes were treated with each drug twice in a 5-minute interval with one drop each time. Scotopic pupil sizes of both eyes and amplitude of accommodation of the right eye were measured before and 10,20,30,45,60, 75,90and120 minutes after treatment. Scotopic pupil sizes were evaluated with an Topcon autorefractor. Amplitude of accommodation was measured by minus-lens test on the RT-5100 comprehensive refractometer. The data were analyzed using the SAS version 9.2. Scotopic pupil sizes and amplitude of accommodation among four treatments were evaluated with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The minimum amplitude of accommodation between 1% cyclopentolate hydrochloride and 0.5% tropicamide.0.05% racanisodamine eye drop and 2.5% cillimycin were evaluated with t test. P value of<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results 1. The effect of pupil dilatation:120 minutes after 1% cyclopentolate hydrochloride and 0.5% tropicamide installation,the pupil sizes were enlarged to the peak size and approximately 1.34±0.81mm and 1.59±0.89mm larger respectively compared with the pupil size of the eyes before treated.10 minutes after 0.05% racanisodamin eye drop installation,the pupil size became smaller and maintained for the next 20 minutes. Then it recovered to baseline value at 45 minutes and continued to enlarge to a peak size of approximately 0.63±0.30mm larger than baseline value at 120 minutes.The pupil size became smaller in 2.5% cillimycin-treated eyes and the minimum pupil size was 0.27±0.15mm smaller than baseline value at 10 minutes. The scotopic pupil sizes after treatment of four drugs were significantly different; 2. The effect of cycloplegia:The effect of 1% cyclopentolate hydrochloride on accommodation started at 10 minutes after the last drop.The amplitude of accommodation at 60 minutes and 120minutes were 2.01±1.20D and 1.67±0.85D respectively. The amplitude of accommodation at 120 minutes was minimum. The effect of 0.5% tropicamide on accommodation started at 10 minutes after the last drop,the minimum amplitude of accommodation (1.94±0.72D) was measured at 30 minutes after the last dropand the effect of 0.5% tropicamide on cycloplegia became weaker 60 minutes after the last drop. The amplitude of accommodation at 60 minutes and 120minutes were 2.05±0.70D and 3.75±1.52D respectively. There was no significant difference between the two drugs. The minimum amplitude of accommodation of 0.05% racanisodamine eye drop and 2.5% cillimycin were 9.48±2.21D and 9.56±3.28D respectively. There was no significant difference between the two drugs.
Conclusions 1.The effect of 1% cyclopentolate hydrochloride on cycloplegia is not obviously superior to 0.5% tropicamide,but its effect on cycloplegia lasts longer. So 1% cyclopentolate hydrochloride is advised when the patient should wait for more than 1hour before the refraction can be attained.2.0.05% racanisodamine eye drop has a significant impact on mydrasis and no obvious effect on cycloplegia.
Part two
The effect of three types of muscarinic receptor antagonists on ocular aberrations of myopic adults
Objective To investigate the effect of three types of muscarinic receptor antagonists on ocular aberrations of myopic adults.
Methods 12 healthy myopic adults were enrolled in this self-controlled study. All eyes of the 12 sbujects were instilled 2.5% cillimycin and three types of muscarinic receptor antagonists:1%cyclopentolate hydrochloride,0.05% racanisodamine eye drop,0.5% tropicamide during the study with at least a 4-day wash-period between each treatment to rule out the effect of a previous agent.2.5% cillimycin was used as the control drug.(Two drops of each agent were applied in a 5-minute interval in both eyes(first the right eye then the left one within a 5-minute interval), each time with a single drop.) All eyes were treated with each drug twice in a 5-minute interval with one drop each time.Human ocular aberrations were measured before and 30minutes after treatment by Schwind ORK Wavefront Analyzer.At the pupil analyzing diameter of 4.0 mm,5.0 mm and 6.0 mm, the values of the root-mean-square(RMS) of general (RMSg) and higher-order (RMSh), the root-mean-square(RMS) of the third and fourth,coma, spherical aberration were analyzed. The data were analyzed using the SASversion 9.2.Repeated measures ANOVAs were used for statistical analyses with a p value of<0.05 being considered as statistically significant.
Results 1. The RMSg, RMSh, RMS3, RMS4,coma and spherical aberrations became larger as the pupil analyzing diameter became bigger. Except for spherical aberation after 2.5% cillimycin intervention a significant difference was found among different pupil diameters (P<0.05).2. At the pupil diameter of 6.0 mm,the spherical aberration was 0.07±0.11μm in undilated eyes, and0.10±0.10μm,0.08±0.11μm, 0.07±0.120μm,0.05±0.12μm after installation of 1% cyclopentolate hydrochloride,0.5% tropicamide,0.05% racanisodamine eye drop and 2.5% cillimycin.Compared with the spherical aberration in the untreated eyes, spherical aberration with applying muscarinic receptor antagonists such as 1% cyclopentolate hydrochloride and 0.5% tropicamide seemed to shift in a positive direction,while the spherical aberration in 0.05% racanisodamine-treated eyes did not change.But there was no significant difference in the spherical aberration among those drugs treatment analyzed by ANOVA.
Conclusions The effect of 1% cyclopentolate hydrochloride and 0.5% tropicamide on ocular aberrations,especially spherical aberration,should be paid more attention if they are used before refractive surgery.
目的探讨三种M受体阻滞剂对成年近视患者调节的影响。
方法自身对照研究。选取19名成年近视患者作为受试者,每位受试者分次滴2.5%洁霉素及三种M受体阻滞剂：1%盐酸环喷托酯、0.05%消旋山莨菪碱、0.5%托吡卡胺,2.5%洁霉素作为对照,两次用药至少间隔4天作为药物洗脱期。给药方法：滴双眼(先右眼后左眼,双眼间隔5分钟)；每只眼睛滴药两次,两次滴药间隔5分钟,每次一滴。于滴药前及滴药后的10、20、30、45、60、75、90、120分钟采用Topcon电脑验光仪在暗室内测量药物干预前后受试者的瞳孔直径,在综合验光仪上采用负镜法测量药物干预前后的受试者右眼的调节幅度。使用SAS9.2统计软件对4种药物干预后的瞳孔直径及调节幅度进行方差分析,对1%盐酸环喷托酯及0.5%托吡卡胺干预后的最小调节幅度进行t检验,对0.05%消旋山莨菪碱及2.5%洁霉素干预后的最小调节幅度进行t检验。P<0.05有统计学意义。
结果1、散瞳作用：滴用1%盐酸环喷托酯滴眼液及0.5%托吡卡胺滴眼液后120分钟瞳孔散至最大,与给药前相比瞳孔直径分别增大(1.34±0.81)mm及(1.59±0.89)mm,滴用0.05%消旋山莨菪碱滴眼液10分钟后瞳孔直径缩小,45分钟后瞳孔开始散大,120分钟后散至最大,与给药前相比瞳孑孔直径增大(0.63±0.30)mm,滴用2.5%洁霉素后瞳孔直径较给药前缩小,滴药后10分钟瞳孔直径最小较给药前缩小(0.27±0.15)mm,方差分析4种药物干预后不同时间点的瞳孔直径发现4种药物之间差别具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2、睫状肌麻痹作用：1%盐酸环喷托酯滴眼液干预后10分钟开始起效,60分钟调节幅度为(2.01±1.20)D,120分钟调节幅度最小为(1.67±0.85)D, 0.5%托吡卡胺滴眼液干预后10分钟开始起效,30分钟调节幅度最小为(1.94±0.72)D,60分钟调节幅度为(2.05±0.70)D,睫状肌麻痹作用开始减弱,120分钟调节幅度为(3.75±1.52)D,t检验分析干预后的最小调节幅度2种药物之间差别无统计学意义。0.05%消旋山莨菪碱滴眼液干预后的最小调节幅度为(9.48±2.21)D,2.5%洁霉素眼液干预后的最小调节幅度为(9.56±3.28)D,t检验分析干预后的最小调节幅度2种药物之间差别无统计学意义。
结论1.1%盐酸环喷托酯滴眼液对于成年近视患者的睫状肌麻痹效果并不明显优于0.5%托吡卡胺,但其睫状肌麻痹作用持续时间较长,适用于等待时间超过1小时的近视患者睫状肌麻痹验光。2.0.05%消旋山莨菪碱滴眼液有散瞳作用,无明显的睫状肌麻痹作用。
第二部分三种M受体阻滞剂对成年近视患者像差的影响
目的探讨三种M受体阻滞剂对成年近视患者像差的影响。
方法自身对照研究。选取12名成年近视患者作为受试者,每位受试者分次滴2.5%洁霉素及三种M受体阻滞剂：1%盐酸环喷托酯、0.05%消旋山莨菪碱、0.5%托吡卡胺,2.5%洁霉素作为对照,两次用药至少间隔4天作为药物洗脱期。给药方法：滴双眼(先右眼后左眼,双眼间隔5分钟)；每只眼睛滴药两次,两次滴药间隔5分钟,每次一滴。于滴药前及滴药后的30分钟应用Schwind波前像差仪检查药物干预眼的全眼像差,提取瞳孔分析直径4.0mm、5.0mm、6.0mm时的像差值,比较4种药物干预前后及4种药物之间在总像差(RMSg)、总高阶像差(RMSh)、3阶、4阶像差的均方根(RMS)值及球差、彗差等方面的差异。采用SAS 9.2统计分析软件对数据进行方差分析。P<0.05有统计学意义。
结果1、随着瞳孔分析直径增大,总像差(RMSg)、总高阶像差(RMSh)、3阶、4阶像差的均方根(RMS),彗差,球差均增加,方差分析发现除洁霉素干预后的球差外其余各项像差值的差别具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2、瞳孔分析直径为6mm时,药物干预前球差为(0.07±0.11)u m,1%盐酸环喷托酯干预后、0.5%托吡卡胺干预后、0.05%消旋由莨菪干预后及2.5%洁霉素干预黄后球差分别为(0.10±0.10)μm、(0.08±0.11)u m、(0.07±0.12)μm、(0.05±0.12)μm,1%盐酸环喷托酯及0.5%托吡卡胺药物干预后球差向正向方向增大,0.05%消旋山莨菪碱干预后球差无明显变化,方差分析比较药物干预前及4种药物干预后的球差显示差异无统计学意义。
结论成年近视患者准分子激光术术前应用1%盐酸环喷托酯眼液或0.5%托吡卡胺眼液散瞳时,应注意其对像差特别是球差的影响。
Part one
The effect of three types of muscarinic receptor antagonists on accommodation of myoic adults
Objective To investigate the effect of three types of muscarinic receptor antagonists on accommodation of myopic adults.
Methods 19 healthy myopic adults were enrolled in this self-controlled study. All eyes of the 19 were instilled 2.5% cillimycin and three types of muscarinic receptor antagonists:1% cyclopentolate hydrochloride,0.05% racanisodamine eye drop,0.5% tropicamide during the study with at least a 4-day washout-period between each treatment to rule out the effect of the previous agent.2.5% cillimycin was used as the control drug.(Two drops of each agent were applied in a 5-minute interval in both eyes(first the right eye then the left one within a 5-minute interval), each time with a single drop.) All eyes were treated with each drug twice in a 5-minute interval with one drop each time. Scotopic pupil sizes of both eyes and amplitude of accommodation of the right eye were measured before and 10,20,30,45,60, 75,90and120 minutes after treatment. Scotopic pupil sizes were evaluated with an Topcon autorefractor. Amplitude of accommodation was measured by minus-lens test on the RT-5100 comprehensive refractometer. The data were analyzed using the SAS version 9.2. Scotopic pupil sizes and amplitude of accommodation among four treatments were evaluated with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The minimum amplitude of accommodation between 1% cyclopentolate hydrochloride and 0.5% tropicamide.0.05% racanisodamine eye drop and 2.5% cillimycin were evaluated with t test. P value of<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results 1. The effect of pupil dilatation:120 minutes after 1% cyclopentolate hydrochloride and 0.5% tropicamide installation,the pupil sizes were enlarged to the peak size and approximately 1.34±0.81mm and 1.59±0.89mm larger respectively compared with the pupil size of the eyes before treated.10 minutes after 0.05% racanisodamin eye drop installation,the pupil size became smaller and maintained for the next 20 minutes. Then it recovered to baseline value at 45 minutes and continued to enlarge to a peak size of approximately 0.63±0.30mm larger than baseline value at 120 minutes.The pupil size became smaller in 2.5% cillimycin-treated eyes and the minimum pupil size was 0.27±0.15mm smaller than baseline value at 10 minutes. The scotopic pupil sizes after treatment of four drugs were significantly different; 2. The effect of cycloplegia:The effect of 1% cyclopentolate hydrochloride on accommodation started at 10 minutes after the last drop.The amplitude of accommodation at 60 minutes and 120minutes were 2.01±1.20D and 1.67±0.85D respectively. The amplitude of accommodation at 120 minutes was minimum. The effect of 0.5% tropicamide on accommodation started at 10 minutes after the last drop,the minimum amplitude of accommodation (1.94±0.72D) was measured at 30 minutes after the last dropand the effect of 0.5% tropicamide on cycloplegia became weaker 60 minutes after the last drop. The amplitude of accommodation at 60 minutes and 120minutes were 2.05±0.70D and 3.75±1.52D respectively. There was no significant difference between the two drugs. The minimum amplitude of accommodation of 0.05% racanisodamine eye drop and 2.5% cillimycin were 9.48±2.21D and 9.56±3.28D respectively. There was no significant difference between the two drugs.
Conclusions 1.The effect of 1% cyclopentolate hydrochloride on cycloplegia is not obviously superior to 0.5% tropicamide,but its effect on cycloplegia lasts longer. So 1% cyclopentolate hydrochloride is advised when the patient should wait for more than 1hour before the refraction can be attained.2.0.05% racanisodamine eye drop has a significant impact on mydrasis and no obvious effect on cycloplegia.
Part two
The effect of three types of muscarinic receptor antagonists on ocular aberrations of myopic adults
Objective To investigate the effect of three types of muscarinic receptor antagonists on ocular aberrations of myopic adults.
Methods 12 healthy myopic adults were enrolled in this self-controlled study. All eyes of the 12 sbujects were instilled 2.5% cillimycin and three types of muscarinic receptor antagonists:1%cyclopentolate hydrochloride,0.05% racanisodamine eye drop,0.5% tropicamide during the study with at least a 4-day wash-period between each treatment to rule out the effect of a previous agent.2.5% cillimycin was used as the control drug.(Two drops of each agent were applied in a 5-minute interval in both eyes(first the right eye then the left one within a 5-minute interval), each time with a single drop.) All eyes were treated with each drug twice in a 5-minute interval with one drop each time.Human ocular aberrations were measured before and 30minutes after treatment by Schwind ORK Wavefront Analyzer.At the pupil analyzing diameter of 4.0 mm,5.0 mm and 6.0 mm, the values of the root-mean-square(RMS) of general (RMSg) and higher-order (RMSh), the root-mean-square(RMS) of the third and fourth,coma, spherical aberration were analyzed. The data were analyzed using the SASversion 9.2.Repeated measures ANOVAs were used for statistical analyses with a p value of<0.05 being considered as statistically significant.
Results 1. The RMSg, RMSh, RMS3, RMS4,coma and spherical aberrations became larger as the pupil analyzing diameter became bigger. Except for spherical aberation after 2.5% cillimycin intervention a significant difference was found among different pupil diameters (P<0.05).2. At the pupil diameter of 6.0 mm,the spherical aberration was 0.07±0.11μm in undilated eyes, and0.10±0.10μm,0.08±0.11μm, 0.07±0.120μm,0.05±0.12μm after installation of 1% cyclopentolate hydrochloride,0.5% tropicamide,0.05% racanisodamine eye drop and 2.5% cillimycin.Compared with the spherical aberration in the untreated eyes, spherical aberration with applying muscarinic receptor antagonists such as 1% cyclopentolate hydrochloride and 0.5% tropicamide seemed to shift in a positive direction,while the spherical aberration in 0.05% racanisodamine-treated eyes did not change.But there was no significant difference in the spherical aberration among those drugs treatment analyzed by ANOVA.
Conclusions The effect of 1% cyclopentolate hydrochloride and 0.5% tropicamide on ocular aberrations,especially spherical aberration,should be paid more attention if they are used before refractive surgery.
引文
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[28]. Egashira SM, Kish LL, Twelker JD et al. Comparison of cyclopentolate versus tropicamide cycloplegia in children[J]. Optom Vis Sci,1993,70(12):1019-1026.
[29]. Lin LLK, Shih YF, Hsiao CH. The cycloplegic effects of cyclopentolate and tropicamide on myopic children[J]. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther,1998,14(4):331-335.
[30].刘念,陈少芳,李塞群,聂昊辉,钟兴武.国产盐酸环喷托酯滴眼液和托吡卡胺对眼睫状肌麻痹效果的比较研究[J].国际眼科志,2007(6),7：1595-1597.
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[39]. Kim J H, Lim T, Kim M J, et al. Changes of higher-order aberrations with the use of various mydriatics[J]. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt,2009,29 (6):602-605.
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[13].吴文捷,张振平,钱益勇.瞳孔直径和调节刺激对年轻人正视眼单色高阶波 阵面像差的影响[J].中华眼科杂志,2008,44(7)：603-608.
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[2]. Chen J C, Schmid K L, Brown B. The autonomic control of accommodation and implications for human myopia development:a review[J]. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt,2003,23 (5):401-422.
[3]. Proskurina 0 V. [Cycloplegic effectiveness of cyclopentolate and tropicamide preparations compared with atropinization][J]. Vestn Oftalmol,2002,118(6):42-45.
[4]. Egashira S M, Kish L L, Twelker J D, et al. Comparison of cyclopentolate versus tropicamide cycloplegia in children[J]. Optom Vis Sci,1993,70(12):1019-1026.
[5]. Lin L L, Shih Y F, Hsiao C H, et al. The cycloplegic effects of cyclopentolate and tropicamide on myopic children[J]. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther,1998,14 (4):331-335.
[6]. Mutti D 0, Zadnik K, Egashira S, et al. The effect of cycloplegia on measurement of the ocular components[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,1994,35(2)-.515-527.
[7]. Manny R E, Fern K D, Zervas H J, et al.1% Cyclopentolate hydrochloride: another look at the time course of cycloplegia using an objective measure of the accommodative response[J]. Optom Vis Sci,1993,70(8):651-665.
[8]. Gettes B C, Leopold I H. Evaluation of five new cycloplegic drugs [J]. AMA Arch Ophthalmol,1953,49(1):24-27.
[9]. Milder B, Riffenburgh R S. An evaluation of cyclogyl (compound 75 GT) [J]. Am J Ophthalmol,1953,36(12)-.1724-1726.
[10]. Miranda MN, Residual accommodation:a comparison between cyclopentolate 1% and a comparison between cyclopentolate 1%and tropicamide 1%[J].Arch Ophthalmol,1972,87(5):515-7.
[11]. Lovasik J V. Pharmacokinetics of topically applied cyclopentolate HC1 and tropicamide[J]. Am J Optom Physiol Opt,1986,63(10):787-803.
[12]. Liang J, Williams D R, Miller D T. Supernormal vision and high-resolution retinal imaging through adaptive optics[J]. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis,1997,14(11):2884-2892.
[13].Collins M J, Wildsoet C F, Atchison D A. Monochromatic aberrations and myopia[J]. Vision Res,1995,35(9):1157-1163.
[14]. Charman W N. Wavefront aberration of the eye:a review[J]. Optom Vis Sci,1991,68(8):574-583.
[15]. Zhu L, Bartsch DU, Freeman WR. Modeling human eye aberrations and their compensation for high-resolution retinal imaging[J]. Optom Vis Sci,1998,75(11):827-839.
[16]. Wang Y, Kruger PB, Li JS, Lin PL, Stark LR. Accommodation to Wavefront Vergence and Chromatic Aberration[J]. Optom Vis Sci,2011.
[17]. Li YJ, Choi JA, Kim H, Yu SY,Joo CK. Changes in ocular wavefront aberrations and retinal image quality with objective accommodation[J]. J Cataract Refract Surg,2011.
[18]. He JC, Bums SA. Marcos S. Monochromatic aberrations in the accommodated human eye[J]. Vision Res,2000,40(1):41-48.
[19]. Phinis S, Giuls HS,Pauikaris A. The effect of ocular aberrations on steady-state error of accommodative response[J]. J Vis,2005,5(5):466-477.
[20]. Ninomiya S, Fujikado T, KlImda T, el al. Changes of ocular aberration with accommodation[J]. Am J Ophthalmol,2002,134(6):924-926.
[21]. Cheng H, Barnet Ig, Vilupuru AS, el al. A population study on changes in wave aberrations with accommodation[J]. J Vis,2004,4(4):272-280.
[22]. Lopez-Gil N, Iglesias I, Artal P. Retinal image quality in the human eye as a function of the accommodation[J]. Vision Res,1998,38(19):2897-2907.
[23].张丽,李镜海,刘兆强.调节放松及调节状态人眼波阵面像差的研究.眼视光杂志,2008,10(1)：59-66.
[24].吴文捷,张振平,钱益勇.瞳孔直径和调节刺激对年轻人正视眼单色高阶波阵面像差的影响.中华眼科杂志,2008(7),44：603-608.
[25]. Chen Z, Li T, Yao P, Xu Y, Zhou XT. Effects of 0.05% racanisodamine on pupil size and accommodation[J]. Optom Vis Sci,2010,87(12):966-970.
[26]. Carpenter WT Jr. Precipitous mental deterioration following cycloplegia with 0.2% cyclopentolate HCl. Arch Ophthalmol 1967,78:445-7.
[27]. Kennerdell JS, Wucher FP. Cyclopentolate associated with two cases of grand mal seizure[J]. Arch Ophthalmol,1972,87(6):634-635.
[28]. Egashira SM, Kish LL, Twelker JD et al. Comparison of cyclopentolate versus tropicamide cycloplegia in children[J]. Optom Vis Sci,1993,70(12):1019-1026.
[29]. Lin LLK, Shih YF, Hsiao CH. The cycloplegic effects of cyclopentolate and tropicamide on myopic children[J]. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther,1998,14(4):331-335.
[30].刘念,陈少芳,李塞群,聂昊辉,钟兴武.国产盐酸环喷托酯滴眼液和托吡卡胺对眼睫状肌麻痹效果的比较研究[J].国际眼科志,2007(6),7：1595-1597.
[31].姚润莲,艾育德,阿拉腾其格木格.盐酸环喷托酯对于儿童睫状肌麻痹效果的观察[J].国际眼科杂志,2010,10(1),153-154.
[32]. Endl MJ, Martinez CE, Klyce SD, et al. Effect of larger ablation zone and transition zone on corneal opticalaberrations after photorefractive keratectomy [J]. Arch Ophthalmol,2001,119(8):1159-1164.
[33]. Cynthia R. Future challenges to aberration-free ablative procedures [J]. J Refract Surg,2000,16(5):S623-S629.
[34]. Radhakrishnan H, Charman WN. Age-Related changes in ocular aberrations witll aceommodation[J]. J Vis,2007,7(7):11.
[35]. Roorda A, Ghsscr A. Wave aberrations Of the isolated crystalline Lens[J].J Vis,2004,4(4):250-261.
[36]. He JC, Gwiazda J, Thorn F, el al. Change in corneal shape and corneal wave-front aberrations with accommodation[J]. J Vis,2003,3(7):456-463.
[37]. Carkeet A, Velaedan S, Tan YK, et al. Higher order ocular aberrations after cycloplegic and non-cycloplegic pupil dilation[J].J Refract Surg,2003,19(4):316-322.
[38].于靖,陈辉,胡健艳,荀鹏程.三种常用散瞳剂对人眼像差的影响中华眼科杂志[J],2005,41(9)：826-831.
[39]. Kim J H, Lim T, Kim M J, et al. Changes of higher-order aberrations with the use of various mydriatics[J]. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt,2009,29 (6):602-605.
[1].胡玉禧,安连生.应用光学[M].合肥：中国科学技术大学出版社,1996：147.
[2].李耀宇.眼波前引导的屈光手术学[M].北京：人民军医出版社,2009.
[3]. Liang JZ, Grimm B,Goelz S,et al. Objective measurement of wave aberrations of the human eye with the use of Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor[J]. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis.1994,11:1949-1957
[4]. Liang JZ, Williams DR. Aberration and retinal image quality of the normal human eye[J]. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis.1997,14 (11):2873-2883.
[5]. He JC, Marcos S, Webb RH, et al. Measurement of the wavefront aberration of the eye by a fast psychophysical procedure[J]. J Opt Soc Am.1998;15 (9):2449-2456
[6]. Thibos LY, Hong X. Clinical applications of the Shack-Hartmann aberrometer[J].Optom Vis Sci.1999; 76(12):817-825.
[7]. Mrochen M, Kaemmerer M, Mierdel P, et al. Principles of Tscherning aberrometry[J]. J Refract Surg.2000;16(5):570-571.
[8]. Applegate RA, Thibos LN, Hilmantel. Optics of aberroscopy and super vision. J Cataract Refract Surg[J].2001;27(7):1093-1107
[9]. Liang J, Williams DR, Miller DT. Supernormal vision and high resolution retinal imaging through adaptive optics. J Opt Soc Am.1997,14 (11):2884-2892
[10]. He JC, Bums SA.Marcos S. Monochromatic aberrations in the accommodated human eye.Vision Res,2000.40(1):4148.
[11]. Lopez. Gil N, Iglesias I, Artal P. Retinal image quality in the human eye as a function of the accommodation[J]. Vision Res,1998,38(19):2897-2907.
[12]. Phinis S,Giuls HS, Pauikaris A.The effect of ocular aberrations on steady-state error of accommodative response[J].J Vjs,2005,5(5):466-477.
[13].吴文捷,张振平,钱益勇.瞳孔直径和调节刺激对年轻人正视眼单色高阶波 阵面像差的影响[J].中华眼科杂志,2008,44(7)：603-608.
[14]. Cheng H, Barnet Ig, Vilupuru AS, el al. A population study on changes in wave aberrations with accommodation[J]. J Vis,2004,4(4):272-80.
[15].张丽,李镜海,刘兆强.调节放松及调节状态人眼波阵面像差的研究[J].眼视光杂志,2008,10(1)：59-66.
[16]. Radhakrishnan H, Charman WN. Age-Related changes in ocular aberrations witIl aceommodation[J]. J Vis,2007,7(7):1-21.
[17]. Roorda A, Ghsscr A. Wave aberrations of the isolated crystalline lens[J].J Vis,2004,4(4):250-261.
[18]. He JC, Gwiazda J, Thorn F, el al. Change in corneal shape and corneal wave-front aberrations with accommodation[J].J Vis,2003,3(7):456-463.
[19]. Oshika T, Klyce SD, Applegate RA, et al. Comparison of corneal wavefront aberrations after photorefractive keratectomy and laser in situ keratomileusis[J]. J AmJ Ophtalmol,1999,127(1):1-7.
[20]. Seiler T, Kaemmerer M, Mierdel P, et al. Ocular optical aberrations after photorefractive keratectomy for myopia and myopic astigmatism [J].Arch Ophthalmol,2000,118(1):17-21.
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