吉首苗族语言使用情况调查
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摘要
在全球化和城市化大背景下,世界各国各民族之间的交流日趋频繁,不同语言或语言变体之间的接触日益增加。世界上所有的多民族国家都不可避免地面临着双语或多语的问题。受经济利益、社会动机和地位意识等的驱动,少数民族语言受到强势语言的威胁,其使用情况逐渐发生变化。随着经济文化的发展,我国少数民族对汉语的需求不断增强,湘西土家族苗族自治州首府吉首市是苗族聚居地,在强势语言汉语的影响下,吉首苗族人兼用汉语,甚至部分苗族人放弃苗语,转用汉语,苗语出现了衰退的征兆。语言是文化的载体,世界文明的多样性在很大程度上表现为世界语言的多样性。少数民族语言的生存问题引起了学者们的关注。
本研究以社会语言学双语研究为指导,运用社会语言学研究方法,采用观察法和问卷调查等手段,对湖南吉首苗语使用情况进行实地调查。调查员作为吉首苗族的成员之一,采用参与观察法,凭借自己的亲身经历,搜集归纳了苗族家庭中几代人语言使用的发展变化和发展趋势的信息,对吉首苗语的使用情况及影响其使用的相关社会因素进行定性分析。作为对观察法的补充,调查员对吉首本地90名不同职业,不同教育背景,不同年龄,不同生活环境的苗族人进行了问卷调查。采用统计软件SPSS(13.0)和EXCEL(2000)对调查数据进行定量分析。
研究发现,苗族人对于本族语苗语有着天然的感情,认为是体现亲和力和民族身份认同的重要工具。吉首苗语虽然还有相当的语言活力,但是在全球化和城市化大背景下,苗语不可避免地出现了衰退的征兆,吉首苗族成为双语及多语言语社区,汉语作为他们的第二语言逐渐被掌握,使用范围也越来越广泛。在家庭内部的代际传承中,年轻一代兼通汉语的程度比上一代人普遍要高,甚至部分人转用汉语;吉首苗族的双语使用在不同区域、不同教育背景、不同性别、不同年龄的情况下具有一定的差异;在不同场合中,苗语与汉语的使用形成功能上的互补,苗语主要用于家庭场合,汉语主要用于公众场合;吉首苗族人的语言态度也促使其对兼用甚至转用汉语持肯定态度;少数民族教育事业的发展极大促进了苗族汉语文程度的提高;此外,在强势语言、经济形态、族际通婚、没有普及的苗族文字等因素影响下,苗族人的双语化趋势愈益明显,苗语出现向汉语转化的趋势,甚至部分苗族人放弃了本族语转用汉语。任何一种民族语言都负载着优秀的民族传统文化,扬弃自己的本族母语,在某种程度上就是放弃了一种优秀的民族文化。因此,国家在大力推广共同语的同时,应当加强少数民族语言的维持。
本研究有助于了解少数民族的语言状况,对政府语言政策的制定和执行有一定的积极意义。
因条件有限,本研究的结论还不够成熟,有待于更为深入的研究来进一步论证。
In the great context of globalization and urbanization, the exchanges among different countries and different nationalities in the world are becoming more and more frequent, thus the contacts between various languages or varieties are accordingly increasing. All the multinational countries in the world are inevitably facing the issue of bilingualism or multilingualism. In view of economic interests, social motivation and status awareness, minority languages are threatened by strong languages. With the development of economy and culture, minority nationalities in our country have an increasing need for Han language. Jishou city, which is the provincial city of Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture of Tujia and Miao Nationalities, is the habitation of Miao nationality. Influenced by the powerful Han language, Miao people in Jishou shift to Han language and Miao language has a decline tendency. Language is the carrier of culture, and to a large extent the diversity of the world’s civilization is embodied in the world’s linguistic diversity. Therefore, the survival of minority languages arouses many scholars’concern.
This research, which is guided by bilingualism study of sociolinguistics, adopts the sociolinguistic research approaches of observation and questionnaire to explore the language use of Jishou Miao nationality. The investigator, as a member of Jishou Miao nationality, adopts participant observation to document Miao language intergenerational transmission and make qualitative analysis. As a supplement to the participant observation, a questionnaire is conducted to 90 informants with various occupation, education background, age and place of residence, etc. The data is processed with SPSS (13.0) and EXCEL (2000) to quantitatively analyze the language situation of Miao nationality in Jishou and some related social variables.
It is found in the research that Miao people have a natural passion with their ethnic language and they regard Miao language as a vital means to confirm solidarity and in-group identity. Though, to some extent, Miao language is still of vitality, Miao language unavoidably has a decline tendency and Miao nationality in Jishou has become a bilingual and multilingual community in which Han language is gradually mastered as their second language and is used in wider and wider scope. As for the intergenerational language transmission, the younger generation is more likely to shift to Han language than the older generation. The language use of Jishou Miao nationality varies with respect to different occasions, different education background, different gender and different ages. Miao language and Han language are employed in complementary distribution across different situations, that is, Miao language is mainly used in home domain and Han language in public domains. Miao people’s positive attitude towards Han language accelerates the shift from Miao language to Han language. With the development of ethnic education, Miao people’s proficiency in Han Chinese keeps improving. In addition, other factors such as powerful language, economic pattern, mixed marriage and no vulgate writing system will affect the use of Miao language. There exists an increasing trend that Miao people shift to Han language and even some of them transfer to Han language. Any kind of ethnic languages is loaded with excellent ethnic culture. To abandon one’s own ethnic language is in a sense to give up a kind of outstanding ethnic culture. Therefore, when making great efforts to popularize national lingua franca, the nation should also strengthen the maintenance of minority languages.
The result of this research helps treat language situation of minority nationality and influences the policy making of the government and the implementation of language policy.
Due to the limitations of the present study, the findings and conclusion of this thesis are preliminary, which requires further research at a more general level.
本研究以社会语言学双语研究为指导,运用社会语言学研究方法,采用观察法和问卷调查等手段,对湖南吉首苗语使用情况进行实地调查。调查员作为吉首苗族的成员之一,采用参与观察法,凭借自己的亲身经历,搜集归纳了苗族家庭中几代人语言使用的发展变化和发展趋势的信息,对吉首苗语的使用情况及影响其使用的相关社会因素进行定性分析。作为对观察法的补充,调查员对吉首本地90名不同职业,不同教育背景,不同年龄,不同生活环境的苗族人进行了问卷调查。采用统计软件SPSS(13.0)和EXCEL(2000)对调查数据进行定量分析。
研究发现,苗族人对于本族语苗语有着天然的感情,认为是体现亲和力和民族身份认同的重要工具。吉首苗语虽然还有相当的语言活力,但是在全球化和城市化大背景下,苗语不可避免地出现了衰退的征兆,吉首苗族成为双语及多语言语社区,汉语作为他们的第二语言逐渐被掌握,使用范围也越来越广泛。在家庭内部的代际传承中,年轻一代兼通汉语的程度比上一代人普遍要高,甚至部分人转用汉语;吉首苗族的双语使用在不同区域、不同教育背景、不同性别、不同年龄的情况下具有一定的差异;在不同场合中,苗语与汉语的使用形成功能上的互补,苗语主要用于家庭场合,汉语主要用于公众场合;吉首苗族人的语言态度也促使其对兼用甚至转用汉语持肯定态度;少数民族教育事业的发展极大促进了苗族汉语文程度的提高;此外,在强势语言、经济形态、族际通婚、没有普及的苗族文字等因素影响下,苗族人的双语化趋势愈益明显,苗语出现向汉语转化的趋势,甚至部分苗族人放弃了本族语转用汉语。任何一种民族语言都负载着优秀的民族传统文化,扬弃自己的本族母语,在某种程度上就是放弃了一种优秀的民族文化。因此,国家在大力推广共同语的同时,应当加强少数民族语言的维持。
本研究有助于了解少数民族的语言状况,对政府语言政策的制定和执行有一定的积极意义。
因条件有限,本研究的结论还不够成熟,有待于更为深入的研究来进一步论证。
In the great context of globalization and urbanization, the exchanges among different countries and different nationalities in the world are becoming more and more frequent, thus the contacts between various languages or varieties are accordingly increasing. All the multinational countries in the world are inevitably facing the issue of bilingualism or multilingualism. In view of economic interests, social motivation and status awareness, minority languages are threatened by strong languages. With the development of economy and culture, minority nationalities in our country have an increasing need for Han language. Jishou city, which is the provincial city of Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture of Tujia and Miao Nationalities, is the habitation of Miao nationality. Influenced by the powerful Han language, Miao people in Jishou shift to Han language and Miao language has a decline tendency. Language is the carrier of culture, and to a large extent the diversity of the world’s civilization is embodied in the world’s linguistic diversity. Therefore, the survival of minority languages arouses many scholars’concern.
This research, which is guided by bilingualism study of sociolinguistics, adopts the sociolinguistic research approaches of observation and questionnaire to explore the language use of Jishou Miao nationality. The investigator, as a member of Jishou Miao nationality, adopts participant observation to document Miao language intergenerational transmission and make qualitative analysis. As a supplement to the participant observation, a questionnaire is conducted to 90 informants with various occupation, education background, age and place of residence, etc. The data is processed with SPSS (13.0) and EXCEL (2000) to quantitatively analyze the language situation of Miao nationality in Jishou and some related social variables.
It is found in the research that Miao people have a natural passion with their ethnic language and they regard Miao language as a vital means to confirm solidarity and in-group identity. Though, to some extent, Miao language is still of vitality, Miao language unavoidably has a decline tendency and Miao nationality in Jishou has become a bilingual and multilingual community in which Han language is gradually mastered as their second language and is used in wider and wider scope. As for the intergenerational language transmission, the younger generation is more likely to shift to Han language than the older generation. The language use of Jishou Miao nationality varies with respect to different occasions, different education background, different gender and different ages. Miao language and Han language are employed in complementary distribution across different situations, that is, Miao language is mainly used in home domain and Han language in public domains. Miao people’s positive attitude towards Han language accelerates the shift from Miao language to Han language. With the development of ethnic education, Miao people’s proficiency in Han Chinese keeps improving. In addition, other factors such as powerful language, economic pattern, mixed marriage and no vulgate writing system will affect the use of Miao language. There exists an increasing trend that Miao people shift to Han language and even some of them transfer to Han language. Any kind of ethnic languages is loaded with excellent ethnic culture. To abandon one’s own ethnic language is in a sense to give up a kind of outstanding ethnic culture. Therefore, when making great efforts to popularize national lingua franca, the nation should also strengthen the maintenance of minority languages.
The result of this research helps treat language situation of minority nationality and influences the policy making of the government and the implementation of language policy.
Due to the limitations of the present study, the findings and conclusion of this thesis are preliminary, which requires further research at a more general level.
引文
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Batibo, Herman. The Fate of Ethnic Languages in Tanzania. In Brenzinger 1992.
Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. New York: Houghton, 1933.
Breitborde, L. B.“Levels of Anaysis in Socioinguistic Explanation”. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 39. (1983): 5-34.
Brenzinger and Gerrit J. Dimmendaal. Social Context of Language Death. Berlin: Mouton, 1992.
Chaika, E. Language: the Social Mirror. Rowley, MA: Newbury House, 1982.
Clyne Michael. Dynamics of Language Contact. London: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Crystal David. Language Death. London: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Edwards, J. R. Language Attitudes and Their Implications Among English Speakers. In E. B, 1994.
Fasold, Ralph. The Sociolinguistics of Society. Oxford: Blackwell, 1984.
---. The Sociolinguistics of Language. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.
Ferguson, Charles“A. Sociolinguistic Perspectives: Papers of Charles A. Ferguson”. New York: Oxford University Press, 1959: 84-102.
---. Diglossia. Reprinted in A. Dil, ed., Language Structure and Language Use: Essays by Charles Ferguson. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 1972.
Fishman, Joshua A.“Bilingualism with and without Diglossia; Dialossia with and without Bilingualism”. Journal of Social Issues, 23. 2. (1971): 29-31.
---. Language Loyalty in the United States: the Maintenance and Perpetuation of Non-English Moth Tongues by American Ethnic and Religious Groups. Berlin: Mouton, 1966.
---. Reversing Language Shift: Theoretical and Empirical Foundations of Assistance to Threatened Languages. Clevedon/Philadelphia: Multilingual Matters, 1991.
---. The sociology of Language. Rowley, MA: Newbery House, 1972.
Fought, J.“Patterns of Sociolinguistic Inequity in Mesoamerica”. In Language of Inequality. N. Wolfson, N. and Manes, J. ed. Berlin: Mouton, 1985: 21-39.
Gal, S. The Political Economy of Code Choice. In Heller, 1988.
Giles Howard, Richard Bourhis, and Donald Taylor. In Howard Giles ed., Language, Ethnicity, and Intergroup Relations. New York: Academic Press, 1997.
Greenwood, A. G. and Banaji, M. R.“Implicit Social Cognition: Attitudes, Self-esteem, and Stereotypes”. Psychological Review, 102 (1995): 4-27.
Grimes, B., ed. Ethnologue: Languages of the world. 14th ed. Dallas, TX.: SIL., 2000. Grosjean, F. Life with Two Languages: An Introduction to Bilingualism. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1982.
Gumperz, J.J. Language in Social Groups. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1971.
Haarmann Harald.“Language Planning in the Light of a General Theory of Language: A Methodological Framework”. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 6. (1990): 103-12.
Hale, Ken. Endangered Languages: Language Loss and Community Response. Eds. Lenore A. Grenoble, and Lindsay J. Whaley. London: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Haslett, B.“Social Class, Social Status and Communicative Behavior.”In H. Giles and W. P. Robinson (Eds.), Handbook of Language and Social Psychology , UK: Wiley, (1990): 329-44.
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