企业生态系统的生成机制与管理研究
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摘要
面对新经济时代日益复杂的竞争环境，如何更好地去适应环境，利用环境，提升市场竞争力，追求可持续发展，这些都是所有企业必须认清的现实问题。同时，组织环境的剧烈变化对企业组织结构和管理模式提出了新的要求，理论和实践都迫切需要组织结构与管理模式的演进与更新。企业管理者及管理理论研究者需要重新对新的管理环境进行审视。随着经济的日益互融，企业生态的竞争逐渐成为企业关注的重点。从生态隐喻和仿生的角度认识企业与环境的关系，探讨生态竞争、共生发展等关系到企业可持续发展的战略问题既是具有现实意义的研究课题，也是具有理论价值的学术问题。
在此实践背景与理论背景下，企业生态系统组织与管理思维引起国内外管理学界的关注。同时，结合我国构建和谐社会的战略背景，企业生态系统成为本论文的研究主题。在对企业生态系统理论相关研究现状进行梳理与分析的前提下，基于理论研究的系统考虑，本文针对企业生态系统的生成机制与管理问题进行了研究和探讨。
具体的研究工作和创新之处如下：
（1）企业生态系统基础分析框架的建构。在明确企业生态系统概念的基础上，对其涵义和组织特征进行了深入的解析。深入提炼了企业生态系统理论的基本研究假设，构建了系统的立体网络结构模型。从主体、时间、空间和功能维度解构了企业生态系统的多维内涵。
（2）企业生态系统生成的合理性逻辑解析。以多元化视角解读了企业生态系统生成的本质；剖析了企业生态系统生成的内在依据；解析了企业生态系统价值观的生态智慧性变革和价值空间的拓展；建构了企业生态系统的价值体系。在上述基础上，提出了企业生态系统生成的合理性逻辑，揭示了企业生态系统的“何以生成”，指出：企业生态系统的生成是在客体因素提供的约束性机理与主体因素提供的拓展性机理的联动作用下实现的。
（3）企业生态系统认知的生成机制解构。从主体基础、客观条件以及主客观动态统一相结合的角度，解析并构建了企业生态系统认知的生成机制理论，提出：内在需要的体认机制是企业生态系统认知的内生机制，构成其生成的主体基础；战略性社会责任和经济伦理道德责任的内化机制是企业生态系统认知生成的客观条件；关系化与类别化机制的整合则是企业生态系统认知生成的主客观的动态统一。以企业生态系统认知的生成机制为切入点，通过对企业个体的企业生态系统认知生成机制的解构，解析了企业生态系统的“如何生成”。
（4）企业生态系统生成的管理变革机制解构。提出组织管理的变革与重构是企业生态系统生成原因与结果的综合体。并深入到知识层面，首先以空间为切入点，建构了组织间知识流动的空间实现机制理论。在明确企业生态系统的生成与企业间知识互动关系的基础之上，得出：在企业知识竞争优势与知识整合能力的诉求下，企业学习方式的拓展、知识转移模式的更新、宏观管理模式的变革、基于共同体的组织间关系变革与企业空间重构的耦合，构成了企业生态系统生成的管理变革机制。以空间哲学视角的知识互动与管理变革作为切入点，揭示了企业生态系统的“如何生成”。
（5）企业生态系统管理理论框架的构建。从管理理念与管理目标、管理主体与管理客体、管理文化、管理维度四个方面探讨了面向企业生态系统的管理理论创新；构建了由共生进化战略、系统泛化策略、企业网络策略、协同演进策略共同组成的企业生态系统管理策略支撑体系，并解析了该体系的内在逻辑框架；在企业生态系统自组织和他组织辩证关系的基础上，分别从企业角度和政府角度提出企业生态系统的具体管理措施和政策方向。
Facing increasingly complicated competition environments in the new economy era, enterprisesshould get a clear understanding of these real-life questions, including how to adapt and make use ofthe environment, enhance competition ability and pursue sustainable development. Besides, violentchanges of organization environments put forward new requirements for enterprises’ organizationstructure and management models. Their evolution and regeneration is needed urgently both in termsof theory and practice. Managers of enterprises and researchers of management theories need tosurvey the new management environment renewedly. Along with the increasing fusion of economy,business ecology competition gradually becomes the focal point which enterprises concern. It isn’tonly with practical significance, but also with great theoretical value that taking ecology metaphorand bionics as the point of view to discuss the relationship between enterprises and environments,and discussing ecology competition and symbiotic development which are related to sustainabledevelopment strategy of enterprises.
In the practical and theoretical background, business ecosystems draw the attention ofmanagement researchers both at home and abroad as an organization form and a kind ofmanagement thought. Besides, combined with the background of the strategy of constructingharmonious society, business ecosystems become the theme of the thesis. On the premise ofpectination and analysis of present situation of research on business ecosystems and on the basis ofsystematic consideration on theoretical research, the thesis is carried out contraposing generationmechanisms and management of business ecosystems.
The concrete researches and innovations are as follows:
⑴Construction of a fundamental analysis framework for the research on business ecosystems.Based on a definite concept of a business ecosystem, its implications and characteristics are deeplyparsed. Fundamental research hypotheses on theories of business ecosystems are deeply extracted. Atridimensional network construction model of the system is built. Multidimensional connotations ofbusiness ecosystems are deconstructed from the aspects of the subject, time, space and function.
⑵Analysis and explanation on the rationality logic of the generation of business ecosystems.The essence of the generation of business ecosystems is analyzed from multidimensional views.Inherent foundation for business ecosystems’ generation is analyzed. Values transformation withecological wisdom and expansion of value space of business ecosystems’ generation are parsed. Thevalue system of a business ecosystem is founded. On the basis of all above, the rationality logic ofbusiness ecosystems’ generation is put forward, and “why possible” of the generation of businessecosystems is revealed. Then it is propounded that business ecosystems’ generation is realized relying on the integrated action of restriction mechanism provided by social objective factors andexpansion mechanism provided by subjective factors.
⑶Deconstruction of the generation mechanism for cognition of business ecosystems. From theaspects of subjective foundation, objective conditions and dynamic unification of them, thegeneration mechanism theories of the cognition of business ecosystems are analyzed and constructed.It is propounded that comprehension of inherent needs consists the endogenetic mechanism ofcognition of business ecosystems which plays the role of subjective foundation, internalizationmechanism of strategic social responsibilities and economic ethics responsibilities is the objectivecondition, and integration of guanxi mechanism and categorization mechanism materializes thedynamic unification of subjective and objective conditions. The generation mechanism of anenterprise’s cognition of business ecosystems is taken as the breakthrough point, and a businessecosystem’s “how generate” is analyzed by deconstructing it.
⑷Analysis on management transformation mechanism of business ecosystems’ generation. Itis put forward that transformation and reconstruction of organizational management is a synthesis ofthe cause and the result of business ecosystems’ generation. Then with the penetration intoknowledge level and the breakthrough point of space, the theory on realization mechanisms based onspace for inter-organizational knowledge flow is constructed. Based on taking a clear-cutunderstanding on the relationship between business ecosystems’ generation and knowledgeinteraction among enterprises, it is got that with enterprises’ suing for knowledge competitiveadvantage and knowledge integration ability, expansion of learning methods, renewal of knowledgetransfer models, transformation of macroscopic management models, transformation ofinter-organizational relationship based on community and their coupling with enterprises’ spacereconfiguration constitute the management transformation mechanism of business ecosystems’generation. Under the angel of space philosophy, knowledge interaction and managementtransformation is taken as the breakthrough point, and business ecosystems’“how generate” isrevealed.
⑸Configuration of a theoretical framework of business ecosystems’ management. Innovationson management theories oriented to business ecosystems are discussed from four aspects such asmanagement idea and goal, management subject and object, management culture and managementdimension. Supporting system of management strategy for a business ecosystem is constructedwhich includes the strategy of symbiotic evolution, system generalization, business network andco-evolution, and inherent logic framework of the system is analyzed. On the basis of the dialecticalrelationship between self-organization and hetero-organization, concrete management measures andpolicy tropisms are proposed respectively for the enterprise and the government.
在此实践背景与理论背景下，企业生态系统组织与管理思维引起国内外管理学界的关注。同时，结合我国构建和谐社会的战略背景，企业生态系统成为本论文的研究主题。在对企业生态系统理论相关研究现状进行梳理与分析的前提下，基于理论研究的系统考虑，本文针对企业生态系统的生成机制与管理问题进行了研究和探讨。
具体的研究工作和创新之处如下：
（1）企业生态系统基础分析框架的建构。在明确企业生态系统概念的基础上，对其涵义和组织特征进行了深入的解析。深入提炼了企业生态系统理论的基本研究假设，构建了系统的立体网络结构模型。从主体、时间、空间和功能维度解构了企业生态系统的多维内涵。
（2）企业生态系统生成的合理性逻辑解析。以多元化视角解读了企业生态系统生成的本质；剖析了企业生态系统生成的内在依据；解析了企业生态系统价值观的生态智慧性变革和价值空间的拓展；建构了企业生态系统的价值体系。在上述基础上，提出了企业生态系统生成的合理性逻辑，揭示了企业生态系统的“何以生成”，指出：企业生态系统的生成是在客体因素提供的约束性机理与主体因素提供的拓展性机理的联动作用下实现的。
（3）企业生态系统认知的生成机制解构。从主体基础、客观条件以及主客观动态统一相结合的角度，解析并构建了企业生态系统认知的生成机制理论，提出：内在需要的体认机制是企业生态系统认知的内生机制，构成其生成的主体基础；战略性社会责任和经济伦理道德责任的内化机制是企业生态系统认知生成的客观条件；关系化与类别化机制的整合则是企业生态系统认知生成的主客观的动态统一。以企业生态系统认知的生成机制为切入点，通过对企业个体的企业生态系统认知生成机制的解构，解析了企业生态系统的“如何生成”。
（4）企业生态系统生成的管理变革机制解构。提出组织管理的变革与重构是企业生态系统生成原因与结果的综合体。并深入到知识层面，首先以空间为切入点，建构了组织间知识流动的空间实现机制理论。在明确企业生态系统的生成与企业间知识互动关系的基础之上，得出：在企业知识竞争优势与知识整合能力的诉求下，企业学习方式的拓展、知识转移模式的更新、宏观管理模式的变革、基于共同体的组织间关系变革与企业空间重构的耦合，构成了企业生态系统生成的管理变革机制。以空间哲学视角的知识互动与管理变革作为切入点，揭示了企业生态系统的“如何生成”。
（5）企业生态系统管理理论框架的构建。从管理理念与管理目标、管理主体与管理客体、管理文化、管理维度四个方面探讨了面向企业生态系统的管理理论创新；构建了由共生进化战略、系统泛化策略、企业网络策略、协同演进策略共同组成的企业生态系统管理策略支撑体系，并解析了该体系的内在逻辑框架；在企业生态系统自组织和他组织辩证关系的基础上，分别从企业角度和政府角度提出企业生态系统的具体管理措施和政策方向。
Facing increasingly complicated competition environments in the new economy era, enterprisesshould get a clear understanding of these real-life questions, including how to adapt and make use ofthe environment, enhance competition ability and pursue sustainable development. Besides, violentchanges of organization environments put forward new requirements for enterprises’ organizationstructure and management models. Their evolution and regeneration is needed urgently both in termsof theory and practice. Managers of enterprises and researchers of management theories need tosurvey the new management environment renewedly. Along with the increasing fusion of economy,business ecology competition gradually becomes the focal point which enterprises concern. It isn’tonly with practical significance, but also with great theoretical value that taking ecology metaphorand bionics as the point of view to discuss the relationship between enterprises and environments,and discussing ecology competition and symbiotic development which are related to sustainabledevelopment strategy of enterprises.
In the practical and theoretical background, business ecosystems draw the attention ofmanagement researchers both at home and abroad as an organization form and a kind ofmanagement thought. Besides, combined with the background of the strategy of constructingharmonious society, business ecosystems become the theme of the thesis. On the premise ofpectination and analysis of present situation of research on business ecosystems and on the basis ofsystematic consideration on theoretical research, the thesis is carried out contraposing generationmechanisms and management of business ecosystems.
The concrete researches and innovations are as follows:
⑴Construction of a fundamental analysis framework for the research on business ecosystems.Based on a definite concept of a business ecosystem, its implications and characteristics are deeplyparsed. Fundamental research hypotheses on theories of business ecosystems are deeply extracted. Atridimensional network construction model of the system is built. Multidimensional connotations ofbusiness ecosystems are deconstructed from the aspects of the subject, time, space and function.
⑵Analysis and explanation on the rationality logic of the generation of business ecosystems.The essence of the generation of business ecosystems is analyzed from multidimensional views.Inherent foundation for business ecosystems’ generation is analyzed. Values transformation withecological wisdom and expansion of value space of business ecosystems’ generation are parsed. Thevalue system of a business ecosystem is founded. On the basis of all above, the rationality logic ofbusiness ecosystems’ generation is put forward, and “why possible” of the generation of businessecosystems is revealed. Then it is propounded that business ecosystems’ generation is realized relying on the integrated action of restriction mechanism provided by social objective factors andexpansion mechanism provided by subjective factors.
⑶Deconstruction of the generation mechanism for cognition of business ecosystems. From theaspects of subjective foundation, objective conditions and dynamic unification of them, thegeneration mechanism theories of the cognition of business ecosystems are analyzed and constructed.It is propounded that comprehension of inherent needs consists the endogenetic mechanism ofcognition of business ecosystems which plays the role of subjective foundation, internalizationmechanism of strategic social responsibilities and economic ethics responsibilities is the objectivecondition, and integration of guanxi mechanism and categorization mechanism materializes thedynamic unification of subjective and objective conditions. The generation mechanism of anenterprise’s cognition of business ecosystems is taken as the breakthrough point, and a businessecosystem’s “how generate” is analyzed by deconstructing it.
⑷Analysis on management transformation mechanism of business ecosystems’ generation. Itis put forward that transformation and reconstruction of organizational management is a synthesis ofthe cause and the result of business ecosystems’ generation. Then with the penetration intoknowledge level and the breakthrough point of space, the theory on realization mechanisms based onspace for inter-organizational knowledge flow is constructed. Based on taking a clear-cutunderstanding on the relationship between business ecosystems’ generation and knowledgeinteraction among enterprises, it is got that with enterprises’ suing for knowledge competitiveadvantage and knowledge integration ability, expansion of learning methods, renewal of knowledgetransfer models, transformation of macroscopic management models, transformation ofinter-organizational relationship based on community and their coupling with enterprises’ spacereconfiguration constitute the management transformation mechanism of business ecosystems’generation. Under the angel of space philosophy, knowledge interaction and managementtransformation is taken as the breakthrough point, and business ecosystems’“how generate” isrevealed.
⑸Configuration of a theoretical framework of business ecosystems’ management. Innovationson management theories oriented to business ecosystems are discussed from four aspects such asmanagement idea and goal, management subject and object, management culture and managementdimension. Supporting system of management strategy for a business ecosystem is constructedwhich includes the strategy of symbiotic evolution, system generalization, business network andco-evolution, and inherent logic framework of the system is analyzed. On the basis of the dialecticalrelationship between self-organization and hetero-organization, concrete management measures andpolicy tropisms are proposed respectively for the enterprise and the government.
引文
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