聚束SAR极坐标格式算法研究
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摘要
合成孔径雷达(SAR)是一种高分辨率成像雷达，它具有全天候、全天时的工作能力，其对于国防技术现代化和国民经济建设具有十分重要的意义。聚束式合成孔径雷达是SAR的一种高分辨率成像模式，它可获得传统条带SAR无法达到的高方位分辨率。本文结合仿真数据和实测数据，对运用于聚束SAR成像的一种经典成像算法一极坐标格式算法(PFA)进行了研究。全文主要内容概括为：
第一章简要介绍SAR和聚束SAR的发展及研究现状，并说明本文的研究内容。
第二章阐述SAR成像原理，并对条带和聚束模式下的分辨率问题进行分析。
第三章介绍聚束SAR去调频技术的原理及去除剩余视频相位误差的实现步骤。
第四章阐述PFA的成像机理，以点目标仿真和实测数据验证PFA的成像性能，着重介绍了从条带测绘数据中提取等效聚束数据的转换方法，最后分析了PFA的局限性。
第五章介绍距离徙动算法(RMA)的原理，着重比较PFA和RMA的成像性能。
Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR) is a kind of imaging radar with fine resolution capability and the possibility of day/night operation in all weather, which is of great importance to the modernization of national defence technology and national economy development. Spotlight Mode SAR is an important imaging mode of SAR, which can obtain high azimuth resolution that might be hardly obtained by the conventional stripmap SAR. This dissertation studies the Polar Format Algorithm(PFA) which is typically used in the image formation of the Spotlight Mode SAR through the processing of the simulated data and live data. The main contents of this dissertation are as follows.
Chapter 1 introduces the development and reaearch situation of SAR and Spotlight Mode SAR in detail. Finally, the main research contents of this paper are summarized.
Chapter 2 introduces the image formation theory of SAR and analyzes the resolution problem under the stripmap mode and the spotlight mode.
Chapter 3 explains the theory of dechirp technic used in the Spotlight SAR at length and introduces the practical realization procedure of eliminating the residual video phase.
Chapter 4 elaborates on the image formation theory of PFA and shows the images formed through the point targets simulation and live data. Paticularly, a data convertion method from stripmap raw data to the equivalent spotlight data is introduced and the limitation of PFA is also analyzed.
Chapter 5 analyzes the image formation theory of Range Migration Algorithm(RMA) and compares the image forming performance of PFA with that of RMA in detail.
第一章简要介绍SAR和聚束SAR的发展及研究现状，并说明本文的研究内容。
第二章阐述SAR成像原理，并对条带和聚束模式下的分辨率问题进行分析。
第三章介绍聚束SAR去调频技术的原理及去除剩余视频相位误差的实现步骤。
第四章阐述PFA的成像机理，以点目标仿真和实测数据验证PFA的成像性能，着重介绍了从条带测绘数据中提取等效聚束数据的转换方法，最后分析了PFA的局限性。
第五章介绍距离徙动算法(RMA)的原理，着重比较PFA和RMA的成像性能。
Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR) is a kind of imaging radar with fine resolution capability and the possibility of day/night operation in all weather, which is of great importance to the modernization of national defence technology and national economy development. Spotlight Mode SAR is an important imaging mode of SAR, which can obtain high azimuth resolution that might be hardly obtained by the conventional stripmap SAR. This dissertation studies the Polar Format Algorithm(PFA) which is typically used in the image formation of the Spotlight Mode SAR through the processing of the simulated data and live data. The main contents of this dissertation are as follows.
Chapter 1 introduces the development and reaearch situation of SAR and Spotlight Mode SAR in detail. Finally, the main research contents of this paper are summarized.
Chapter 2 introduces the image formation theory of SAR and analyzes the resolution problem under the stripmap mode and the spotlight mode.
Chapter 3 explains the theory of dechirp technic used in the Spotlight SAR at length and introduces the practical realization procedure of eliminating the residual video phase.
Chapter 4 elaborates on the image formation theory of PFA and shows the images formed through the point targets simulation and live data. Paticularly, a data convertion method from stripmap raw data to the equivalent spotlight data is introduced and the limitation of PFA is also analyzed.
Chapter 5 analyzes the image formation theory of Range Migration Algorithm(RMA) and compares the image forming performance of PFA with that of RMA in detail.
引文
[1] Carl A. Wiley,"Synthetic Aperture Radars", IEEE Trans. On AES, Vol.21, No.3,pp.440-443, May 1985
[2] Ausherman D. A., et al., "Developments in Radar Imaging", IEEE Trans on AES,Vol.20, No.4, pp.363-381, July 1984
[3] Curlander J. C., McDononough R. N., "Synthetic Aperture Radar: System and Signal Processing",John Wiley&Sons, INC., 1991
[4] 张澄波，合成孔径雷达：原理、系统分析与应用，科学出版社，1989年
[5] Carrara W. G., Goodman R. S., Majewski R. M., Spotlight Synthetic Aperture Radar: Signal Processing Algorithms[M]. Norwood, MA, Artech House, 1995
[6] Charles V. Jakowatz, Jr., Daniel E. Wahl, Paul H. Eichel, et al., Spotlight-mode Synthetic Aperture Radar: A Signal Processing Approach[M], Kluwer Academic Publishers,Norwell Mass., 1996
[7] Donald R. Wehner, High Resolution Radar[M], Artech House, 1987
[8] Kirk J. C, "Digital Synthetic Aperture Radar Technology", IEEE International Radar Conference Record, pp.482-487, 1975
[9] Elahci C., Bicknell T., Jordan R. L. et al., "Spacebome Synthetic Aperture Imaging Radars:Applicaton, Techniques, and Technology." Proc. of IEEE., Vol.70, No. 10, pp. 1174-1209, 1982
[10] Zhu Xixing,Zhu Minhui, "the Development of On-board Imaging Processors for Air-borne SAR in China", EUSAR'96, pp.343-346
[11] Walker J. L., "Range-Doppler Imaging of Rotation Objects", IEEE Trans. on AES,Vol.16, No.1, pp.23-51, Jan. 1980
[12] Scudder H. J., "Introduction to Computer Aided Tomography", Proc. of IEEE,Vol.66, No.6, pp.628-637, June 1978
[13] William M. Brown, Ronald J. Fredricks, "Range-Doppler Imaging with Motion Through Resolution Cells", IEEE Trans. on AES, Vol.5, No.1, Jan. 1969
[14] D. C. Munson, Jr., J. D. O'Brien, and W. K. Jenkins, "A Tomographic Formulation of Spotlight-Mode Synthetic Aperture Radar," Processing of the IEEE , Vol.72, No.8,pp.917-925, Aug. 1983
[15] Doerry A. W., "Synthetic Aperture Radar Processing with Polar Formatted Subaperture", Conference Record of the Twenty-Eighth Asilomar Conference on Volume:2, Vol.2, pp.1210-1215, 1994
[16] Burns B. L., Cordaro J. T., "A SAR Image-Formation Algorithm that Compensates
for the Spatially-Variant Effects of Antenna Motion", SPIE Proceeding, Vol.2230,Orlando,Apr. 1994
[17] C. Cafforio, C. Prati, and F. Rocca, "SAR Data Focusing Using Seismic Migration TechniqueS", IEEE Trans. on AES, Vol.27, N0.2, pp. 194-206, Mar. 1991
[18] M. D. Desai, W. K. Jenkins,"Convolutional Backprojection Image Reconstruction for Spotlight Mode Synthetic Aperture Radar", IEEE Trans. on Image Processing, Vol. 1,No.4, pp.505-517, Oct. 1992 ~
[19] Ali F. Yegulalp, "Fast Backprojectional Algorithm for SAR", Radar Conference, the Record of the 1999 IEEE, pp.60-65, 1999
[20] Rancy R. K., Runge H., Bamler, R., et al., "Precision SAR Processing Using Chirp Scaling", IEEE Trans. GE., Vol.32, No.4, Jul. 1994
[21] Josef Mittermayer, Alberto Moreira, "Spotlight SAR Processing Using the Extened Chirp Scaling Algorithm ", IGARSS'97, Vol.4, pp.2021-2023
[22] Josef Mittermayer, Alberto Moreira, et al., "Spotlight Processing of Wide-beam Stripmap SAR Data Using the Frequency Scaling Algorithm", IGARSS'98, Vol.2, pp.1177-1179
[23] Josef Mittermayer, Alberto Moreira, et al., "Spotlight SAR Data Processing Using the Frequency Scaling Algorithm", IEEE Trans. on GE., Vol.37, No.5, Sep. 1999
[24] D. E. Washl, et al., "Phase Gradient Autofocus-A Robust Tool for High Resolution SAR Phase Correction", IEEE Trans. on AES, Vol.30, No.3, pp.827-835, Jul.1994
[25] P. H. Eichel, Jakowatz C. V., "Phase-gradient Algorithm as an.Optical Estimator of the Phase Derivative", Optics Letters, Vol. 14, No.20, pp. 1101-1103, Oct. 1989
[26] Ghiglia D. C., Brown W. D., "Some Method for Reduction Propagation-Induced Phase Errors in Coherent Imaging Systems", Ⅱ. Numerical Results, J.Opt. Soc. AM. A, Vol.5, No.6, pp.942-957, 1988
[27] Stacy N J S. "Range Cell Migration in Spotlight Polar Format Algorithm". IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing symposium Proceedings[C], pp.2275～2277, 2000
[28] Yeo T S, Tan N L, Lu Y H, et al. "A Atripmap to Spotlight Data Converting Algorithm". IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium Proceedings[C]. 1998.1168～1170
[29] 武听伟，朱兆达，基于聚束照射SAR成像算法的条带SAR数据处理[J]，南京航空航天大学学报，2002，34(5)：466～469
[30] Jung Ah Lee, Munson, D. C., Jr., "Effect of a Nonplanar Wavefront in Spotlight-Mode Synthetic Aperture Radar", Imaging Processing, 1994. Proceedings. ICIP-94.,IEEE International Conference, Vol. 1, pp.481-485
[2] Ausherman D. A., et al., "Developments in Radar Imaging", IEEE Trans on AES,Vol.20, No.4, pp.363-381, July 1984
[3] Curlander J. C., McDononough R. N., "Synthetic Aperture Radar: System and Signal Processing",John Wiley&Sons, INC., 1991
[4] 张澄波，合成孔径雷达：原理、系统分析与应用，科学出版社，1989年
[5] Carrara W. G., Goodman R. S., Majewski R. M., Spotlight Synthetic Aperture Radar: Signal Processing Algorithms[M]. Norwood, MA, Artech House, 1995
[6] Charles V. Jakowatz, Jr., Daniel E. Wahl, Paul H. Eichel, et al., Spotlight-mode Synthetic Aperture Radar: A Signal Processing Approach[M], Kluwer Academic Publishers,Norwell Mass., 1996
[7] Donald R. Wehner, High Resolution Radar[M], Artech House, 1987
[8] Kirk J. C, "Digital Synthetic Aperture Radar Technology", IEEE International Radar Conference Record, pp.482-487, 1975
[9] Elahci C., Bicknell T., Jordan R. L. et al., "Spacebome Synthetic Aperture Imaging Radars:Applicaton, Techniques, and Technology." Proc. of IEEE., Vol.70, No. 10, pp. 1174-1209, 1982
[10] Zhu Xixing,Zhu Minhui, "the Development of On-board Imaging Processors for Air-borne SAR in China", EUSAR'96, pp.343-346
[11] Walker J. L., "Range-Doppler Imaging of Rotation Objects", IEEE Trans. on AES,Vol.16, No.1, pp.23-51, Jan. 1980
[12] Scudder H. J., "Introduction to Computer Aided Tomography", Proc. of IEEE,Vol.66, No.6, pp.628-637, June 1978
[13] William M. Brown, Ronald J. Fredricks, "Range-Doppler Imaging with Motion Through Resolution Cells", IEEE Trans. on AES, Vol.5, No.1, Jan. 1969
[14] D. C. Munson, Jr., J. D. O'Brien, and W. K. Jenkins, "A Tomographic Formulation of Spotlight-Mode Synthetic Aperture Radar," Processing of the IEEE , Vol.72, No.8,pp.917-925, Aug. 1983
[15] Doerry A. W., "Synthetic Aperture Radar Processing with Polar Formatted Subaperture", Conference Record of the Twenty-Eighth Asilomar Conference on Volume:2, Vol.2, pp.1210-1215, 1994
[16] Burns B. L., Cordaro J. T., "A SAR Image-Formation Algorithm that Compensates
for the Spatially-Variant Effects of Antenna Motion", SPIE Proceeding, Vol.2230,Orlando,Apr. 1994
[17] C. Cafforio, C. Prati, and F. Rocca, "SAR Data Focusing Using Seismic Migration TechniqueS", IEEE Trans. on AES, Vol.27, N0.2, pp. 194-206, Mar. 1991
[18] M. D. Desai, W. K. Jenkins,"Convolutional Backprojection Image Reconstruction for Spotlight Mode Synthetic Aperture Radar", IEEE Trans. on Image Processing, Vol. 1,No.4, pp.505-517, Oct. 1992 ~
[19] Ali F. Yegulalp, "Fast Backprojectional Algorithm for SAR", Radar Conference, the Record of the 1999 IEEE, pp.60-65, 1999
[20] Rancy R. K., Runge H., Bamler, R., et al., "Precision SAR Processing Using Chirp Scaling", IEEE Trans. GE., Vol.32, No.4, Jul. 1994
[21] Josef Mittermayer, Alberto Moreira, "Spotlight SAR Processing Using the Extened Chirp Scaling Algorithm ", IGARSS'97, Vol.4, pp.2021-2023
[22] Josef Mittermayer, Alberto Moreira, et al., "Spotlight Processing of Wide-beam Stripmap SAR Data Using the Frequency Scaling Algorithm", IGARSS'98, Vol.2, pp.1177-1179
[23] Josef Mittermayer, Alberto Moreira, et al., "Spotlight SAR Data Processing Using the Frequency Scaling Algorithm", IEEE Trans. on GE., Vol.37, No.5, Sep. 1999
[24] D. E. Washl, et al., "Phase Gradient Autofocus-A Robust Tool for High Resolution SAR Phase Correction", IEEE Trans. on AES, Vol.30, No.3, pp.827-835, Jul.1994
[25] P. H. Eichel, Jakowatz C. V., "Phase-gradient Algorithm as an.Optical Estimator of the Phase Derivative", Optics Letters, Vol. 14, No.20, pp. 1101-1103, Oct. 1989
[26] Ghiglia D. C., Brown W. D., "Some Method for Reduction Propagation-Induced Phase Errors in Coherent Imaging Systems", Ⅱ. Numerical Results, J.Opt. Soc. AM. A, Vol.5, No.6, pp.942-957, 1988
[27] Stacy N J S. "Range Cell Migration in Spotlight Polar Format Algorithm". IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing symposium Proceedings[C], pp.2275～2277, 2000
[28] Yeo T S, Tan N L, Lu Y H, et al. "A Atripmap to Spotlight Data Converting Algorithm". IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium Proceedings[C]. 1998.1168～1170
[29] 武听伟，朱兆达，基于聚束照射SAR成像算法的条带SAR数据处理[J]，南京航空航天大学学报，2002，34(5)：466～469
[30] Jung Ah Lee, Munson, D. C., Jr., "Effect of a Nonplanar Wavefront in Spotlight-Mode Synthetic Aperture Radar", Imaging Processing, 1994. Proceedings. ICIP-94.,IEEE International Conference, Vol. 1, pp.481-485