人力资本产权视角下的企业收入公平分配研究
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摘要
现代社会,随着“以人为本”理念的确立以及人在社会经济活动中地位的提高,人力资本在企业生产经营活动中的作用日益重要,并成为企业价值生产与价值创造最为关键的要素。然而,由于制度建设的滞后性,企业的参与者诸如股东、经理人、债权人以及普通员工的产权地位并不平等,在企业的收入分配中,人力资本特别是普通的人力资本并未得到与其贡献相匹配的回报,收入差距的逐渐扩大,根植于传统工业经济的企业分配制度面临着前所未有的挑战。为了实现企业收入的公平分配,保障企业参与者各方的应有权益,缩小收入差距,本文以人力资本理论、产权理论以及公平理论为基础,将经济学、统计学、会计学及法学等联系并融合起来,对企业产权制度安排、人力资本计量、会计核算及其相关制度问题进行系统的、跨学科的研究,最终建立起企业收入公平分配的制度体系。为了实现收入分配的机会公平、过程规则公平,通过创新企业的产权安排、分配模式以及会计核算制度,重新思考与构建企业收入分配制度,具有重要的理论意义和实践意义。
     本文研究首先从剖析公平分配的内涵入手,指出企业收入分配公平应该考察收入分配过程中各环节的公平,并对企业收入分配过程中的起点公平、规则公平以及结果公平进行了阐述。同时,研究了人力资本及其产权的内涵、特性以及人力资本企业产权。其次,以企业产权思想作为逻辑基础,从公平的角度,构建企业参与者产权地位平等、分配规则统一的收入分配体系。在比较按劳动分配、按贡献分配以及按资本产权价值分配的基础上,提出企业收入公平分配的标准与尺度。第三,在分析人力资本的价值运动的基础上,提出了一套“预期价值定价—动态调整—确定人力资本实际价值”的动态的分阶段的具有可操作性的人力资本定价思路,并给出利用市场劳动者收入水平间接进行人力资本初始定价以及利用模糊评价调整人力资本价值的定价方法。最后,对人力资本产权视角下的企业收入公平分配核算体系进行了研究,主要探讨了人力资本产权价值相关的核算内容,以及会计账户的设置,相关会计核算规则的改进与会计报告的创新。
In the modern society, with the establishment of'people-oriented'concept and the improved status of people in the social economic activities, human capital is increasingly important in the productive and operating activities of the enterprise, and becoming the most key elements of value production and value creation of the enterprise. However, due to the hysteresis quality of the system construction, the property rights position of participants of enterprise such as shareholders, managers, creditors and ordinary staff is not equal, in the income distribution of enterprise, human capital especially ordinary human capital does not get the return which could match with its contribution, the income gap expands gradually. The distribution system of enterprise which is rooted in the traditional industrial economy is facing unprecedented challenges. In order to realize the fair distribution of income from enterprises and guarantee the due rights and interests of enterprise participants of all parties and narrow the income gap, this dissertation takes the human capital theory, property rights theory and justice theory as a foundation, and combing economics, statistics, accounting and law etc. together, gives systematic and interdisciplinary studies of the arrangement of enterprise property right system, human capital measurement, accounting and system problems related, and finally establishes the income fair system of enterprises. In order to realize fair chance and fair rules of the income distribution, it is necessary to rethink and build the enterprise distribution system through an innovative property arrangement of enterprises, an innovative distributive mode and an innovative accounting system. And it has important theoretical and practical significance.
     Firstly, this research begins from the fair distribution of connotation, points out that enterprise who wants to have fair distribution should make an on-the-spot investigation on the process of income distribution of each section of justice, and expounds starting point fairly, fair rules and fair result in the process of income distribution. At the same time, it researches the meaning and character of the human capital and its property right and human capital property rights of enterprise. Secondly, according to the ideas of enterprise property rights as a logical foundation, constructs an income distribution system from the fair perspective with fair property rights of enterprise participants and distribution rules uniformly. Comparing labor distribution, contributing distribution with capital property value, puts forward standard and scale of the fair distribution of the enterprise income. Thirdly, on the basis of analying the value movement of the human capital, comes up with a train of thought which is 'expected value price-dynamic adjustment-determine the human capital actual value'. It is a dynamic, grading and operable idea about human capital pricing. And puts forward indirect pricing method about human capital initial value through income level of laborer in market, and adjust the value of human capital according to fuzzy evaluation. Finally, it studies the accounting system about enterprise income fair distribution under the perspective of human capital property rights, mainly discusses some accounting contents related to human capital property value, and the set of account, the improvement of some related accounting rules and the innovation of the accounting report.
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