异黄酮植物雌激素—大豆黄酮对山羊消化代谢和几种激素水平的影响
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摘要
本试验研究了十二指肠灌注大豆黄酮对山羊瘤胃和十二指肠消化代谢以及血液中几种内源性激素水平的影响。
试验用四只装有永久性瘤胃瘘管、十二指肠T型瘘管和临时颈静脉插管的本地空怀母山羊，年龄一岁左右，平均体重为20kg。采用前后自身对照，分为对照期和试验期，均为12天。对照期每天通过十二指肠瘘管灌注生理盐水5ml，试验期则灌注大豆黄酮生理盐水混悬液5ml(含大豆黄酮200mg)。瘤胃液的分析结果表明，十二指肠灌注大豆黄酮，能显著提高瘤胃液pH值、细菌蛋白(B-P)和氨氮(NH_3-N)浓度(P＜0.01)；瘤胃液三氯醋酸沉淀蛋白(TCA-P)和原虫蛋白(P-P)含量也有所提高(P＞0.05)；瘤胃液总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)和丙酸(C_3)的摩尔百分比均显著增加(P＜0.01)，乙酸(C_2)的摩尔百分比有下降趋势(P＞0.05)，丁酸(C_4)的摩尔百分比显著下降(P＜0.01)；乙酸/丙酸(A/P)比值从对照期的3.84下降到试验期的1.83(P＜0.01)。提示，大豆黄酮能提高瘤胃微生物蛋白的合成能力，改善瘤胃的发酵类型，使瘤胃发酵趋于丙酸型。对十二指肠食糜的分析结果表明，十二指肠灌注大豆黄酮，能显著提高十二指肠食糜流量、氨氮和微生物氮(P＜0.01)，而总氮、脲氮(P＞0.05)、非氨态氮、过瘤胃蛋白(BPN)都有所下降(P＜0.05)；十二指肠食糜中氨基酸总量和必需氨基酸(P＞0.05)以及非必需氨基酸(P＜0.05)都分别比对照期提高了35.95％、39.26％和30.22％，其中天冬氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸分别比对照期提高了54.17％、37.92％、36.18％和45.35％(P＜0.05)。提示，十二指肠灌注大豆黄酮，能增加山羊的尿素再循环和蛋白质再生能力，提高十二指肠食糜中微生物蛋
白（MCP）和非必需氨邀酸及柴些必需氨基竣钩含量＿＿．对蜘中几
种激素含量的分析结果洲，十二指肠褒注大豆黄酮〕可显靴高血
液中L、L、GH和巳水平仟＜敌o－），一测化赠期提高128．57％、
124．12％、106．49％和72．34％。丁．提示，。－大豆黄酮可通过调节内源性激
素水平来间接调节反刍动物的生长和瘤胃的消化代谢。
The experiment studied the effect intraduodenal infusion of Daidzein on the digestion and metabolism and the levels of relative hormones of goats.
Four local non-pregnancy female goats(average weight 20kg and one year old) fixed with permanent rumen fistulas^ duodenal cannula and temporary juglar vein catheter were used in the experiment. The study was divided two periods which had been made composition by themselves. The two periods all were twelve days. About 5ml physiological saline was infused into duodenum in control periods, the suspended liquid which mixed with Daidzein and physiological saline(including Daidzein 200mg)was infused into duodenum in treatment periods..
The result of rumen fluid showed that intraduodenal infusion of Daidzein increased rumen fluid pH value(P<0.05), protein content of bacterial protein(B-P) and ammonia nitrogen(NH3-N) concentration significantly(P<0. 01); the protein content of rumen fluid trichloroacetic acid protein(TCA-P) and protozoal protein(P-P) tended to be higher than that of control period(P>0.05). The concentration of total volatile fatty acid
(TVFA) and the percentage of acetic acid in rumen fluid all increased significantly(P<0. 01), the percentage of acetic acid tended to be lower (P>0.05), the percentage -of butyric acid decreased significantly (P<0. 01), C2/C3(A/P) rate decreased from 3.84 for control to 1.83 for treatment. This suggests that Daidaein can increase the synthesis capacity of ruminal microbial crude protein and alter the rumen fermentation pattern, tend to propionic-type fermentation.
The result of duodenal digesta showed that intraduodenal infusion of Daidzein can increase the flow of digesta, ammonia nitrogen concentration and microbical nitrogen content significantly(P<0. 01), but the total nitrogen and Urea nitrogen (P>0.05)> Non-ammonia nitrogen and by-pass protein nitrogen (P<0.05) all decreased. Total ammonia acid content * necessary ammonia acid content (P>0. 05) and Non-necessary ammonia acid content (P<0.05) all increased by 35.95%, 39.26% and 30.22% compared with those of the control period, the asparagine(Asn), valine(Val), isoleucine(Ile) and leucine(Leu) also increased by 54. 17%, 37. 92%, 36.18% and 45. 35%(P<0. 05) compared with those of the control period.
Those results indictated that Daidzein can increase the recycle capacity of Urea and the regeneration capacity of protein of goat and increase the MCP and Non-necessary ammonia acid contents in duodenal digesta. The result of relative hormones in blood show that intraduodenal infusion of Daidzein can increase the levels of T3, T4, GH, E2 in blood significantly
(P<0. 01), they all increased by 128. 57% , 124. 12%, 106. 49% and 72. 34%. Those results indicated that Daidzein can regulate the growth and ruminal digestion and metabolism of ruminant indirectly through regulating the levels of endogenous hormones.
试验用四只装有永久性瘤胃瘘管、十二指肠T型瘘管和临时颈静脉插管的本地空怀母山羊，年龄一岁左右，平均体重为20kg。采用前后自身对照，分为对照期和试验期，均为12天。对照期每天通过十二指肠瘘管灌注生理盐水5ml，试验期则灌注大豆黄酮生理盐水混悬液5ml(含大豆黄酮200mg)。瘤胃液的分析结果表明，十二指肠灌注大豆黄酮，能显著提高瘤胃液pH值、细菌蛋白(B-P)和氨氮(NH_3-N)浓度(P＜0.01)；瘤胃液三氯醋酸沉淀蛋白(TCA-P)和原虫蛋白(P-P)含量也有所提高(P＞0.05)；瘤胃液总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)和丙酸(C_3)的摩尔百分比均显著增加(P＜0.01)，乙酸(C_2)的摩尔百分比有下降趋势(P＞0.05)，丁酸(C_4)的摩尔百分比显著下降(P＜0.01)；乙酸/丙酸(A/P)比值从对照期的3.84下降到试验期的1.83(P＜0.01)。提示，大豆黄酮能提高瘤胃微生物蛋白的合成能力，改善瘤胃的发酵类型，使瘤胃发酵趋于丙酸型。对十二指肠食糜的分析结果表明，十二指肠灌注大豆黄酮，能显著提高十二指肠食糜流量、氨氮和微生物氮(P＜0.01)，而总氮、脲氮(P＞0.05)、非氨态氮、过瘤胃蛋白(BPN)都有所下降(P＜0.05)；十二指肠食糜中氨基酸总量和必需氨基酸(P＞0.05)以及非必需氨基酸(P＜0.05)都分别比对照期提高了35.95％、39.26％和30.22％，其中天冬氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸分别比对照期提高了54.17％、37.92％、36.18％和45.35％(P＜0.05)。提示，十二指肠灌注大豆黄酮，能增加山羊的尿素再循环和蛋白质再生能力，提高十二指肠食糜中微生物蛋
白（MCP）和非必需氨邀酸及柴些必需氨基竣钩含量＿＿．对蜘中几
种激素含量的分析结果洲，十二指肠褒注大豆黄酮〕可显靴高血
液中L、L、GH和巳水平仟＜敌o－），一测化赠期提高128．57％、
124．12％、106．49％和72．34％。丁．提示，。－大豆黄酮可通过调节内源性激
素水平来间接调节反刍动物的生长和瘤胃的消化代谢。
The experiment studied the effect intraduodenal infusion of Daidzein on the digestion and metabolism and the levels of relative hormones of goats.
Four local non-pregnancy female goats(average weight 20kg and one year old) fixed with permanent rumen fistulas^ duodenal cannula and temporary juglar vein catheter were used in the experiment. The study was divided two periods which had been made composition by themselves. The two periods all were twelve days. About 5ml physiological saline was infused into duodenum in control periods, the suspended liquid which mixed with Daidzein and physiological saline(including Daidzein 200mg)was infused into duodenum in treatment periods..
The result of rumen fluid showed that intraduodenal infusion of Daidzein increased rumen fluid pH value(P<0.05), protein content of bacterial protein(B-P) and ammonia nitrogen(NH3-N) concentration significantly(P<0. 01); the protein content of rumen fluid trichloroacetic acid protein(TCA-P) and protozoal protein(P-P) tended to be higher than that of control period(P>0.05). The concentration of total volatile fatty acid
(TVFA) and the percentage of acetic acid in rumen fluid all increased significantly(P<0. 01), the percentage of acetic acid tended to be lower (P>0.05), the percentage -of butyric acid decreased significantly (P<0. 01), C2/C3(A/P) rate decreased from 3.84 for control to 1.83 for treatment. This suggests that Daidaein can increase the synthesis capacity of ruminal microbial crude protein and alter the rumen fermentation pattern, tend to propionic-type fermentation.
The result of duodenal digesta showed that intraduodenal infusion of Daidzein can increase the flow of digesta, ammonia nitrogen concentration and microbical nitrogen content significantly(P<0. 01), but the total nitrogen and Urea nitrogen (P>0.05)> Non-ammonia nitrogen and by-pass protein nitrogen (P<0.05) all decreased. Total ammonia acid content * necessary ammonia acid content (P>0. 05) and Non-necessary ammonia acid content (P<0.05) all increased by 35.95%, 39.26% and 30.22% compared with those of the control period, the asparagine(Asn), valine(Val), isoleucine(Ile) and leucine(Leu) also increased by 54. 17%, 37. 92%, 36.18% and 45. 35%(P<0. 05) compared with those of the control period.
Those results indictated that Daidzein can increase the recycle capacity of Urea and the regeneration capacity of protein of goat and increase the MCP and Non-necessary ammonia acid contents in duodenal digesta. The result of relative hormones in blood show that intraduodenal infusion of Daidzein can increase the levels of T3, T4, GH, E2 in blood significantly
(P<0. 01), they all increased by 128. 57% , 124. 12%, 106. 49% and 72. 34%. Those results indicated that Daidzein can regulate the growth and ruminal digestion and metabolism of ruminant indirectly through regulating the levels of endogenous hormones.
引文
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64 刘启功．王琳．陆再英．苟志平．蒋学俊．杨汉东．葛根素抗心肌缺血及其机理的实验研究．临床心血管病杂志，1998，14(5)：292-295
65 北京市耳鼻喉科研究所听力组．葛根治疗突发性耳聋．中华医学杂志，1973，53：591
66 Dehaan K. C. et al. Effection of prenatal androgeization on lamb performance, carcass composition and reproductive function. J. Anim. Sci., 1992, 65:1465
67 Spencer G.S.G. Hormonal systems regulating growth. A review. Livest
Prod Sci.,1985,12:31-46
68 华刚．韩正康．甲状腺片或甲基硫脲嘧啶对血液甲状腺激素及瘤胃代谢的影响．南京农业大学学报，1990，13：增刊，125-130
69 蔡天权．韩正康．17β-雌二醇对瘤胃消化代谢调节的研究．南京农业大学学报，1990，13(4)：131-136
70 SawyerG. J. And D.J. Barker Growth promotants in cattle in Australia. Aust. Vet. J.,1988,65:101-107
71 Gray D. G. et al. Implanting young bulls with zeranol from birth to four slaughter ages. Ⅲ Growth performance and endocrine aspects. J. Anim. Sci.,1986,63:747-756
72 Sheehan DM. Herbal medicines, phytoestrogens and toxicity: risk: benefit considerations. Pro Soc Exp Bid Med.,1995,208(1):1-2
73 Messina MJ. Persky V. Setchell KD. et al. Soy intake and cancer risk: a review of the in vitro and in vivo data. Nutr Cancer, 1994,21:113
74 王继贵主编．临床生化检验．湖南科学技术出版社．1981
75 董秀钿．崔平安．惠参君．反刍动物消化代谢实验方法．内部资料．1991
76 秦为琳．应用气相色谱测定瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸方法的研究改进．南京农学院学报，1982，3：110
77 沈延法．湖羊复胃、大、小肠的消化吸收及氨化稻草对乳牛氮代谢的影响．南京农业大学博士论文，1991
78 上海市医学化验所主编．临床生化检验(上册)．上海科学技术出版社，1984
79 杨胜主编．饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术．北京农业大学出版社，1993
80 陈杰．李英文．韩正康．尿素-硫酸铵和蛋氨酸对山羊消化代谢的影响．中国畜牧杂志，1989，4：12-14
81 Mcallan A B and Smith R H. Determination of nucleic acids in digesta. British J Nutri, 1969,23:671
82 Croom, W.J. et al., Manipulation of gastrointestinal nutrient delivery in livestock. J. Dairy Sci.,1993,76:2112
83 向涛编著．家畜生理生化(下)．江西科学技术出版社，1979
84 H．B．库里洛夫等著(苏)．李兴和．杜全德译．家畜对饲料蛋白质的利用．河南科学技术出版社，1983
85 Timminga, S. Protein degradation in the forestomach of ruminants, J. Anim. Sci. 1979,49:1615
86 J.A. Nikolic, Adapt on to diets containing significant amounts of non-protein nitrogen. In Y. Ruckebush and P. Thievend(Ed) Digestion physiology and metabolism in ruminants. 1980
87 陈杰．陈伟华．秦为琳．陆天水 饲喂粗制乳酸铵对湖羊消化代谢的影响．南京农学院学报，1984，3：79-87
88 Annison, E.F. and D. Lewis, Metabolism in the rumen. Butter and Tanner LTd, 1989
89 韩正康．陈杰．反刍动物消化和代谢．科学出版社，1988
90 刘敏雄．反刍动物消化生理学．北京农业大学出版社，1991
91 J.V. Nolan, Quantitive modeles of nitrogen metabolism in sheep. In digestion and metabolism in the ruminant. (Ed.I.W. MCDonald and A.C.I. Warner).1974,525
92 李福昌．冯仰廉．中国饲料，1997，12-14
93 A．V．Ferreira等著，陈勇摘译．生长绵羊的理想氨基酸模式．国外畜牧科技，2000，27(2)：10-12
94 Kannan Y., M. Maeda, K. Joyosawa, Science Rep. Of Facnlty of Agriculture, Kcbe University, 1993,20;259-264
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9 Kaldas R. S. and Hughes C.L. Jr. Reproductive and general metabolic effects of phytoestrogens in mammals. Reprod. Toxicol.,1989, 3:81
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11 Chamly W. A. et al. Seasonal changes in LH secretion in normal ewes and ewes which grazed oestrogenic clover. Aust. J. Biol. Sci.,1985,38:109
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13 王国杰、韩正康．红三叶草总异黄酮对小公鸡生长及血清水平的影响．动物学研究，1994，15(3)：65-69
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18 张荣庆．韩正康．芒柄花素槲皮素对奶牛初乳中4种酶活力的影响．南京农
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19张荣庆．韩正康．陈杰．张崇理．大豆黄酮对母猪免疫功能和血清及初乳中GH、PRL、SS水平的影响．动物学报，1995，41(2)：201-206
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21张荣庆．异黄酮植物雌激素对小鼠免疫功能的影响．南京农业大学学报，1993，16(2)：64-68
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25杨国宇．睾酮调控瘤胃消化代谢的研究．南京农业大学博士论文，1994
26王伟群．异黄酮植物雌激素—芒柄花素的提纯、测定及其对瘤胃消化酶活力和乳腺发育的影响．南京农业大学博士论文，1990
27韩正康．异黄酮植物雌激素调控动物神经内分泌及生产性能的研究．中国农业科技导报，1999，1：61-66
28余文三编译．植物雌激素研究进展．国外医学，卫生学分册，1999，26(2)：84
29王国杰．韩正康．陈伟华．大豆黄酮对大鼠肌肉生长和几种内源激素水平的影响．动物学研究，1995，16(1)：23-29
30王国杰．韩正康．陈杰．陈伟华．大豆黄酮对肉鸡生长的影响及其作用机制．广东畜牧兽医科技，1994，19(3)：4-6
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32刘根桃．郑元林．陈伟华．陈杰．韩正康．妊娠后期母猪饲喂大豆黄酮对泌
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33张荣庆．程丽仁．沈卫斌．张崇理．异黄酮植物雌激素Daidzein对去卵巢大鼠血浆GnRH、β-EP、LH和FSH水平的影响．中国生理学会第四届神经内分泌学术会议，1995，青岛．生理通讯，14(增刊)：48
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36王根林．陈杰．陈伟华．韩兆玉．大豆黄酮对青年母猪GnRH、LH和抑制素分泌的影响．江苏农业学报，1999，15(1)：26-29
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38张荣庆．韩正康．异黄酮植物雌激素IFD对胎儿生长的影响．生理通讯，1993，12(增刊)：153
39张荣庆．韩正康．植物雌激素大豆黄酮促进妊娠母鼠乳腺发育和泌乳的研究．生理通讯，1994，13(增刊)：336
40刘根桃．异黄酮植物雌激素—大豆黄酮对动物生长和泌乳的影响及神经内分泌机理的研究．南京农业大学博士论文，1996
41刘根桃．陈杰．韩正康．异黄酮植物雌激素(IFV-D)对哺乳母猪作用的研究．畜牧与兽医，1997，29(1)：5-7
42王伟群．韩正康．陈伟华．陈杰．芒柄花素的促进乳腺发育作用及其机理探讨．南京农业大学学报，1993，16(增刊)：19-24
43张荣庆．韩正康．陈杰．张崇理．大豆黄酮对大鼠乳腺发育的试验研究．动
物学报，1995，4(3)：332-338
44 Sawyer G J., Barker D T. Growth promotion in cattle in Australia. Aust. Vet. J.,1998,65:101-107
45 于匆．畜禽饲料添加剂—中草药．饲料研究，1987，1：11-13
46 Saloniemic H, Wahala K, Nykanen-kurkip, et al. Phytoestrogen content and estrogenic effect of legume fodder. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.,1995,208(1):13-17
47 Ziegler J. Soybeans show promise in cancer prevention. News, 1994,86(22):1666-1667
48 Adlercreutz H. Western diet and western disease: some hormonal and biochemical mechanisms and associations. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest.,1990,50:3-10
49 Frank A., L. Custer, C. Cerna, K. Nerala and L. Mordan. Dietary isoflavonoids and their roles as cancer protective agents. International conference on phytoestrogen. October 17-20, Hilton Inn Little Rock, Arkansas.,1993
50 景永奎．韩锐．大豆甙元(S86019)与乳香有效成分B_(c4)阿糖胞苷对LH-60细胞分化的联合诱导．药学学报，1993，28(1)：11-16
51 Murrill WB, Brown NM, Zhang J-X et al. Prepubertal genistein exposure suppresses mammary cancer and enhances gland differentiation in rats. Carcinogenesis, 1996,17:1451
52 颜春洪．袁守军．陈晓光．韩锐．4′，5，7-三羟基异黄酮对Balb/c 3T3小鼠成纤维细胞恶性转化的抑制作用．实用肿瘤杂志，1999，14(2)：78-80
53 路新强．张福．胡燕．肖文彬．异黄酮衍生物对心肌缺血损伤的保护作用．军事科学院院刊，1997，21，(4)：251-253
54 阎祥华．顾景范．孙存普．大豆黄酮的抗癌作用机制研究进展．生理科学进
展，1997，28(4)：362-364
55 Mousavi Y., Adlercreutz H., Genistein is an effective stimulator of SHBG production in Hep-G_2 human liver cancer cells and suppresses proliferation of these cells in culture . Steroids, 1993,58:301-304
56 Dodge JA et al. J Steroid Biochem Molec Bio1,1996,5992:155
57 Adlercreutz H et al. Lancet, 1992,339:1233
58 陈学林．张银环．管思明．彭雯．柯琴梅．葛根素治疗冠心病心绞痛的临床评价．临床心血管病杂志，1997，13(3)：167-167
59 Anthony MS et al. Soybean isoflavones improve cardiovascular risk factors without affecting the reproductive system of peripubertal rhesus monkeys. J Nutr, 1996, 126(1):43-45
60 陈晓光．胡薇．大豆黄酮与大豆“生命素”．大豆通报，1999，4：27
61 杨国君．张龙生．范礼理．葛根素抗冠心病心绞痛疗效观察及对血栓素A_2和前列环素的影响．中西医结合杂志，1990，10(2)：82-84
62 曾贵云等．葛根的药理研究Ⅰ．葛根对犬血压、血管反应性脑循环及外周循环的作用．中华医学杂志，1975，54：265
63 黄教成．建国以来中草药的药物代谢动力学研究．药学学报，1987，22(7)：558-560
64 刘启功．王琳．陆再英．苟志平．蒋学俊．杨汉东．葛根素抗心肌缺血及其机理的实验研究．临床心血管病杂志，1998，14(5)：292-295
65 北京市耳鼻喉科研究所听力组．葛根治疗突发性耳聋．中华医学杂志，1973，53：591
66 Dehaan K. C. et al. Effection of prenatal androgeization on lamb performance, carcass composition and reproductive function. J. Anim. Sci., 1992, 65:1465
67 Spencer G.S.G. Hormonal systems regulating growth. A review. Livest
Prod Sci.,1985,12:31-46
68 华刚．韩正康．甲状腺片或甲基硫脲嘧啶对血液甲状腺激素及瘤胃代谢的影响．南京农业大学学报，1990，13：增刊，125-130
69 蔡天权．韩正康．17β-雌二醇对瘤胃消化代谢调节的研究．南京农业大学学报，1990，13(4)：131-136
70 SawyerG. J. And D.J. Barker Growth promotants in cattle in Australia. Aust. Vet. J.,1988,65:101-107
71 Gray D. G. et al. Implanting young bulls with zeranol from birth to four slaughter ages. Ⅲ Growth performance and endocrine aspects. J. Anim. Sci.,1986,63:747-756
72 Sheehan DM. Herbal medicines, phytoestrogens and toxicity: risk: benefit considerations. Pro Soc Exp Bid Med.,1995,208(1):1-2
73 Messina MJ. Persky V. Setchell KD. et al. Soy intake and cancer risk: a review of the in vitro and in vivo data. Nutr Cancer, 1994,21:113
74 王继贵主编．临床生化检验．湖南科学技术出版社．1981
75 董秀钿．崔平安．惠参君．反刍动物消化代谢实验方法．内部资料．1991
76 秦为琳．应用气相色谱测定瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸方法的研究改进．南京农学院学报，1982，3：110
77 沈延法．湖羊复胃、大、小肠的消化吸收及氨化稻草对乳牛氮代谢的影响．南京农业大学博士论文，1991
78 上海市医学化验所主编．临床生化检验(上册)．上海科学技术出版社，1984
79 杨胜主编．饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术．北京农业大学出版社，1993
80 陈杰．李英文．韩正康．尿素-硫酸铵和蛋氨酸对山羊消化代谢的影响．中国畜牧杂志，1989，4：12-14
81 Mcallan A B and Smith R H. Determination of nucleic acids in digesta. British J Nutri, 1969,23:671
82 Croom, W.J. et al., Manipulation of gastrointestinal nutrient delivery in livestock. J. Dairy Sci.,1993,76:2112
83 向涛编著．家畜生理生化(下)．江西科学技术出版社，1979
84 H．B．库里洛夫等著(苏)．李兴和．杜全德译．家畜对饲料蛋白质的利用．河南科学技术出版社，1983
85 Timminga, S. Protein degradation in the forestomach of ruminants, J. Anim. Sci. 1979,49:1615
86 J.A. Nikolic, Adapt on to diets containing significant amounts of non-protein nitrogen. In Y. Ruckebush and P. Thievend(Ed) Digestion physiology and metabolism in ruminants. 1980
87 陈杰．陈伟华．秦为琳．陆天水 饲喂粗制乳酸铵对湖羊消化代谢的影响．南京农学院学报，1984，3：79-87
88 Annison, E.F. and D. Lewis, Metabolism in the rumen. Butter and Tanner LTd, 1989
89 韩正康．陈杰．反刍动物消化和代谢．科学出版社，1988
90 刘敏雄．反刍动物消化生理学．北京农业大学出版社，1991
91 J.V. Nolan, Quantitive modeles of nitrogen metabolism in sheep. In digestion and metabolism in the ruminant. (Ed.I.W. MCDonald and A.C.I. Warner).1974,525
92 李福昌．冯仰廉．中国饲料，1997，12-14
93 A．V．Ferreira等著，陈勇摘译．生长绵羊的理想氨基酸模式．国外畜牧科技，2000，27(2)：10-12
94 Kannan Y., M. Maeda, K. Joyosawa, Science Rep. Of Facnlty of Agriculture, Kcbe University, 1993,20;259-264