宽带有源发射天线的技术研究
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摘要
一直以来,有关天线小型化与宽带化的新理论与新技术都是天线领域的研究热点。随着高性能电子器件的不断涌现,越来越多的新技术从理论走向了实践,天线的带宽也因此而做的越来越宽。但是为了有效地实现电磁能量的转换,在设计天线时需保持一定的天线尺寸。尤其在短波波段,天线的实际尺寸都较大,短波天线的小型化也就难以实现。有源天线由于易于实现天线的小型化,且能够有效地解决无源电小天线所存在的频带窄、效率低等问题,而越来越受到天线工作者的关注。
有源天线相对于无源天线来说具有很多优点,如提高天线系统的增益、利于实现电路间的级联以及拓宽天线的工作带宽等。但同时由于引入了有源器件,有源电路部分在放大有用信号的同时也增强了无用噪声。因为有源器件是不可逆的,有源接收天线不可以直接用来做发射天线。在发射天线系统中,天线的辐射电阻是频率的敏感函数,天线电尺寸的减小使得天线的输入端阻抗随工作频率剧烈变化,严重的限制了有源发射天线的工作带宽与输出功率,从而不能实现有源发射天线的宽带化。
本文针对有源发射天线因为带宽不够宽、功率容量受限而导致在短波波段不能得到广泛地应用等问题,研究新的解决方案。文中设计了一种新的负阻抗变换器,通过其阻抗变换作用来改善发射天线的输入阻抗特性,从而大大地拓宽了有源发射天线的带宽。仿真结果表明,该负阻抗变换器不仅能够有效地减小对天线电长度变化十分敏感的输入电抗的影响,还能够提高天线系统的输入电阻,使有源发射天线在短波波段内的输入阻抗不受频率变化的影响,较好地实现与50Ω同轴电缆匹配,进而解决了有源发射天线在短波波段的宽带化问题。
So far, the new theories and new technologies related to the problems of antennas'miniaturization and bandwidth are still the hot spot in antenna field of study. With the improvement of electronics'performance, more and more new technologies come to practise from theory, and the bandwidth of antenna is also wider than before. In order to transform the energies of electricity and magnetism efficiently, it must fulfill certain size of antenna in design. In the shortwave band especially, the actual sizes of antennas are mostly large, that is also a difficult problem to achieve the goal of antennas'miniaturization. Recently, active antenna causes lots of antenna reserchers'attention, because it's apt to realize the miniaturization of antenna, and can solve the problems of narrow bandwidth and low efficiency of passive electrical small antennas at the same time.
Active antennas have many advantages compared with passive antennas, such as improving the gain of the antenna system, being convenient to match between the circuits and widening the bandwidth of antenna. But the part of active circuit can not only amplify the useful signal but also the unwanted noise because the introduction of active device. The active device is irreversible, so the active receiving antennas can not be used as the active transmitting antennas directly. In transmitting antenna system, the antenna radiation resistance is sensitive to operaiting frequency. Caused by the electric dimension'reduction of the antenna, the input impedance of antenna changes intensely with the frequency. Consequently, in active transmitting system, the bandwidth and output power are restricted seriously.
Against to the problems of the bandwidth is not wide enough and the power capacity is restricted in shortwave band, a new solution is investigated in the paper. We design a negative impedance converter, through its function of impedance transformation the input impedance characteristics of the transmitting antenna is improved, so the bandwith of active transmitting antenna will be widen greatly. The simulation results show that, the negative impedance converter can not only reduce the impact of input reactance which is susceptible to the electrical length of the antenna, but also improve the input resistance, so that the input impedance of the active transmitting antenna won't change with the frequency in short-wave band. It achieves a better match with the 50Ωcoaxial cable, and resolves the bandwidth problem of the active transmitting antenna in short-wave band.
有源天线相对于无源天线来说具有很多优点,如提高天线系统的增益、利于实现电路间的级联以及拓宽天线的工作带宽等。但同时由于引入了有源器件,有源电路部分在放大有用信号的同时也增强了无用噪声。因为有源器件是不可逆的,有源接收天线不可以直接用来做发射天线。在发射天线系统中,天线的辐射电阻是频率的敏感函数,天线电尺寸的减小使得天线的输入端阻抗随工作频率剧烈变化,严重的限制了有源发射天线的工作带宽与输出功率,从而不能实现有源发射天线的宽带化。
本文针对有源发射天线因为带宽不够宽、功率容量受限而导致在短波波段不能得到广泛地应用等问题,研究新的解决方案。文中设计了一种新的负阻抗变换器,通过其阻抗变换作用来改善发射天线的输入阻抗特性,从而大大地拓宽了有源发射天线的带宽。仿真结果表明,该负阻抗变换器不仅能够有效地减小对天线电长度变化十分敏感的输入电抗的影响,还能够提高天线系统的输入电阻,使有源发射天线在短波波段内的输入阻抗不受频率变化的影响,较好地实现与50Ω同轴电缆匹配,进而解决了有源发射天线在短波波段的宽带化问题。
So far, the new theories and new technologies related to the problems of antennas'miniaturization and bandwidth are still the hot spot in antenna field of study. With the improvement of electronics'performance, more and more new technologies come to practise from theory, and the bandwidth of antenna is also wider than before. In order to transform the energies of electricity and magnetism efficiently, it must fulfill certain size of antenna in design. In the shortwave band especially, the actual sizes of antennas are mostly large, that is also a difficult problem to achieve the goal of antennas'miniaturization. Recently, active antenna causes lots of antenna reserchers'attention, because it's apt to realize the miniaturization of antenna, and can solve the problems of narrow bandwidth and low efficiency of passive electrical small antennas at the same time.
Active antennas have many advantages compared with passive antennas, such as improving the gain of the antenna system, being convenient to match between the circuits and widening the bandwidth of antenna. But the part of active circuit can not only amplify the useful signal but also the unwanted noise because the introduction of active device. The active device is irreversible, so the active receiving antennas can not be used as the active transmitting antennas directly. In transmitting antenna system, the antenna radiation resistance is sensitive to operaiting frequency. Caused by the electric dimension'reduction of the antenna, the input impedance of antenna changes intensely with the frequency. Consequently, in active transmitting system, the bandwidth and output power are restricted seriously.
Against to the problems of the bandwidth is not wide enough and the power capacity is restricted in shortwave band, a new solution is investigated in the paper. We design a negative impedance converter, through its function of impedance transformation the input impedance characteristics of the transmitting antenna is improved, so the bandwith of active transmitting antenna will be widen greatly. The simulation results show that, the negative impedance converter can not only reduce the impact of input reactance which is susceptible to the electrical length of the antenna, but also improve the input resistance, so that the input impedance of the active transmitting antenna won't change with the frequency in short-wave band. It achieves a better match with the 50Ωcoaxial cable, and resolves the bandwidth problem of the active transmitting antenna in short-wave band.
引文
[1]王元坤,李玉权.线天线的宽频带技术,西安电子科技大学出版社,1995：3-4页.
[2]何洪.介绍一种短波有源天线,《现代通信》第07期,1989.
[3]李文兴.1.5MHz到30MHz宽频带短波有源接收天线,哈尔滨船舶工程学院学报,1989.
[4]张丽敏.有源集成天线的分析与设计,西安电子科技大学,2005.
[5]侯猛.BJT有源集成天线设计,西安电子科技大学研究生学术年会,2004.
[6]Sostanovsky D.L, Boryssenko A.O. Active Tongue Pulsed Transmitting Antenna, Ultrawideband and Ultrashort Impulse Signal,2006.
[7]D.Segovia, V.Gonzalez. Equalised Broad Band Active Transmitting Patch Antenna, IEEE,2003.
[8]James Vian, Zoya Popovic. A Transmit/Receive Active Antenna with Fast Low-Power Optical Switching, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques,2000.
[9]英正庆.集成天线的射频功率放大器的研究,浙江大学,2003.
[10]李文兴.有源天线的原理,电子工程,1991.
[11]沈铁汉.有源天线原理与应用,西安交通大学出版社,1991.
[12]张家宗,王蕴仪,陈忆元.反馈振荡型有源集成天线的设计与实验,微波学报,1999.
[13]聂远铮.短波宽带小型化单极子天线研究,电子科技大学,2007.
[14]俱新德,肖良勇.小天线,国防工业出版社,1991：1-2页.
[15]王春.HF全向宽带小型化单极子天线的研究与实现,电子科技大学,2005.
[16]刘懋恒,阳昌汉.有源天线的原理与应用,电子学报,1982.
[17]Elmahdi. A. Harmonic Impedance and Radiation Control for an Active Patch Antenna, IEEE,2000.
[18]周朝栋,王元坤,周良明.线天线理论与工程,西安电子科技大学出版社,1988：12-17.
[19]buelma'atti, M.T. Improved analysis for the harmonic radiation from an integrated active antenna, Proceedings of Second International Symposium on Communication Systems Networks and Digital Signal Processing 2000, 2000.
[20]Neil J. McEwan. shaping Technique of an Active Patch Antenna for harmonic Radiation Control, IEEE,2006.
[21]郭颖.负阻效应的原理与应用,西南科技大学学报,2006.
[22]郭颖,王玉.负阻效应的存在性研究及NIC在振荡实验中的设计,绵阳师范学院学报,2006.
[23]Erhan Hancioglu. CMOS NIC using Unity Gain Cells, IEEE,2004.
[24]田淑清.采用两只运放实现阻抗变换器的研究,青岛化工学院学报,1993.
[25]Chang-Kiang Guo.Some New Four-Terminal NIC Circuits, IEEE,1969.
[26]Andrea De Marcellus, Giuseppe Ferri, Vincenzo Stornelli. NIC-based Capacitance Multipliers or Low-Frequency Integrated Active Filter Applications, IEEE,2007.
[27]S.Pennisi. CMOS multiplier for grounded capacitors, Electronics Letters, 2002.
[28]S.Pennisi.High accuracy COMS capacitance multiplier, Proc.ICECS,2002.
[29]S.Sussman.Fort, L.Billonnet. An NIC-Based Negative Capacitance Circuit for Microwave Active Filters, International Journal of Microwave and Millimerer-wave Computer-Aided Engineering,1995.
[30]GRincon-Mora. Active capacitance multiplier in Miller-compensated circuit, IEEE.J.Solid-State Circuit,2000.
[31]M.Moazzam, M.Darvishzadeh. Microwave Negative Capacitance and its Applications, Proc.of IEEE international conference on telecommunications,1994.
[32]M.T.Ahmed, I.A.Khan, N.Minhaj. Novel electronically tunable C-multipliers, Electronics Letters,1995.
[33]方之稹,刘津瑜.用运算放大器实现负阻抗的制约条件,北京工业大学学报,1991.
[34]于志平.负阻抗变换器及其在电路实验中的应用,高等教育研究,1982.
[35]M.T.Abuel'matti, N.A.Tassadduq. Electronically tunable capacitance multiplier and frequency-dependent negative-resistance simulator using the current controlled current conveyor, Microelectronics Journal,1999.
[36]陆宝恒.负阻抗变换器潜在不稳定的研究,福州大学学报,1983.
[37]R. Senani. Floating GNIC/GNII configuration realized with only a single OMA, Electronics Letters,1995.
[38]罗飞.负阻元件与负阻抗变换器,株洲工学院学报,1999.
[39]项经猛.负阻抗变换器的实现与应用研究,襄樊学院学报,2002.
[40]王磊,曹玲玲,姚艳松,闫昭.基于NIC的无功补偿器实现方法,电力自动化设备,2006.
[41]钟家帧.用负阻抗变换器构成L-C振荡器,电子技术,1984.
[42]蔡钧.运算放大器负阻变换性能的仿真分析,现代电子技术,2002.
[43]林昌禄等.天线工程手册,电子工业出版社,2002：357-358.
[44]林昌禄.天线测量,国防工业出版社,1981.
[45]朱金刚.基于MC2833P的小功率调频发信机的设计,国外电子元器件,2002.
[2]何洪.介绍一种短波有源天线,《现代通信》第07期,1989.
[3]李文兴.1.5MHz到30MHz宽频带短波有源接收天线,哈尔滨船舶工程学院学报,1989.
[4]张丽敏.有源集成天线的分析与设计,西安电子科技大学,2005.
[5]侯猛.BJT有源集成天线设计,西安电子科技大学研究生学术年会,2004.
[6]Sostanovsky D.L, Boryssenko A.O. Active Tongue Pulsed Transmitting Antenna, Ultrawideband and Ultrashort Impulse Signal,2006.
[7]D.Segovia, V.Gonzalez. Equalised Broad Band Active Transmitting Patch Antenna, IEEE,2003.
[8]James Vian, Zoya Popovic. A Transmit/Receive Active Antenna with Fast Low-Power Optical Switching, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques,2000.
[9]英正庆.集成天线的射频功率放大器的研究,浙江大学,2003.
[10]李文兴.有源天线的原理,电子工程,1991.
[11]沈铁汉.有源天线原理与应用,西安交通大学出版社,1991.
[12]张家宗,王蕴仪,陈忆元.反馈振荡型有源集成天线的设计与实验,微波学报,1999.
[13]聂远铮.短波宽带小型化单极子天线研究,电子科技大学,2007.
[14]俱新德,肖良勇.小天线,国防工业出版社,1991：1-2页.
[15]王春.HF全向宽带小型化单极子天线的研究与实现,电子科技大学,2005.
[16]刘懋恒,阳昌汉.有源天线的原理与应用,电子学报,1982.
[17]Elmahdi. A. Harmonic Impedance and Radiation Control for an Active Patch Antenna, IEEE,2000.
[18]周朝栋,王元坤,周良明.线天线理论与工程,西安电子科技大学出版社,1988：12-17.
[19]buelma'atti, M.T. Improved analysis for the harmonic radiation from an integrated active antenna, Proceedings of Second International Symposium on Communication Systems Networks and Digital Signal Processing 2000, 2000.
[20]Neil J. McEwan. shaping Technique of an Active Patch Antenna for harmonic Radiation Control, IEEE,2006.
[21]郭颖.负阻效应的原理与应用,西南科技大学学报,2006.
[22]郭颖,王玉.负阻效应的存在性研究及NIC在振荡实验中的设计,绵阳师范学院学报,2006.
[23]Erhan Hancioglu. CMOS NIC using Unity Gain Cells, IEEE,2004.
[24]田淑清.采用两只运放实现阻抗变换器的研究,青岛化工学院学报,1993.
[25]Chang-Kiang Guo.Some New Four-Terminal NIC Circuits, IEEE,1969.
[26]Andrea De Marcellus, Giuseppe Ferri, Vincenzo Stornelli. NIC-based Capacitance Multipliers or Low-Frequency Integrated Active Filter Applications, IEEE,2007.
[27]S.Pennisi. CMOS multiplier for grounded capacitors, Electronics Letters, 2002.
[28]S.Pennisi.High accuracy COMS capacitance multiplier, Proc.ICECS,2002.
[29]S.Sussman.Fort, L.Billonnet. An NIC-Based Negative Capacitance Circuit for Microwave Active Filters, International Journal of Microwave and Millimerer-wave Computer-Aided Engineering,1995.
[30]GRincon-Mora. Active capacitance multiplier in Miller-compensated circuit, IEEE.J.Solid-State Circuit,2000.
[31]M.Moazzam, M.Darvishzadeh. Microwave Negative Capacitance and its Applications, Proc.of IEEE international conference on telecommunications,1994.
[32]M.T.Ahmed, I.A.Khan, N.Minhaj. Novel electronically tunable C-multipliers, Electronics Letters,1995.
[33]方之稹,刘津瑜.用运算放大器实现负阻抗的制约条件,北京工业大学学报,1991.
[34]于志平.负阻抗变换器及其在电路实验中的应用,高等教育研究,1982.
[35]M.T.Abuel'matti, N.A.Tassadduq. Electronically tunable capacitance multiplier and frequency-dependent negative-resistance simulator using the current controlled current conveyor, Microelectronics Journal,1999.
[36]陆宝恒.负阻抗变换器潜在不稳定的研究,福州大学学报,1983.
[37]R. Senani. Floating GNIC/GNII configuration realized with only a single OMA, Electronics Letters,1995.
[38]罗飞.负阻元件与负阻抗变换器,株洲工学院学报,1999.
[39]项经猛.负阻抗变换器的实现与应用研究,襄樊学院学报,2002.
[40]王磊,曹玲玲,姚艳松,闫昭.基于NIC的无功补偿器实现方法,电力自动化设备,2006.
[41]钟家帧.用负阻抗变换器构成L-C振荡器,电子技术,1984.
[42]蔡钧.运算放大器负阻变换性能的仿真分析,现代电子技术,2002.
[43]林昌禄等.天线工程手册,电子工业出版社,2002：357-358.
[44]林昌禄.天线测量,国防工业出版社,1981.
[45]朱金刚.基于MC2833P的小功率调频发信机的设计,国外电子元器件,2002.