离子液体电解质的研制及其在染料敏化太阳能电池中的应用
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摘要
染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSCs)具有效率高、容易制作、成本低等众多优点，引起了科学界和工业界极大的关注。但电解质中有机溶剂及其它液态组分的挥发与泄露、界面电子复合等因素制约了染料敏化太阳能电池的稳定性和效率的进一步提高。
本论文主要研究了离子液体(ILs)体系下的凝胶电解质的制备、功能性离子液体与界面修饰材料的的设计合成以及它们在染料敏化太阳能电池中的应用。研究内容主要包括以下几个方面：
(1)设计合成了两种光化学稳定的聚离子液体(Poly(ILs))，包括聚(1-丁基-3-乙烯基咪唑溴化盐)([PBVIm][Br])和聚(1-丁基-3-乙烯基咪唑双三氟甲磺酰亚胺盐)([PBVIm][TFSI])，将它们溶解于室温离子液体电解质中形成IL/Poly(ILs)准固态电解质。在标准的测试条件下，组装的“solvent-free”准固态电池效率最高为4.4%。该电池能有效克服传统有机溶剂和液态电解质容易挥发和泄露的问题，有望用于准固态染料敏化太阳能电池的制备。
(2)利用原位聚合离子液体单体1-丁基-3-乙烯基咪唑双三氟甲磺酰亚胺盐([BVIm][TFSI])制备准固态染料敏化太阳能电池。研究了碘含量对凝胶的电导率和I3-的扩散速率的影响。基于原位聚合凝胶电解质的电池在标准测试条件下，效率最高为5.01%。
(3)设计合成了苯并咪唑功能化的离子液体添加剂，并应用于染料敏化太阳能电池。热失重分析表明这种添加剂具有很高的热稳定性。结合光电流-电压曲线、电化学阻抗谱、塔菲尔曲线及电池的稳定性测试等分析手段，对制作的电池进行了电学性能表征。在AM1.5和光强50mW/cm2的测试条件下，制作的电池效率最高为7.79%。这类新型的离子液体添加剂有望取代传统的添加剂用于染料敏化太阳能电池的制备。
(4)设计合成了一种具有光散射作用的N-6-(4-氰基联苯-4’-氧)己基苯并咪唑(NCHB)，用于修饰染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSCs)的TiO2光阳极，并应用于离子液体电解质和全固态电解质染料敏化太阳能电池。这种表面修饰材料除了具有添加剂的功能外，还能抑制了电子复合速率、优化电解质的电导率并增强了TiO2光阳极的光捕获效率，因此对TiO2光阳极进行表面修饰能明显增强电池性能。在标准测试条件下，制作的离子液体基和全固态的电池的效率分别为6.63%和5.82%。这种新颖的界面修饰方法可用于其它不含有传统添加剂的染料敏化太阳能电池的制备。
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are currently attracting a great deal of academicand industrial interest because of their high efficiency, easy assembly and low cost.However, the leakage and volatilization of organic solvent and other volatilecomposition in the electrolyte as well as the electron recombination at theTiO2/electrolyte interface limit the long-term performance of high performance DSSCs.
Our work in this thesis can be summarized as follows:
(1) Photochemically stable poly(ionic liquids)(Poly(ILs)) including [PBVIm][Br]and [PBVIm][TFSI]) were synthesized and dissolved in the room temperature ionicliquids (ILs) to form quasi-solid-state electrolytes for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs),without using any volatile organic solvent. Compared with the conventionalPoly(St-AN)-based gel, the conductivity, diffusion coefficients of I3-and viscosity werealso investigated. The DSSCs based on IL/[PBVIm][TFSI] gel electrolyte yielded thepower conversion efficiency of4.4%under the simulated air mass1.5solar spectrumillumination at100mW cm-2. The superior long-term stability of fabricated DSSCsindicated that the DSSCs based on solvent-free IL/Poly(ILs) gel electrolytes couldovercome the drawbacks of the cells containing volatile solvents.
(2) In situ thermal polymerization of a model ionic liquid monomer [BVIm][TFSI]and ionic liquids mixture to form gel electrolytes was developed for quasi-solid-statedye-sensitized solar cells. The effect of iodine concentration on the conductivity andtriiodide diffusion of the gel electrolytes was also investigated in detail. Theconductivity and triiodide diffusion of the gel electrolytes increased with the increasediodine concentration, while a further increasement of iodine contents would decrease theelectrical performances. Based on the in situ thermal polymerization-based gelelectrolytes for quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells, a highest photo-to-electron conversion efficiency of5.01%had been obtained under a light intensity of100mWcm-2(air mass1.5).
(3) Benzimidazolyl functionalized ionic liquids were synthesized and applied asadditives for dye-sensitized solar cells. The compounds were charactered by1HNMR,FTIR, etc. The electrochemical profermances were also tested by the J-V curves, EIS,Tafel curves and the long-term stability. The fabricated devices showed a highestoverall power conversion efficiency of~7.79%under AM1.5radiation (50mW/cm2),and an excellent long–term stability. The synthesized ionic liquid additives might beapplied to the most DSSCs to achieve high performance and enhance the cell stability.
(4) Light-scattering functionalized cyanobiphenyl-based benzimidazole wasrationally synthesized and applied for the surface modification of dyed TiO2photoanodefor dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). DSSCs based on the ionic liquid andall-solid-state electrolytes were fabricated and characterized, without the addition ofadditives in the electrolytes. Compared with the electrolytes containing the additive,N-butylbenzimidazole (NBB), surface modification of dyed TiO2photoanodes withNCHB acting as an additive could enhance the open-circuit photovoltage (Voc) andshort-circuit photocurrent density (Jsc) values and the overall PCE of the fabricatedDSSCs, due to the suppressive charge recombination rate, the conductivity optimizationof the electrolytes and enhanced light harvest capability at the TiO2photoanode/electrolyte interface. Under the simulated air mass1.5solar spectrumilluminations at100mW/cm2, the fabricated devices achieved a cell efficiency of~6.63%and~5.82%for ionic liquid and all-solid-state electrolytes, respectively. Theseresults provide an alternative strategy for the high performance DSSCs with theadditive-free electrolytes.
本论文主要研究了离子液体(ILs)体系下的凝胶电解质的制备、功能性离子液体与界面修饰材料的的设计合成以及它们在染料敏化太阳能电池中的应用。研究内容主要包括以下几个方面：
(1)设计合成了两种光化学稳定的聚离子液体(Poly(ILs))，包括聚(1-丁基-3-乙烯基咪唑溴化盐)([PBVIm][Br])和聚(1-丁基-3-乙烯基咪唑双三氟甲磺酰亚胺盐)([PBVIm][TFSI])，将它们溶解于室温离子液体电解质中形成IL/Poly(ILs)准固态电解质。在标准的测试条件下，组装的“solvent-free”准固态电池效率最高为4.4%。该电池能有效克服传统有机溶剂和液态电解质容易挥发和泄露的问题，有望用于准固态染料敏化太阳能电池的制备。
(2)利用原位聚合离子液体单体1-丁基-3-乙烯基咪唑双三氟甲磺酰亚胺盐([BVIm][TFSI])制备准固态染料敏化太阳能电池。研究了碘含量对凝胶的电导率和I3-的扩散速率的影响。基于原位聚合凝胶电解质的电池在标准测试条件下，效率最高为5.01%。
(3)设计合成了苯并咪唑功能化的离子液体添加剂，并应用于染料敏化太阳能电池。热失重分析表明这种添加剂具有很高的热稳定性。结合光电流-电压曲线、电化学阻抗谱、塔菲尔曲线及电池的稳定性测试等分析手段，对制作的电池进行了电学性能表征。在AM1.5和光强50mW/cm2的测试条件下，制作的电池效率最高为7.79%。这类新型的离子液体添加剂有望取代传统的添加剂用于染料敏化太阳能电池的制备。
(4)设计合成了一种具有光散射作用的N-6-(4-氰基联苯-4’-氧)己基苯并咪唑(NCHB)，用于修饰染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSCs)的TiO2光阳极，并应用于离子液体电解质和全固态电解质染料敏化太阳能电池。这种表面修饰材料除了具有添加剂的功能外，还能抑制了电子复合速率、优化电解质的电导率并增强了TiO2光阳极的光捕获效率，因此对TiO2光阳极进行表面修饰能明显增强电池性能。在标准测试条件下，制作的离子液体基和全固态的电池的效率分别为6.63%和5.82%。这种新颖的界面修饰方法可用于其它不含有传统添加剂的染料敏化太阳能电池的制备。
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are currently attracting a great deal of academicand industrial interest because of their high efficiency, easy assembly and low cost.However, the leakage and volatilization of organic solvent and other volatilecomposition in the electrolyte as well as the electron recombination at theTiO2/electrolyte interface limit the long-term performance of high performance DSSCs.
Our work in this thesis can be summarized as follows:
(1) Photochemically stable poly(ionic liquids)(Poly(ILs)) including [PBVIm][Br]and [PBVIm][TFSI]) were synthesized and dissolved in the room temperature ionicliquids (ILs) to form quasi-solid-state electrolytes for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs),without using any volatile organic solvent. Compared with the conventionalPoly(St-AN)-based gel, the conductivity, diffusion coefficients of I3-and viscosity werealso investigated. The DSSCs based on IL/[PBVIm][TFSI] gel electrolyte yielded thepower conversion efficiency of4.4%under the simulated air mass1.5solar spectrumillumination at100mW cm-2. The superior long-term stability of fabricated DSSCsindicated that the DSSCs based on solvent-free IL/Poly(ILs) gel electrolytes couldovercome the drawbacks of the cells containing volatile solvents.
(2) In situ thermal polymerization of a model ionic liquid monomer [BVIm][TFSI]and ionic liquids mixture to form gel electrolytes was developed for quasi-solid-statedye-sensitized solar cells. The effect of iodine concentration on the conductivity andtriiodide diffusion of the gel electrolytes was also investigated in detail. Theconductivity and triiodide diffusion of the gel electrolytes increased with the increasediodine concentration, while a further increasement of iodine contents would decrease theelectrical performances. Based on the in situ thermal polymerization-based gelelectrolytes for quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells, a highest photo-to-electron conversion efficiency of5.01%had been obtained under a light intensity of100mWcm-2(air mass1.5).
(3) Benzimidazolyl functionalized ionic liquids were synthesized and applied asadditives for dye-sensitized solar cells. The compounds were charactered by1HNMR,FTIR, etc. The electrochemical profermances were also tested by the J-V curves, EIS,Tafel curves and the long-term stability. The fabricated devices showed a highestoverall power conversion efficiency of~7.79%under AM1.5radiation (50mW/cm2),and an excellent long–term stability. The synthesized ionic liquid additives might beapplied to the most DSSCs to achieve high performance and enhance the cell stability.
(4) Light-scattering functionalized cyanobiphenyl-based benzimidazole wasrationally synthesized and applied for the surface modification of dyed TiO2photoanodefor dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). DSSCs based on the ionic liquid andall-solid-state electrolytes were fabricated and characterized, without the addition ofadditives in the electrolytes. Compared with the electrolytes containing the additive,N-butylbenzimidazole (NBB), surface modification of dyed TiO2photoanodes withNCHB acting as an additive could enhance the open-circuit photovoltage (Voc) andshort-circuit photocurrent density (Jsc) values and the overall PCE of the fabricatedDSSCs, due to the suppressive charge recombination rate, the conductivity optimizationof the electrolytes and enhanced light harvest capability at the TiO2photoanode/electrolyte interface. Under the simulated air mass1.5solar spectrumilluminations at100mW/cm2, the fabricated devices achieved a cell efficiency of~6.63%and~5.82%for ionic liquid and all-solid-state electrolytes, respectively. Theseresults provide an alternative strategy for the high performance DSSCs with theadditive-free electrolytes.
引文
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