劝说信息对大学生职业决策态度的影响
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摘要
本研究结合社会认知职业理论、计划行为理论、认知社会学习理论和职业成熟理论等众多理论,研究文字劝说信息对大学生职业决策态度的影响。首先修订了大学生职业决策态度三个问卷:自我效能感、结果预期和行为意向问卷。同时,根据2×2实验设计编写了四组不同取景和类型的文字劝说信息。在职业决策态度问卷和劝说信息得到测试,符合理论要求之后,对苏州大学和宁波大学344名大—大二学生进行了实验研究。
经过SPSS统计分析,得出以下结果:
1、接受文字劝说信息比没有文字劝说信息的大学生职业决策态度要显著高。
2、信息类型对职业决策结果预期和行为意向有显著影响,接受直接劝说的大学生职业决策结果预期和行为意向比接受间接劝说的要显著高;但是两者对自我效能感的影响没有显著差异。
3、信息取景对职业决策结果预期和行为意向也都有显著影响,接受反面劝说的大学生职业决策结果预期和行为意向要比正面劝说的显著高;但是两者对职业决策自我效能感的影响也同样没有显著差异。
4、信息类型、信息取景、职业决策自我效能感和结果预期对行为意向具有联合预测力。
因此,想要提高大学生职业决策的态度,文字劝说信息是有用的;为了更大程度地提高大学生职业决策态度,更适合采用直接的信息类型来劝说目标对象进行职业规划或决策;不仅如此,也更适合采用反面取景信息,通过论述不进行职业规划和决策导致的后果来劝说目标对象进行职业规划和决策。
Based on theories of Social Cognitive Career Theory, Planned Behavior Theory, Cognitive Social Learning Theory ,The Career Maturity Theory ,this paper researched the effects of verbally persuasive messages on collage students' career decision-making attitudes. First, emended three questionnaires of collage students' career decision-making attitudes, they were collage student's career decision-making self-efficacy, outcome expectations and intentions. At the same time, four verbally persuasive messages of different type and flaming were written due to 2×2 experimental designs. After decision-making attitude questionnaires and verbally persuasive messages were testified to accord with the frame of references, 344 underclassmen from Suchou university and Ningbo university were experimentalized.
Using the statistical software of SPSS, Results of the present study indicated that,
1. Verbally persuasive messages have a positive impact on college student career decision-making cognitions than do not receive any verbally persuasive message.
2. Message type can have significant effects on career decision-making outcome expectations and intentions. Direct messages appear to improve students' career decision-making outcome expectations and intentions more than indirect messages. However, they may not differentially affect a collage student's career decision-making self-efficacy.
3. Message flaming also can have significant effects on career decision-making outcome expectations and intentions. Loss framed messages appear to motivate students' career decision-making outcome expectations and intentions more than gain framed messages. However, they may not differentially affect a collage student's career decision-making self-efficacy either.
4. Message type, Message flaming, collage students' career decision-making self-efficacy, outcome expectations can predict the career decision-making intentions.
Therefore, verbally persuasive messages do make sense to change the attitudes of collage students' career decision-making. In order to improve furthest attitudes, it is better to persuade receivers by using direct message type. Choosing loss flamed messages to tell the lost if career decision-making is not done can also enhance the effect of persuasion.
经过SPSS统计分析,得出以下结果:
1、接受文字劝说信息比没有文字劝说信息的大学生职业决策态度要显著高。
2、信息类型对职业决策结果预期和行为意向有显著影响,接受直接劝说的大学生职业决策结果预期和行为意向比接受间接劝说的要显著高;但是两者对自我效能感的影响没有显著差异。
3、信息取景对职业决策结果预期和行为意向也都有显著影响,接受反面劝说的大学生职业决策结果预期和行为意向要比正面劝说的显著高;但是两者对职业决策自我效能感的影响也同样没有显著差异。
4、信息类型、信息取景、职业决策自我效能感和结果预期对行为意向具有联合预测力。
因此,想要提高大学生职业决策的态度,文字劝说信息是有用的;为了更大程度地提高大学生职业决策态度,更适合采用直接的信息类型来劝说目标对象进行职业规划或决策;不仅如此,也更适合采用反面取景信息,通过论述不进行职业规划和决策导致的后果来劝说目标对象进行职业规划和决策。
Based on theories of Social Cognitive Career Theory, Planned Behavior Theory, Cognitive Social Learning Theory ,The Career Maturity Theory ,this paper researched the effects of verbally persuasive messages on collage students' career decision-making attitudes. First, emended three questionnaires of collage students' career decision-making attitudes, they were collage student's career decision-making self-efficacy, outcome expectations and intentions. At the same time, four verbally persuasive messages of different type and flaming were written due to 2×2 experimental designs. After decision-making attitude questionnaires and verbally persuasive messages were testified to accord with the frame of references, 344 underclassmen from Suchou university and Ningbo university were experimentalized.
Using the statistical software of SPSS, Results of the present study indicated that,
1. Verbally persuasive messages have a positive impact on college student career decision-making cognitions than do not receive any verbally persuasive message.
2. Message type can have significant effects on career decision-making outcome expectations and intentions. Direct messages appear to improve students' career decision-making outcome expectations and intentions more than indirect messages. However, they may not differentially affect a collage student's career decision-making self-efficacy.
3. Message flaming also can have significant effects on career decision-making outcome expectations and intentions. Loss framed messages appear to motivate students' career decision-making outcome expectations and intentions more than gain framed messages. However, they may not differentially affect a collage student's career decision-making self-efficacy either.
4. Message type, Message flaming, collage students' career decision-making self-efficacy, outcome expectations can predict the career decision-making intentions.
Therefore, verbally persuasive messages do make sense to change the attitudes of collage students' career decision-making. In order to improve furthest attitudes, it is better to persuade receivers by using direct message type. Choosing loss flamed messages to tell the lost if career decision-making is not done can also enhance the effect of persuasion.
引文
[1]屠文淑.社会心理学理论与应用.北京:人民出版社,2002,8:54-55.
[2]黄坤.从跨文化角度分析劝说技巧[D].黑龙江大学年硕士学位论文,2001:14.
[3]Seibold,D.R.,Cantrill,J.G.,& Meyers,R.A.Communication and interpersonal influence[J].In M.L.Knapp & G.R.Miller(Eds.),Handbook of interpersonal communication.Thousand Oaks,CA:Sage,1994.
[4]Wheeless,L.R.,Barraclough,R.,&Stewart,R.Compliance gaining and power in persuasion[M].In R.Bostrom(Ed.),Communication Yearbook.Beverly Hills,CA:Sage,1983.
[5]程社明.你的职业-一生涯开发与管理[M].北京:改革出版社,1999.
[6]陈君石,黄建始.健康管理师[M].北京:中国协和医科大学出版社,2007:85.
[7](美)R.A.巴伦,D.伯恩,著.社会心理学(第十版)[M].黄敏儿,译.上海:华东师范大学出版社,2004:173-175.
[8]吴丽萍.劝说艺术与广告心理[D].广西大学硕士学位论文,2005:11.
[9]Falbo,Toni.Multidimentional Scaling of Power Strategies[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1977,35(8):537-547.
[10]Salovey,P.,Schneider,T.R.,&Apanovitch,A.M.Message framing in the prevention and early detection of illness[J].In J.P.Dillard & M.Pfau(Eds.).The persuasion handbook:Developments in theory and practice.Thousand Oaks,CA:Sage Publications,2002:391-426.
[11](美)雷蒙德·A·伊诺.雇员培训与开发[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2001.
[12]张再生.职业生涯开发与管理(第1版)[M].天津:天津大学出版社,2003.
[13]仵林军.大学生职业生涯规划研究[D].南京理工大学硕士学位论文,2005:15.
[14]曲艳.企业人才需求与大学生职业生涯规划[D].天津大学硕士学位论文,2005:13.
[15]程社明.你的职业----生涯开发与管理[M].北京:改革出版社,1999.
[16]沈雪萍.大学生职业决策困难的测量及干预研究[D].南京师范大学硕士学位论文.2005:6.
[17]赵冯香.大学生职业决策量表的编订及应用研究[D].浙江大学硕士学位论文,2005:4
[18]罗双平.青年职业生涯规划的要素[J].中国青年研究,2003,(8):12.
[19]Ajzen I.The theory of planned behavior[J].Organizational behavior and human decision processes,1991,50:179-211.
[20]Fishbein,M.,and Ajzen,I.Belief,Attitude,Intention and Behavior:An Introduction to Theory and Research[D].Addison-Wesley.MA,1975.
[21]方针.用户信息技术接受的影响因素模型与实证研究[D].复旦大学博士学位论文.2005:15-16.
[22]Bandura A.Social cognitive theory:An agentic perspective[J].Annual review of psychology,2001,53:1-26.
[23]高山川,孙时进.社会认知职业理论:研究进展及应用[J].心理科学,2005,28(5):1263-1265.
[24]邰炜.高职高专学生择业效能感及其与目标取向、社会支持的关系研究[D].吉林大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[25]Dennis P.Tansley.The effects of message framing on college students' career decision-making[J],school of education department of educational and counseling psychology,2005.
[26]Betz N.E.,& Voyten,K..Efficacy and outcome expectations influence career exploration and decidedness[J].Career Development Quarterly,1997,46:179-189.
[27]Mischel W.Toward a cognitive social learning reconceptualization of personality[J].Psychological Review,1973,80(4):252-283.
[28]Betz,N.E,&Taylor,K.M.Manual for the Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale and CDMSE - Short Form[J].Unpublished manuscript,2001.
[29]Ochs,L.A.,& Roessler,R.T.Students with disabilities:Are they ready for the 21St Century?[J].Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin,2001,441:170-176.
[30]孙昕雯,郭岩,常春.大学生安全性行为意向影响因素的通径分析[J].中国卫生统计,2002,19(7):261-164.
[31]王美芳,程学超.结果预期与结果反应对儿童意图认知和道德判断的影响[J].心理科学,1996,19(5):169.
[32]Betz,N.E.,&Klein,K.L.,&Taylor,K.Evaluation of a short form of the Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy Scale[J].Journal of Career Assessment,1996,4:47-57.
[33]彭永新,龙立荣.大学生职业决策自我效能测评的研究[J].应用心理学,2001,7(2):38-43.
[34]郑日昌,张杉杉.507名理工科大学生择业效能感现状分析[J].中国心理卫生杂志,2002,16(11):776-778.
[35]章小波.大学生生涯决策自我效能、生涯发展障碍与应对策略的现状与相关研究[D].苏州大学硕士学位论文,2005.
[36]林志红,朱锋.大学生职业决策自我效能感的特点与对策研究[J].辽宁教育研究,2007:103-106.
[37]李亚真.大学生生涯发展的相关因素研究[D].福建师范大学学位论文,2005.
[38]朱健民,李群.关于中学生应激状态及行为意向的调查分析[J].山东体育学院学报,2002,18:46.
[39]Kahneman,D.&Tversy,A.Prospect theory:An analysis of decision under risk[J].Econometrica,1979,47:263-291.
[40]Luzzo,D.A.,&Taylor,M.(1993).Effects of verbal persuasion on the career self-efficacy of college freshmen[J].CACD Journal,14:31-34.
[41]Luzzo,D.A.,&Day,M.A.Effects of Strong Interest Inventory feedback on career decision-making self-efficacy and social cognitive career beliefs[J].Journal of Career Assessment,1999,7:1-17.
[42]Jackson,J.W.Enhancing self-efficacy and learning performance[J].The Journalof Experimental Education,2002,70:243-254.
[43]龙艳梅.大学生择业效能感的研究[D].上海师范大学年硕士论文,2003.
[44]李彬.职业生涯团体心理辅导对女大学生职业决策自我效能的影响研究[D].河北师范大学硕士论文,2005.
[45]臧刚顺.基于认知信息加工理论的团体咨询对大学生职业成熟的影响[D].河北师范大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[46]曹丽丽.大学生职业决策自我效能的团体咨询研究[D].上海师范大学硕士研究生毕业论文.2006.
[47]叶晓燕.大学生生涯辅导的理论与方法的研究[D].东华大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[48]张向前.当前我国大学生就业问题与对策分析[J].经济问题探索,2005,4.
[49]赵天武,兰顺东.大学生就业问题分析与实证研究[J].经济与社会发展,2006,8,4(8): 172.
[49]Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Hackett, G. Toward a unifying social cognitive theory of career and academic interest, choice, and performance[J]. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1994,45: 79-122.
[50]Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Hackett, G. Career development from a socialcognitive perspective [J]. In D. Brown, L. Brooks, &Associates (Eds.), Career Choice and Development (3rd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass PuhliShers,1996: 373-421.
[51]Levin, I. P., Schneider, S. L., & Gaeth, G. J. All frames are not created equal: A typology and critical analysis of framing effects. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 1998,76: 149-188.
[2]黄坤.从跨文化角度分析劝说技巧[D].黑龙江大学年硕士学位论文,2001:14.
[3]Seibold,D.R.,Cantrill,J.G.,& Meyers,R.A.Communication and interpersonal influence[J].In M.L.Knapp & G.R.Miller(Eds.),Handbook of interpersonal communication.Thousand Oaks,CA:Sage,1994.
[4]Wheeless,L.R.,Barraclough,R.,&Stewart,R.Compliance gaining and power in persuasion[M].In R.Bostrom(Ed.),Communication Yearbook.Beverly Hills,CA:Sage,1983.
[5]程社明.你的职业-一生涯开发与管理[M].北京:改革出版社,1999.
[6]陈君石,黄建始.健康管理师[M].北京:中国协和医科大学出版社,2007:85.
[7](美)R.A.巴伦,D.伯恩,著.社会心理学(第十版)[M].黄敏儿,译.上海:华东师范大学出版社,2004:173-175.
[8]吴丽萍.劝说艺术与广告心理[D].广西大学硕士学位论文,2005:11.
[9]Falbo,Toni.Multidimentional Scaling of Power Strategies[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1977,35(8):537-547.
[10]Salovey,P.,Schneider,T.R.,&Apanovitch,A.M.Message framing in the prevention and early detection of illness[J].In J.P.Dillard & M.Pfau(Eds.).The persuasion handbook:Developments in theory and practice.Thousand Oaks,CA:Sage Publications,2002:391-426.
[11](美)雷蒙德·A·伊诺.雇员培训与开发[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2001.
[12]张再生.职业生涯开发与管理(第1版)[M].天津:天津大学出版社,2003.
[13]仵林军.大学生职业生涯规划研究[D].南京理工大学硕士学位论文,2005:15.
[14]曲艳.企业人才需求与大学生职业生涯规划[D].天津大学硕士学位论文,2005:13.
[15]程社明.你的职业----生涯开发与管理[M].北京:改革出版社,1999.
[16]沈雪萍.大学生职业决策困难的测量及干预研究[D].南京师范大学硕士学位论文.2005:6.
[17]赵冯香.大学生职业决策量表的编订及应用研究[D].浙江大学硕士学位论文,2005:4
[18]罗双平.青年职业生涯规划的要素[J].中国青年研究,2003,(8):12.
[19]Ajzen I.The theory of planned behavior[J].Organizational behavior and human decision processes,1991,50:179-211.
[20]Fishbein,M.,and Ajzen,I.Belief,Attitude,Intention and Behavior:An Introduction to Theory and Research[D].Addison-Wesley.MA,1975.
[21]方针.用户信息技术接受的影响因素模型与实证研究[D].复旦大学博士学位论文.2005:15-16.
[22]Bandura A.Social cognitive theory:An agentic perspective[J].Annual review of psychology,2001,53:1-26.
[23]高山川,孙时进.社会认知职业理论:研究进展及应用[J].心理科学,2005,28(5):1263-1265.
[24]邰炜.高职高专学生择业效能感及其与目标取向、社会支持的关系研究[D].吉林大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[25]Dennis P.Tansley.The effects of message framing on college students' career decision-making[J],school of education department of educational and counseling psychology,2005.
[26]Betz N.E.,& Voyten,K..Efficacy and outcome expectations influence career exploration and decidedness[J].Career Development Quarterly,1997,46:179-189.
[27]Mischel W.Toward a cognitive social learning reconceptualization of personality[J].Psychological Review,1973,80(4):252-283.
[28]Betz,N.E,&Taylor,K.M.Manual for the Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale and CDMSE - Short Form[J].Unpublished manuscript,2001.
[29]Ochs,L.A.,& Roessler,R.T.Students with disabilities:Are they ready for the 21St Century?[J].Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin,2001,441:170-176.
[30]孙昕雯,郭岩,常春.大学生安全性行为意向影响因素的通径分析[J].中国卫生统计,2002,19(7):261-164.
[31]王美芳,程学超.结果预期与结果反应对儿童意图认知和道德判断的影响[J].心理科学,1996,19(5):169.
[32]Betz,N.E.,&Klein,K.L.,&Taylor,K.Evaluation of a short form of the Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy Scale[J].Journal of Career Assessment,1996,4:47-57.
[33]彭永新,龙立荣.大学生职业决策自我效能测评的研究[J].应用心理学,2001,7(2):38-43.
[34]郑日昌,张杉杉.507名理工科大学生择业效能感现状分析[J].中国心理卫生杂志,2002,16(11):776-778.
[35]章小波.大学生生涯决策自我效能、生涯发展障碍与应对策略的现状与相关研究[D].苏州大学硕士学位论文,2005.
[36]林志红,朱锋.大学生职业决策自我效能感的特点与对策研究[J].辽宁教育研究,2007:103-106.
[37]李亚真.大学生生涯发展的相关因素研究[D].福建师范大学学位论文,2005.
[38]朱健民,李群.关于中学生应激状态及行为意向的调查分析[J].山东体育学院学报,2002,18:46.
[39]Kahneman,D.&Tversy,A.Prospect theory:An analysis of decision under risk[J].Econometrica,1979,47:263-291.
[40]Luzzo,D.A.,&Taylor,M.(1993).Effects of verbal persuasion on the career self-efficacy of college freshmen[J].CACD Journal,14:31-34.
[41]Luzzo,D.A.,&Day,M.A.Effects of Strong Interest Inventory feedback on career decision-making self-efficacy and social cognitive career beliefs[J].Journal of Career Assessment,1999,7:1-17.
[42]Jackson,J.W.Enhancing self-efficacy and learning performance[J].The Journalof Experimental Education,2002,70:243-254.
[43]龙艳梅.大学生择业效能感的研究[D].上海师范大学年硕士论文,2003.
[44]李彬.职业生涯团体心理辅导对女大学生职业决策自我效能的影响研究[D].河北师范大学硕士论文,2005.
[45]臧刚顺.基于认知信息加工理论的团体咨询对大学生职业成熟的影响[D].河北师范大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[46]曹丽丽.大学生职业决策自我效能的团体咨询研究[D].上海师范大学硕士研究生毕业论文.2006.
[47]叶晓燕.大学生生涯辅导的理论与方法的研究[D].东华大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[48]张向前.当前我国大学生就业问题与对策分析[J].经济问题探索,2005,4.
[49]赵天武,兰顺东.大学生就业问题分析与实证研究[J].经济与社会发展,2006,8,4(8): 172.
[49]Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Hackett, G. Toward a unifying social cognitive theory of career and academic interest, choice, and performance[J]. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1994,45: 79-122.
[50]Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Hackett, G. Career development from a socialcognitive perspective [J]. In D. Brown, L. Brooks, &Associates (Eds.), Career Choice and Development (3rd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass PuhliShers,1996: 373-421.
[51]Levin, I. P., Schneider, S. L., & Gaeth, G. J. All frames are not created equal: A typology and critical analysis of framing effects. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 1998,76: 149-188.