撒哈拉沙漠腹地静校正方法研究及应用
|
摘要
在陆地油气地震勘探中,反射波地震数据的静校正问题一直是方法理论和应用研究领域备受关注的热点之一。随着油气勘探地区地表条件的复杂化,这一问题的重要性也越来越突出。中石油在非洲撒哈拉沙漠腹地的第一个风险勘探区块就是这样的地区之一。能够准确地估算出这些地区的静校正量不仅有助于解决反射波的成像问题,还可能避免导致错误的地质解释。因此,研究探讨解决静校正问题,具有十分重要的意义。
本文依托中石油尼日尔区块的勘探及研究项目,针对目前撒哈拉沙漠腹地大沙漠地区油气勘探中迫切需要解决的新、老数据成像问题,通过对现有的静校正方法、近地表的特点和资料中的问题三个方面的深入调研和试验,对约束层析静校正等静校正方法及其在该区的应用进行了研究,并获得了如下成果:(1)对层析静校正的约束条件进行了研究,提出了用微测井、大钻测井,相似性、重力等多种数据联合约束反演过程,并获得了成功应用;(2)研究并首次建立了区块内的静校正与表层模型数据库,尤其是在老资料的处理中,应用效果明显;(3)研究解决了该区大量老资料的静校正及成像问题,使大量的老资料从新获得应用;(4)采用实测、微测井等多种近地表数据拟合沙丘曲线,并首次将其应用于该区的地震资料,产生了明显的应用效果;(5)此外,本文还对静校正问题的假设条件、对地震记录的相位、频率的影响和静校正效果的检查与验证等内容进行了分析探讨。
实际应用表明,上述静校正方法和技术对该地区大量的地震数据是适用的和有效的,上述方法在撒哈拉沙漠腹地的大沙漠地区的地震勘探中解决了一定的问题并取得了一定的效果。
For land seismic exploration for hydrocarbons, Static Corrections for seismic reflexion data has long been one of the hottest and yet to be properly solved research and application issues, and might be the top, sophisticated and frustrating issue for oil companies. As the near-surface conditions grow more complicated for exploration, the issue becomes more important than ever. CNPC’s risky exploration concession in deep Sahara desert in Niger is one of areas. A good estimate of statics in these areas facilitates the imaging of reflexions, and may avoid mis-interpretations of geological structures. Therefore the study to resolve the statics problem is of great importance.
(a) The dissertation is funded by CNPC’s exploration and research project in Niger, mainly for the reflexion illumination problems in the newly acquired and the vintage seismic data in the area. Statics contributes a major part to the problem, among other reasons. After careful investigation of the static corrections methods available, the near-surface structure and the characteristics of the problematic seismic data, a systematic study of constrained tomostatics method and other static corrections methods is conducted, through which the following are achieved: based on the study of the constraints for tomostatics, a combined constraints involving uphole data, logging data, surface and LVL bottom correlation data in some areas, and even gravity data is proposed to control the tomographic inversion, and successful application is seen;
(b) The first statics and near-surface model database is proposed and established, and plays a dominant role in the successful processing of the vintage data, the effective application is coducted;
(c) The serious statics and imaging problems of the massive vintage data in the area are tackled with satisfactory results, which relives these vintage data to service the new round of exploration;
(d) A new Sand dune curve method for static corrections incorporating realsurveying data, uphole data and many near-surface model data is proposed and applied to the new and vintage seismic data in the area, and proves successful;
(e) Some research on and analysis of the impacts of statics on the phase and frequency of seismic signals are also carried out, and the inspection and verification of static corrections scenario for practical use is presented.
Real application shows that the methods and approaches proposed and studied in this dissertation are suitable and effective for the statics and also the imaging problems presented in both new and vintage seismic data in this deep desert area in Sahara. And they might be useful for tackle the same problems in similar area with complex surface and subsurface conditions.
本文依托中石油尼日尔区块的勘探及研究项目,针对目前撒哈拉沙漠腹地大沙漠地区油气勘探中迫切需要解决的新、老数据成像问题,通过对现有的静校正方法、近地表的特点和资料中的问题三个方面的深入调研和试验,对约束层析静校正等静校正方法及其在该区的应用进行了研究,并获得了如下成果:(1)对层析静校正的约束条件进行了研究,提出了用微测井、大钻测井,相似性、重力等多种数据联合约束反演过程,并获得了成功应用;(2)研究并首次建立了区块内的静校正与表层模型数据库,尤其是在老资料的处理中,应用效果明显;(3)研究解决了该区大量老资料的静校正及成像问题,使大量的老资料从新获得应用;(4)采用实测、微测井等多种近地表数据拟合沙丘曲线,并首次将其应用于该区的地震资料,产生了明显的应用效果;(5)此外,本文还对静校正问题的假设条件、对地震记录的相位、频率的影响和静校正效果的检查与验证等内容进行了分析探讨。
实际应用表明,上述静校正方法和技术对该地区大量的地震数据是适用的和有效的,上述方法在撒哈拉沙漠腹地的大沙漠地区的地震勘探中解决了一定的问题并取得了一定的效果。
For land seismic exploration for hydrocarbons, Static Corrections for seismic reflexion data has long been one of the hottest and yet to be properly solved research and application issues, and might be the top, sophisticated and frustrating issue for oil companies. As the near-surface conditions grow more complicated for exploration, the issue becomes more important than ever. CNPC’s risky exploration concession in deep Sahara desert in Niger is one of areas. A good estimate of statics in these areas facilitates the imaging of reflexions, and may avoid mis-interpretations of geological structures. Therefore the study to resolve the statics problem is of great importance.
(a) The dissertation is funded by CNPC’s exploration and research project in Niger, mainly for the reflexion illumination problems in the newly acquired and the vintage seismic data in the area. Statics contributes a major part to the problem, among other reasons. After careful investigation of the static corrections methods available, the near-surface structure and the characteristics of the problematic seismic data, a systematic study of constrained tomostatics method and other static corrections methods is conducted, through which the following are achieved: based on the study of the constraints for tomostatics, a combined constraints involving uphole data, logging data, surface and LVL bottom correlation data in some areas, and even gravity data is proposed to control the tomographic inversion, and successful application is seen;
(b) The first statics and near-surface model database is proposed and established, and plays a dominant role in the successful processing of the vintage data, the effective application is coducted;
(c) The serious statics and imaging problems of the massive vintage data in the area are tackled with satisfactory results, which relives these vintage data to service the new round of exploration;
(d) A new Sand dune curve method for static corrections incorporating realsurveying data, uphole data and many near-surface model data is proposed and applied to the new and vintage seismic data in the area, and proves successful;
(e) Some research on and analysis of the impacts of statics on the phase and frequency of seismic signals are also carried out, and the inspection and verification of static corrections scenario for practical use is presented.
Real application shows that the methods and approaches proposed and studied in this dissertation are suitable and effective for the statics and also the imaging problems presented in both new and vintage seismic data in this deep desert area in Sahara. And they might be useful for tackle the same problems in similar area with complex surface and subsurface conditions.
引文
[1] 杨贵明,钱荣钧,严峰. 塔里木盆地大沙漠静校正方法. 石油地球物理勘探,1994,29(增刊 1):110～124.
[2] 王家映. 地球物理反演理论. 武汉:中国地质大学出版社,1998.
[3] Berryman J. G. Lecture notes on nonlinear inversion and tomography -- presented at Earth Resources Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Livermore: University of California, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA 94550, 1991.
[4] Cox M. Static corrections for seismic reflection surveys, Geophysical references series 9. Tulsa, OK: Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 1999.
[5] Sheriff R. E. Encyclopedic Dictionary of Applied Geophysics, Fourth Edition. Tulsa, OK.: Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2002.
[6] 李家康,余钦范. 近地表速度的约束层析反演. 石油地球物理勘探,2001,No.2,Vol.36:135～140.
[7] Aki K. and Richards P. G. Quantitative Seismology (Second Edition). Sausalito, California: University Science Books, 2002.
[8] Vidale J. E. Finite-difference calculation of travel time. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 1988, No.6, Vol.78: 2062～2076.
[9] Vidale J. E. Finite-difference calculation of travel time in three dimensions. Geophysics, 1990, 55(5): 521～526.
[10] Qin F., Luo Y., Olsen K. B. et al. Finite-difference solution of the Eikonal equation along expanding wavefronts. Geophysics, 1992, 57(3): 478～487.
[11] Yilmaz,?z. Seismic data analysis -- processing, inversion and interpretation of seismic data, Tulsa, OK: Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2001.
[12] Marsden D. Static corrections -- a review, Part I. The Leading Edge, 1993, No.1: 43～49.
[13] Marsden D. Static corrections -- a review, Part II. The Leading Edge, 1993, No.2: 115～120.
[14] Marsden D. Static corrections -- a review, Part III. The Leading Edge, 1993, No.3: 210～216.
[15] 俞寿朋. 高分辨率地震勘探. 北京:石油工业出版社,1993.
[16] 李庆忠. 走向精确勘探的道路――高分辨率地震勘探系统工程剖析. 北京:石油工业出版社,1994.
[17] Wei X., Liu Y. and Li X. Static correction in desert and loose terrains. EAGE 64th Conference & Exhibition Expanded Abstracts, P022, 2002.
[18] 姚姚. 地震波场与地震勘探. 北京:地质出版社,2006.
[19] Yilmaz, ?z. A unified 2D land seismic data analysis workflow. First Break, 2007, No.2, Vol.25: 43～49.
[20] Hagedoorn, J. G. The plus-minus method of interpreting seismic refraction sections. Geophysical Prospecting,1959,No.2,Vol.7:158～182.
[21] De Amorim, W. N., Hubral, P. and Tygel, M. Computing field statics with the help of seismic tomography. Geophysical Prospecting,1987,No.8,Vol.35:907～919.
[22] Taner, M. T. and Koehler, F. and Alhilali, K. A. Estimation and correction of near-surface time anomalies. Geophysics, 1974,No.4,Vol.39:441～463
[23] Berryhill, J. R. Wave-equation datuming. Geophysics, 1979,No.8,Vol.44:1329～1344.
[24] Shtivelman, V. and Canning, A. Datum correction by wave-equation extrapolation. Geophysics, 1988,No.10,Vol.53:1311～1322.
[25] Bevc, D. Flooding the topography: Wave-equation datuming of land data with rugged acquisition topography. Geophysics, 1997,No.5,Vol.62:1558～1569
[26] 程乾生. 信号数字处理的数学原理. 北京:石油工业出版社,1982.
[27] Claerbout, J. F. Fundamentals of Geophysical Data Processing. California: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1985.
[28] 黄成之,李衍达. 地震初至时间的统计拾取. 见《地球物理信号处理与识别研究报告》,第五辑. 清华大学自动化系信号处理与模式识别研究室,1987:1～14.
[29] 王进海. 关于动、静校正的思考. 石油地球物理勘探,1999,增刊(1),Vol.34:18～26,32.
[30] Reshef, M. and Kosloff, D. Migration of common-shot gathers. Geophysics,1986,No.2,Vol.51:324～331.
[31] Vinje, V., Iversen, E. and Gjoystdal,H. Traveltime and amplitude estimation using wavefront construction. Geophysics, 1993, No.8,Vol.58:1157～1166.
[32] 王彦春,余钦范,李峰,丰少英. 交互迭代静校正方法. 石油物探,1998,No.2,Vol.37:63～70.
[33] 俞寿朋. 关于建立近地表模型和静校正的思考. 见《局聘高级技术专家文集》. 河北涿州:中油集团地球物理勘探局(内部资料),2002:42～73.
[34] Gardner, G. H. F.,Gardner, L. W. and Gregory, A. R. Formation velocity and density – the diagnostic basics of stratigraphic traps. Geophysics, 1974, No.6, Vol.39:770～780.
[35] Berkhout, A. J. CFP technology, new opportunities in seismic processing. In Expanded Abstracts. 70th Ann. Internat. Mtg., Soc. Expl. Geophys., 2000.
[36] 刘伊克,常旭. 地震层析成像反演中解的定量评价及其应用. 地球物理学报,2000,No.2,Vol.43:251～256.
[37] Paige, C. C., Saunders, M. A. LSQR:An algorithm for sparse linear equations and sparse least squares. ACM Transactions on Mathematical software, 1982, No.1, Vol. 8:43～71.
[38] Paige, C. C., Saunders, M. A. Algorithm 583 LSQR: An algorithm for sparse linear equations and sparse least squares. ACM Transactions on Mathematical software, 1982, No.2, Vol.8:195～209.
[39] 林伯香,孙晶梅,徐颖,李博.几种常用静校正方法的讨论.石油物探,2006,No.4,Vol.45:367～372.
[40] Zhang, J. and Toks?z, M. N. Nonlinear refraction traveltime tomography. : Geophysics, 1998, No.5, Vol.63:1726～1737.
[41] Qin, F., Luo, Y., Olsen, K. B., Cai, W. and Schuster, G. T. Finite-difference solution of the eikonal equation along expanding wavefronts. Geophysics, 1992, No.3, Vol.57:478～487.
[42] 谢海兵,马在田,王燕琨. 一种新程函方程差分层析成像. 石油地球物理勘探,1997,32(5):623-628.
[43] Moser, T. J. Efficient seismic ray tracing using graph theory. 59th Ann. Internat. Mtg., Soc. Expl. Geophys., Expanded Abstracts, 1989: 1106～1108.
[44] Moser, T. J. Shortest path calculation of seismic rays. Geophysics, 1991, No.1, Vol.56:59～67.
[45] Saito, H. Traveltime and raypaths of first arrival seismic waves: computation method based on Huygens’ Principle. 59th Ann. Internat. Mtg., Soc. Expl. Geophys., Expanded Abstracts, 1989:244～247.
[46] Saito, H. 3-D ray-tracing method based on Huygens’Principle. 60th Ann. Internat. Mtg., Soc. Expl. Geophys., Expanded Abstracts, 1990:1024～1027.
[47] 熊翥. 地球物理勘探技术的发展及前缘基础理论研究. 见石油地球物理勘探局技术发展中心编,《地球物理技术发展与展望》。河北涿州:石油地球物理勘探局内部资料,2001.
[48] Zhu, X.,Sixta, D. P. and Angstman, B. G. Tomostatics: turning-ray tomography + static correction: Geophysics - The Leading Edge of Exploration, 1992, No.12:15～23.
[49] Stefani, J. P. Turning-ray tomography. Geophysics, 60(6), 1995:1917～1929.
[50] Chun, J. H. and Jacewitz, C. A. The weathering statics problem and first arrival time surfaces. 51st Ann. Internat. Mtg., Soc. Expl. Geophys. (Abstracts), 1981:503～504.
[51] Zanzi, L. The WIM method for refraction statics. Geophysics. 61(6), 1996: 1859～1870.
[52] Zanzi, L., Bellotti, S. and Stucchi, E. 3D refraction statics in the wavenumber domain. Geophysical Prospecting, 49, 2001: 719～727.
[53] L. Zanzi and A. Carlini, Refraction statics in the wavenumber domain. Geophysics, 56(10), 1991: 1661～1670.
[54] Palmer, D. A new direction for shallow refraction seismology--integrating amplitudes and traveltimes with the refraction convolution section. Geophysical Prospecting, Vol.49, 2001: 657～673.
[55] Hill, N. R. Downward continuation of refracted arrivals to determine shallow structure. Geophysics, 52(9), 1987: 1188～1198.
[56] Aldridge, D. F., and Oldenburg, D. W. Refractor imaging using an automated wavefront reconstruction method. Geophysics, 57(3), 1992: 378～385.
[57] Palmer, D. An introduction to the generalized reciprocal method of seismicrefraction interpretation. Geophysics, 46(11), 1981: 1508～1518.
[58] Sj?gren, B. A brief study of applications of the generalized reciprocal method and of some limitations of the method. Geophysical Prospecting, 48, 2000: 815～834.
[59] L. V. Hawkins, The reciprocal method of routine shallow seismic refraction investigations. Geophysics, No.6, Vol.26, 1961: 806～819.
[60] Rajasekaran, S. and McMechan, G. A. Tomographic estimation of the spatial distribution of statics. Geophysics, 61(4), 1996: 1198～1208.
[61] Squires, L. J., Stoffa, P. L. and Cambois, G. Tomographic inversion for velocity plus statics. 61st Ann. Internat. Mtg., Soc. Expl. Geophys., Expanded Abstracts, 1991: 821～824.
[62] Kate C. Miller, Steven H. Harder, Donald C. Adams, and Terry O'Donnell. Integrating high-resolution refraction data into near-surface seismic reflection data processing and interpretation. Geophysics, 63(4), 1998: 1339～1347.
[63] Osypov, K. Robust refraction tomography. 70th Ann. Internat. Mtg., Soc. Expl. Geophys., Expanded Abstracts, 2000: 2032～2035.
[64] M. Turhan Taner, Donald E. Wagner, Edip Baysal, and Lee Lu. A unified method for 2-D and 3-D refraction statics. Geophysics, 63(1), 1998: 260～274.
[65] Coman, R. and Gajewski, D. Traveltime computation by wavefront-oriented ray tracing. Geophysical Prospecting, 53(1), 2005: 23～36.
[66] 熊翥. 复杂地区油气地球物理勘探技术――数据采集. 北京:石油工业出版社,1999
[67] Kelamis, P. G., Verschuur, E., Berkhout, A. J. and Erickson. K. E. Velocity-independent datuming of seismic data. 69th Ann. Internat. Mtg., Soc. Expl. Geophys., Expanded Abstracts. 1999.
[68] 张建中. 近地表介质地震初至波层析成像. 厦门大学学报(自然科学版),43(1),2004: 63～66.
[69] 杨文军,段云卿,姜伟才,于富文. 层析反演静校正. 物探与化探, No.1, Vol.29, 2005: 41～43.
[2] 王家映. 地球物理反演理论. 武汉:中国地质大学出版社,1998.
[3] Berryman J. G. Lecture notes on nonlinear inversion and tomography -- presented at Earth Resources Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Livermore: University of California, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA 94550, 1991.
[4] Cox M. Static corrections for seismic reflection surveys, Geophysical references series 9. Tulsa, OK: Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 1999.
[5] Sheriff R. E. Encyclopedic Dictionary of Applied Geophysics, Fourth Edition. Tulsa, OK.: Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2002.
[6] 李家康,余钦范. 近地表速度的约束层析反演. 石油地球物理勘探,2001,No.2,Vol.36:135～140.
[7] Aki K. and Richards P. G. Quantitative Seismology (Second Edition). Sausalito, California: University Science Books, 2002.
[8] Vidale J. E. Finite-difference calculation of travel time. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 1988, No.6, Vol.78: 2062～2076.
[9] Vidale J. E. Finite-difference calculation of travel time in three dimensions. Geophysics, 1990, 55(5): 521～526.
[10] Qin F., Luo Y., Olsen K. B. et al. Finite-difference solution of the Eikonal equation along expanding wavefronts. Geophysics, 1992, 57(3): 478～487.
[11] Yilmaz,?z. Seismic data analysis -- processing, inversion and interpretation of seismic data, Tulsa, OK: Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2001.
[12] Marsden D. Static corrections -- a review, Part I. The Leading Edge, 1993, No.1: 43～49.
[13] Marsden D. Static corrections -- a review, Part II. The Leading Edge, 1993, No.2: 115～120.
[14] Marsden D. Static corrections -- a review, Part III. The Leading Edge, 1993, No.3: 210～216.
[15] 俞寿朋. 高分辨率地震勘探. 北京:石油工业出版社,1993.
[16] 李庆忠. 走向精确勘探的道路――高分辨率地震勘探系统工程剖析. 北京:石油工业出版社,1994.
[17] Wei X., Liu Y. and Li X. Static correction in desert and loose terrains. EAGE 64th Conference & Exhibition Expanded Abstracts, P022, 2002.
[18] 姚姚. 地震波场与地震勘探. 北京:地质出版社,2006.
[19] Yilmaz, ?z. A unified 2D land seismic data analysis workflow. First Break, 2007, No.2, Vol.25: 43～49.
[20] Hagedoorn, J. G. The plus-minus method of interpreting seismic refraction sections. Geophysical Prospecting,1959,No.2,Vol.7:158～182.
[21] De Amorim, W. N., Hubral, P. and Tygel, M. Computing field statics with the help of seismic tomography. Geophysical Prospecting,1987,No.8,Vol.35:907～919.
[22] Taner, M. T. and Koehler, F. and Alhilali, K. A. Estimation and correction of near-surface time anomalies. Geophysics, 1974,No.4,Vol.39:441～463
[23] Berryhill, J. R. Wave-equation datuming. Geophysics, 1979,No.8,Vol.44:1329～1344.
[24] Shtivelman, V. and Canning, A. Datum correction by wave-equation extrapolation. Geophysics, 1988,No.10,Vol.53:1311～1322.
[25] Bevc, D. Flooding the topography: Wave-equation datuming of land data with rugged acquisition topography. Geophysics, 1997,No.5,Vol.62:1558～1569
[26] 程乾生. 信号数字处理的数学原理. 北京:石油工业出版社,1982.
[27] Claerbout, J. F. Fundamentals of Geophysical Data Processing. California: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1985.
[28] 黄成之,李衍达. 地震初至时间的统计拾取. 见《地球物理信号处理与识别研究报告》,第五辑. 清华大学自动化系信号处理与模式识别研究室,1987:1～14.
[29] 王进海. 关于动、静校正的思考. 石油地球物理勘探,1999,增刊(1),Vol.34:18～26,32.
[30] Reshef, M. and Kosloff, D. Migration of common-shot gathers. Geophysics,1986,No.2,Vol.51:324～331.
[31] Vinje, V., Iversen, E. and Gjoystdal,H. Traveltime and amplitude estimation using wavefront construction. Geophysics, 1993, No.8,Vol.58:1157～1166.
[32] 王彦春,余钦范,李峰,丰少英. 交互迭代静校正方法. 石油物探,1998,No.2,Vol.37:63～70.
[33] 俞寿朋. 关于建立近地表模型和静校正的思考. 见《局聘高级技术专家文集》. 河北涿州:中油集团地球物理勘探局(内部资料),2002:42～73.
[34] Gardner, G. H. F.,Gardner, L. W. and Gregory, A. R. Formation velocity and density – the diagnostic basics of stratigraphic traps. Geophysics, 1974, No.6, Vol.39:770～780.
[35] Berkhout, A. J. CFP technology, new opportunities in seismic processing. In Expanded Abstracts. 70th Ann. Internat. Mtg., Soc. Expl. Geophys., 2000.
[36] 刘伊克,常旭. 地震层析成像反演中解的定量评价及其应用. 地球物理学报,2000,No.2,Vol.43:251～256.
[37] Paige, C. C., Saunders, M. A. LSQR:An algorithm for sparse linear equations and sparse least squares. ACM Transactions on Mathematical software, 1982, No.1, Vol. 8:43～71.
[38] Paige, C. C., Saunders, M. A. Algorithm 583 LSQR: An algorithm for sparse linear equations and sparse least squares. ACM Transactions on Mathematical software, 1982, No.2, Vol.8:195～209.
[39] 林伯香,孙晶梅,徐颖,李博.几种常用静校正方法的讨论.石油物探,2006,No.4,Vol.45:367～372.
[40] Zhang, J. and Toks?z, M. N. Nonlinear refraction traveltime tomography. : Geophysics, 1998, No.5, Vol.63:1726～1737.
[41] Qin, F., Luo, Y., Olsen, K. B., Cai, W. and Schuster, G. T. Finite-difference solution of the eikonal equation along expanding wavefronts. Geophysics, 1992, No.3, Vol.57:478～487.
[42] 谢海兵,马在田,王燕琨. 一种新程函方程差分层析成像. 石油地球物理勘探,1997,32(5):623-628.
[43] Moser, T. J. Efficient seismic ray tracing using graph theory. 59th Ann. Internat. Mtg., Soc. Expl. Geophys., Expanded Abstracts, 1989: 1106～1108.
[44] Moser, T. J. Shortest path calculation of seismic rays. Geophysics, 1991, No.1, Vol.56:59～67.
[45] Saito, H. Traveltime and raypaths of first arrival seismic waves: computation method based on Huygens’ Principle. 59th Ann. Internat. Mtg., Soc. Expl. Geophys., Expanded Abstracts, 1989:244～247.
[46] Saito, H. 3-D ray-tracing method based on Huygens’Principle. 60th Ann. Internat. Mtg., Soc. Expl. Geophys., Expanded Abstracts, 1990:1024～1027.
[47] 熊翥. 地球物理勘探技术的发展及前缘基础理论研究. 见石油地球物理勘探局技术发展中心编,《地球物理技术发展与展望》。河北涿州:石油地球物理勘探局内部资料,2001.
[48] Zhu, X.,Sixta, D. P. and Angstman, B. G. Tomostatics: turning-ray tomography + static correction: Geophysics - The Leading Edge of Exploration, 1992, No.12:15～23.
[49] Stefani, J. P. Turning-ray tomography. Geophysics, 60(6), 1995:1917～1929.
[50] Chun, J. H. and Jacewitz, C. A. The weathering statics problem and first arrival time surfaces. 51st Ann. Internat. Mtg., Soc. Expl. Geophys. (Abstracts), 1981:503～504.
[51] Zanzi, L. The WIM method for refraction statics. Geophysics. 61(6), 1996: 1859～1870.
[52] Zanzi, L., Bellotti, S. and Stucchi, E. 3D refraction statics in the wavenumber domain. Geophysical Prospecting, 49, 2001: 719～727.
[53] L. Zanzi and A. Carlini, Refraction statics in the wavenumber domain. Geophysics, 56(10), 1991: 1661～1670.
[54] Palmer, D. A new direction for shallow refraction seismology--integrating amplitudes and traveltimes with the refraction convolution section. Geophysical Prospecting, Vol.49, 2001: 657～673.
[55] Hill, N. R. Downward continuation of refracted arrivals to determine shallow structure. Geophysics, 52(9), 1987: 1188～1198.
[56] Aldridge, D. F., and Oldenburg, D. W. Refractor imaging using an automated wavefront reconstruction method. Geophysics, 57(3), 1992: 378～385.
[57] Palmer, D. An introduction to the generalized reciprocal method of seismicrefraction interpretation. Geophysics, 46(11), 1981: 1508～1518.
[58] Sj?gren, B. A brief study of applications of the generalized reciprocal method and of some limitations of the method. Geophysical Prospecting, 48, 2000: 815～834.
[59] L. V. Hawkins, The reciprocal method of routine shallow seismic refraction investigations. Geophysics, No.6, Vol.26, 1961: 806～819.
[60] Rajasekaran, S. and McMechan, G. A. Tomographic estimation of the spatial distribution of statics. Geophysics, 61(4), 1996: 1198～1208.
[61] Squires, L. J., Stoffa, P. L. and Cambois, G. Tomographic inversion for velocity plus statics. 61st Ann. Internat. Mtg., Soc. Expl. Geophys., Expanded Abstracts, 1991: 821～824.
[62] Kate C. Miller, Steven H. Harder, Donald C. Adams, and Terry O'Donnell. Integrating high-resolution refraction data into near-surface seismic reflection data processing and interpretation. Geophysics, 63(4), 1998: 1339～1347.
[63] Osypov, K. Robust refraction tomography. 70th Ann. Internat. Mtg., Soc. Expl. Geophys., Expanded Abstracts, 2000: 2032～2035.
[64] M. Turhan Taner, Donald E. Wagner, Edip Baysal, and Lee Lu. A unified method for 2-D and 3-D refraction statics. Geophysics, 63(1), 1998: 260～274.
[65] Coman, R. and Gajewski, D. Traveltime computation by wavefront-oriented ray tracing. Geophysical Prospecting, 53(1), 2005: 23～36.
[66] 熊翥. 复杂地区油气地球物理勘探技术――数据采集. 北京:石油工业出版社,1999
[67] Kelamis, P. G., Verschuur, E., Berkhout, A. J. and Erickson. K. E. Velocity-independent datuming of seismic data. 69th Ann. Internat. Mtg., Soc. Expl. Geophys., Expanded Abstracts. 1999.
[68] 张建中. 近地表介质地震初至波层析成像. 厦门大学学报(自然科学版),43(1),2004: 63～66.
[69] 杨文军,段云卿,姜伟才,于富文. 层析反演静校正. 物探与化探, No.1, Vol.29, 2005: 41～43.