大学生认知灵活性与择业效能感的关系研究
|
摘要
认知灵活性(cognitive flexibility),或称认知适应的灵活性,是指个体采取灵活有效的认知策略,以适应变化情境的能力。认知灵活性较高的个体,往往表现出对问题情境更好的适应能力。择业效能感(career decision-making self-efficacy),是班杜拉自我效能感理论在职业领域的具体应用。它在个体职业选择的过程中,扮演着重要的角色。
本文将认知灵活性与择业效能感相结合,对大学生的认知灵活性和择业效能感的现状及二者之间的关系进行了研究,拟为大学生就业过程提供指导和理论依据。
本文首先对认知灵活性和择业效能感的理论概念、测量工具以及认知灵活性和择业效能感的相关研究进行了综述。其次,采用国内研究者修订的大学生认知灵活性问卷(Martin & Rubin,1995编订,赵兵修订)和大学生择业效能感问卷(Taylor & Betz,1983编订,龙燕梅修订),以785名在校大学生为研究对象,对其进行了测量。一方面,分析了大学生认知灵活性和择业效能感在性别、是否毕业年级学生、文理科、独生子女情况和社会实践经验上的差异；另一方面,研究了大学生的认知灵活性与择业效能感之间的关系。研究结果表明：
1.大学生认知灵活性在毕业年级、文理科和社会实践经验上存在显著差异。毕业年级学生认知灵活性显著高于非毕业年级学生,文科生认知灵活性显著高于理科生,具有社会实践经验的学生认知灵活性显著高于没有社会实践经验的学生。
2.大学生择业效能感在性别、文理科和独生子女上存在显著差异。男生择业效能感显著高于女生,文科生择业效能感显著高于理科生,独生子女的择业效能感显著高于非独生子女。
3.大学生认知灵活性和择业效能感存在显著正相关关系。
4.大学生的认知灵活性对择业效能感具有预测作用。
Cognitive flexibility, or the flexibility of cognitive adaptation, is one kind of ability which is often used in adapting problems. People who have better cognitive flexibility always be more adaptable. Career decision-making self-efficacy(CDMSE), is the application of Bandura's self-efficacy theory in the field of career. It plays an important role in the process of individual choice of career. According to the combination of CDMSE and cognitive flexibility, this article did the research of the status and relationship between this two factors of undergraduates, which intend to provide guidance and theoretical basis for the employment process of college graduates.
Firstly, this article summarized the theoretical concepts of CDMSE and cognitive flexibility, the measurement tools and the correlational study of CDMSE and cognitive flexibility. Secondly, It used the measurement scale and questionnaire("Taylor & Betz,1983" Zhao Bing and "Martin & Rubin,1995"Long Yan Mei) which are edited by domestic scholars, to assess 785 undergraduates as the research object. On the one hand, this article analyzed the differences of CDMSE and cognitive flexibility in the aspects of gender, grade, major, family situation and practical experience. On the other hand, it investigated the relationship between the CDMSE and cognitive flexibility. The results of the research show that:
1. There are significant differences of undergraduates cognitive flexibility in the aspects of grade, major and practical experience. Graduate students, arts students and students with practical experience are significantly more higher in cognitive flexibility aspect.
2. There are significant differences of undergraduates CDMSE in the aspects of gender, family situation and major. Male college students, arts students, students from one-child families are significantlymore higher in CDMSE aspect.
3. Undergraduates cognitive flexibility and CDMSE are significantly positively correlated.
4. Cognitive flexibility have predict effect on undergraduates CDMSE.
本文将认知灵活性与择业效能感相结合,对大学生的认知灵活性和择业效能感的现状及二者之间的关系进行了研究,拟为大学生就业过程提供指导和理论依据。
本文首先对认知灵活性和择业效能感的理论概念、测量工具以及认知灵活性和择业效能感的相关研究进行了综述。其次,采用国内研究者修订的大学生认知灵活性问卷(Martin & Rubin,1995编订,赵兵修订)和大学生择业效能感问卷(Taylor & Betz,1983编订,龙燕梅修订),以785名在校大学生为研究对象,对其进行了测量。一方面,分析了大学生认知灵活性和择业效能感在性别、是否毕业年级学生、文理科、独生子女情况和社会实践经验上的差异；另一方面,研究了大学生的认知灵活性与择业效能感之间的关系。研究结果表明：
1.大学生认知灵活性在毕业年级、文理科和社会实践经验上存在显著差异。毕业年级学生认知灵活性显著高于非毕业年级学生,文科生认知灵活性显著高于理科生,具有社会实践经验的学生认知灵活性显著高于没有社会实践经验的学生。
2.大学生择业效能感在性别、文理科和独生子女上存在显著差异。男生择业效能感显著高于女生,文科生择业效能感显著高于理科生,独生子女的择业效能感显著高于非独生子女。
3.大学生认知灵活性和择业效能感存在显著正相关关系。
4.大学生的认知灵活性对择业效能感具有预测作用。
Cognitive flexibility, or the flexibility of cognitive adaptation, is one kind of ability which is often used in adapting problems. People who have better cognitive flexibility always be more adaptable. Career decision-making self-efficacy(CDMSE), is the application of Bandura's self-efficacy theory in the field of career. It plays an important role in the process of individual choice of career. According to the combination of CDMSE and cognitive flexibility, this article did the research of the status and relationship between this two factors of undergraduates, which intend to provide guidance and theoretical basis for the employment process of college graduates.
Firstly, this article summarized the theoretical concepts of CDMSE and cognitive flexibility, the measurement tools and the correlational study of CDMSE and cognitive flexibility. Secondly, It used the measurement scale and questionnaire("Taylor & Betz,1983" Zhao Bing and "Martin & Rubin,1995"Long Yan Mei) which are edited by domestic scholars, to assess 785 undergraduates as the research object. On the one hand, this article analyzed the differences of CDMSE and cognitive flexibility in the aspects of gender, grade, major, family situation and practical experience. On the other hand, it investigated the relationship between the CDMSE and cognitive flexibility. The results of the research show that:
1. There are significant differences of undergraduates cognitive flexibility in the aspects of grade, major and practical experience. Graduate students, arts students and students with practical experience are significantly more higher in cognitive flexibility aspect.
2. There are significant differences of undergraduates CDMSE in the aspects of gender, family situation and major. Male college students, arts students, students from one-child families are significantlymore higher in CDMSE aspect.
3. Undergraduates cognitive flexibility and CDMSE are significantly positively correlated.
4. Cognitive flexibility have predict effect on undergraduates CDMSE.
引文
[1]白俊杰.学前儿童抽象能力和认知灵活性发展研究[D].重庆：西南师范大学.2005.
[2]曹丽丽.大学生职业决策自我效能的团体咨询研究[D].上海：上海师范大学.2006.
[3]陈建文,陈莎,极端应激情境下寻求健康和幸福的新视点—认知适应理论(CAT)[J].华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2009,48(1)：137—140.
[4]陈珊珊.人格特质、情绪对认知灵活性影响的实验研究[D].山东：山东师范大学.2008.
[5]高涛.不同认知灵活性小学生快速阅读训练及其眼动特征[D].河南：河南大学.2009.
[6]胡艳红.大学生择业效能感的因素分析[D].陕西：陕西师范大学.2003
[7]姜飞月.职业自我效能理论及其在大四学生职业选择中的应用研究[D].南京：南京师范大学.2002.
[8]李美华,白学军,执行功能中认知灵活性发展的研究进展[J].心理学探析,2005,25(2)35-43.
[9]李美华,沈德立,3-4岁幼儿认知灵活性实验研究[J].心理学探新,2006,26(1)：52-56.
[10]李美华,沈德立,白学军,不同年级学生认知灵活性研究[J].中国特殊教育, (8)：80-86.
[11]李美华,沈德立,白学军,不同学业成绩类型学生的认知灵活性研究[J].中国临床心理学杂志,2007,15(2)：191-193.
[12]李美华.不同年级和学业成绩儿童青少年执行功能发展研究[D].天津：天津师范大学.2006.
[13]刘儒德.论认知灵活性理论[J].北京师范大学学报(社会科学版),1999,5：61-66.
[14]刘儒德.一种新建构主义-认知灵活性理论[J].心理科学,1999,22：360-361.
[15]刘永贤.大学生职业兴趣、择业效能感的量表编制及其与专业承诺的关系研究[D].吉林：吉林大学.2007.
[16]龙燕梅.大学生择业效能感的研究[D].上海：上海师范大学.2003.
[17]彭永新,龙立荣,大学生职业决策自我效能测评的研究[J].应用心理学,2001,7(2)：38-43.
[18]齐冰,吴真.高职生的认知灵活性研究.职业技术教育,2011, (1)：41-43.
[19]王斐斐.大学生应对方式与择业效能感的关系研究[D].山东：山东师范大学.2008.
[20]王荣山.大学生职业价值观、生涯决策自我效能与职业成熟度的关系研究[D].陕西：陕西师范大学.2007.
[21]王同军.大学生的职业归因风格、职业价值观、职业决策自我效能与求职行为的关系[D].山东：山东师范大学.2007.
[22]徐凤.长沙地区大学生职业决策自我效能感与适应性的现状及相关研究[D].湖南：湖南师范大学.2008.
[23]闫嵘,俞国良,阅读困难儿童认知灵活性发展特点研究[J].中国临床心理学杂志,2006,14(1)33-35.
[24]张彩霞.南通地区高职学生择业效能感、成就动机与心理健康的关系研究[D].江苏：扬州大学.2006.
[25]张彬彬,郑日昌.507名理工科大学生择业效能感现状分析[J].中国心理卫生杂志,2002,16(11)：776-778.
[26]张建华.中学生认知灵活性与应对方式的关系研究[D].河北：河北大学.2011.
[27]赵兵.大一新生认知灵活性与学校适应的关系研究[D].河北：河北大学.2011.
[28]赵冯香.大学生职业决策量表的编订及应用研究[D].浙江：浙江大学.2005.
[29]郑日昌,张彬彬.择业效能感结构的验证性因素分析.心理科学,2002,25(1)：91-92.
[30]Bandura, A.Social foundations of thought and action. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice Hall,1986.
[31]Bandura, A. Self-efficacy:the Exercise of Control.W. H. Freeman and Company, New York,1997.3-422
[32]Betz, N. E., & Hackett, G.Applications of self-efficacy theory to the carrer assessment of women. Journal of Career Assessment,5.1997:383-402.
[33]Betz, N. E.,and Hackett, G. The relationship of mathematics self-efficacy expectations to the selection of science-based college majors. Journal of Vocational Behavior,23.1983a:329-345.
[34]Betz, N. & Klein, K.Efficacy and outcome expectations influence career exploration and decidedness. Career Development Quarterly,46.1997:179-189.
[35]Betz, N.E., Klein, K., & Taylor, K. Evaluation of a short form of the Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy Scale. Journal of Career Assessment,4.1996:47-57.
[36]Blustein, D. L.The role of goal instability and career self-efficacy in the career exploration pricess. Jouranal of Vocation Behavior,35.1989:194-203.
[37]Crites, J.O.Career counseling:Methods, Models and materials. In James E. Maddux (Eds.).Self-efficacy, Adaption and Adjustment:Theory, Research, and Application.Plenum Press, New York,1995:262.
[38]Hackett, G. H., Betz, N. E. A sefl-efficacy approach to the career development of women. Journal of Vocational Behavior,18.1981:326-339.
[39]Martin, Andserson & Thweatt. Aggressive Communication Traits and Their Relationships with the Cognitive Flexibility Scale and the Communication Flexibility Scales. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality,13(3).1998:531-540.
[40]Matthew M. Martin & Carolyn M. Anderson. The cognitive flexibility scale:three validity studies. Communication Reports,11(1).1998.
[41]Matthew M. Martin & Rebecca B. Rubin.(). A new measure of cognitive flexibility Psychological Reports.76.1995:623-626.
[42]Nancy E Betz; Karla Klein Voyten, Efficacy and outcome expectations influence career a exploration and decidedness, The Career Development quarterly, Alexandria,1997,11.
[43]Osipow, S. H. Manual for the Career Decision Scale. Odessa, FL:Psychological Assessment Resources,1987.
[44]Peterson, S. L. Career decision-making self-efficacy and institutional integration of underprepared college students. Research in Higher Education,34.1993a:659-683.
[45]Peterson, S. L. Career decision-making self-efficacy and social and academic integration of underprepared college students:Variations based on background characteristics. Journal of Vocational Education Research,18.1993b:77-115.
[46]Piaget J.The equilibration of cognitive structure. Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1985.
[47]Taylor, K. M., & Betz, N. E. Applications of self-efficacy theory to the understanding and treament of career Indecision. Journal of Vocational Behavior,22.1983:63-81.
[48]Taylor, K. M., & Popma, J. An examination of the relationships among career decision-making self-efficacy, career salience, locus of control, and vocational indecision. Journal of Vocational Behavior,37.1990:17-31.
[49]Whiston,S. C.The relationship among Family Interaction Patterns and Career Indecision and Career Decision-Making self-efficacy. Journal of Career Development,23 (2).1996:137-186.
[2]曹丽丽.大学生职业决策自我效能的团体咨询研究[D].上海：上海师范大学.2006.
[3]陈建文,陈莎,极端应激情境下寻求健康和幸福的新视点—认知适应理论(CAT)[J].华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2009,48(1)：137—140.
[4]陈珊珊.人格特质、情绪对认知灵活性影响的实验研究[D].山东：山东师范大学.2008.
[5]高涛.不同认知灵活性小学生快速阅读训练及其眼动特征[D].河南：河南大学.2009.
[6]胡艳红.大学生择业效能感的因素分析[D].陕西：陕西师范大学.2003
[7]姜飞月.职业自我效能理论及其在大四学生职业选择中的应用研究[D].南京：南京师范大学.2002.
[8]李美华,白学军,执行功能中认知灵活性发展的研究进展[J].心理学探析,2005,25(2)35-43.
[9]李美华,沈德立,3-4岁幼儿认知灵活性实验研究[J].心理学探新,2006,26(1)：52-56.
[10]李美华,沈德立,白学军,不同年级学生认知灵活性研究[J].中国特殊教育, (8)：80-86.
[11]李美华,沈德立,白学军,不同学业成绩类型学生的认知灵活性研究[J].中国临床心理学杂志,2007,15(2)：191-193.
[12]李美华.不同年级和学业成绩儿童青少年执行功能发展研究[D].天津：天津师范大学.2006.
[13]刘儒德.论认知灵活性理论[J].北京师范大学学报(社会科学版),1999,5：61-66.
[14]刘儒德.一种新建构主义-认知灵活性理论[J].心理科学,1999,22：360-361.
[15]刘永贤.大学生职业兴趣、择业效能感的量表编制及其与专业承诺的关系研究[D].吉林：吉林大学.2007.
[16]龙燕梅.大学生择业效能感的研究[D].上海：上海师范大学.2003.
[17]彭永新,龙立荣,大学生职业决策自我效能测评的研究[J].应用心理学,2001,7(2)：38-43.
[18]齐冰,吴真.高职生的认知灵活性研究.职业技术教育,2011, (1)：41-43.
[19]王斐斐.大学生应对方式与择业效能感的关系研究[D].山东：山东师范大学.2008.
[20]王荣山.大学生职业价值观、生涯决策自我效能与职业成熟度的关系研究[D].陕西：陕西师范大学.2007.
[21]王同军.大学生的职业归因风格、职业价值观、职业决策自我效能与求职行为的关系[D].山东：山东师范大学.2007.
[22]徐凤.长沙地区大学生职业决策自我效能感与适应性的现状及相关研究[D].湖南：湖南师范大学.2008.
[23]闫嵘,俞国良,阅读困难儿童认知灵活性发展特点研究[J].中国临床心理学杂志,2006,14(1)33-35.
[24]张彩霞.南通地区高职学生择业效能感、成就动机与心理健康的关系研究[D].江苏：扬州大学.2006.
[25]张彬彬,郑日昌.507名理工科大学生择业效能感现状分析[J].中国心理卫生杂志,2002,16(11)：776-778.
[26]张建华.中学生认知灵活性与应对方式的关系研究[D].河北：河北大学.2011.
[27]赵兵.大一新生认知灵活性与学校适应的关系研究[D].河北：河北大学.2011.
[28]赵冯香.大学生职业决策量表的编订及应用研究[D].浙江：浙江大学.2005.
[29]郑日昌,张彬彬.择业效能感结构的验证性因素分析.心理科学,2002,25(1)：91-92.
[30]Bandura, A.Social foundations of thought and action. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice Hall,1986.
[31]Bandura, A. Self-efficacy:the Exercise of Control.W. H. Freeman and Company, New York,1997.3-422
[32]Betz, N. E., & Hackett, G.Applications of self-efficacy theory to the carrer assessment of women. Journal of Career Assessment,5.1997:383-402.
[33]Betz, N. E.,and Hackett, G. The relationship of mathematics self-efficacy expectations to the selection of science-based college majors. Journal of Vocational Behavior,23.1983a:329-345.
[34]Betz, N. & Klein, K.Efficacy and outcome expectations influence career exploration and decidedness. Career Development Quarterly,46.1997:179-189.
[35]Betz, N.E., Klein, K., & Taylor, K. Evaluation of a short form of the Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy Scale. Journal of Career Assessment,4.1996:47-57.
[36]Blustein, D. L.The role of goal instability and career self-efficacy in the career exploration pricess. Jouranal of Vocation Behavior,35.1989:194-203.
[37]Crites, J.O.Career counseling:Methods, Models and materials. In James E. Maddux (Eds.).Self-efficacy, Adaption and Adjustment:Theory, Research, and Application.Plenum Press, New York,1995:262.
[38]Hackett, G. H., Betz, N. E. A sefl-efficacy approach to the career development of women. Journal of Vocational Behavior,18.1981:326-339.
[39]Martin, Andserson & Thweatt. Aggressive Communication Traits and Their Relationships with the Cognitive Flexibility Scale and the Communication Flexibility Scales. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality,13(3).1998:531-540.
[40]Matthew M. Martin & Carolyn M. Anderson. The cognitive flexibility scale:three validity studies. Communication Reports,11(1).1998.
[41]Matthew M. Martin & Rebecca B. Rubin.(). A new measure of cognitive flexibility Psychological Reports.76.1995:623-626.
[42]Nancy E Betz; Karla Klein Voyten, Efficacy and outcome expectations influence career a exploration and decidedness, The Career Development quarterly, Alexandria,1997,11.
[43]Osipow, S. H. Manual for the Career Decision Scale. Odessa, FL:Psychological Assessment Resources,1987.
[44]Peterson, S. L. Career decision-making self-efficacy and institutional integration of underprepared college students. Research in Higher Education,34.1993a:659-683.
[45]Peterson, S. L. Career decision-making self-efficacy and social and academic integration of underprepared college students:Variations based on background characteristics. Journal of Vocational Education Research,18.1993b:77-115.
[46]Piaget J.The equilibration of cognitive structure. Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1985.
[47]Taylor, K. M., & Betz, N. E. Applications of self-efficacy theory to the understanding and treament of career Indecision. Journal of Vocational Behavior,22.1983:63-81.
[48]Taylor, K. M., & Popma, J. An examination of the relationships among career decision-making self-efficacy, career salience, locus of control, and vocational indecision. Journal of Vocational Behavior,37.1990:17-31.
[49]Whiston,S. C.The relationship among Family Interaction Patterns and Career Indecision and Career Decision-Making self-efficacy. Journal of Career Development,23 (2).1996:137-186.