水解羽毛粉与蒸制羽毛粉营养价值的比较
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摘要
本试验旨在通过化学评定方法和代谢试验方法(即试验一)评定水解羽毛粉(HFM)与蒸制羽毛粉(SFM)的营养价值，并进一步通过饲养试验(即试验二)，比较两种羽毛粉的饲用价值，研究二者在蛋鸡日粮中的适宜用量，为羽毛粉在蛋鸡生产中的科学使用提供理论依据。
试验一：其化学评定指标包括物理性状观测、常规成分、氨基酸含量、蛋白质溶解度(PS)及蛋白质胃蛋白酶消化率(PDP)。代谢试验选用12只未去盲肠的成年海兰蛋公鸡，分为两个处理，每处理3个重复，每重复2只，测定水解羽毛粉与蒸制羽毛粉的氨基酸真消化率。结果如下：
从表观数值看，水解羽毛粉与蒸制羽毛粉二者粗蛋白含量相近(分别为71.3％、71.0％)，但蛋白质溶解度(PS)和蛋白质胃蛋白酶消化率(PDP)水解羽毛粉(分别为35.01％、79.26％)高于蒸制羽毛粉(分别为27.22％、66.43％)，胱氨酸含量水解羽毛粉(2.89％)高于蒸剂羽毛粉(1.7％)70％，其它氨基酸的含量二者变化范围在±10％之内。
两种羽毛粉的物理性状、蛋白质溶解度以及蛋白质胃蛋白酶消化率二者之间存在差异。水解羽毛粉的单个氨基酸或总氨基酸真消化率均高于蒸制羽毛粉，在赖氨酸和组氨酸真消化率上两种羽毛粉之间达到极显著差异(P＜0.01)；在蛋氨酸、精氨酸、苯丙氨酸及酪氨酸真消化率二者之间达到显著水平(P＜0.05)；其他氨基酸真消化率两种羽毛粉之间差异不显著。
试验二：饲养试验选用22周龄宝万斯高兰褐蛋鸡945只，随机分为7个处理，每个处理3个重复，每个重复45只，每处理随机给饲不含羽毛粉的基础日粮和以2％、4％、6％的水解羽毛粉或2％、4％、6％的蒸制羽毛粉等氮量替代基础日粮中的豆粕，各日粮的代谢能、粗蛋白、钙、非植酸磷、赖氨酸、蛋氨酸等营养成分含量均与基础日粮相同。
结果表明：随着日粮中羽毛粉添加量的增加，对蛋鸡生产性能有一定的抑制作用，6％HFM组和6％SFM组的采食量、平均蛋重及产蛋率明显低于2％HFM、4％HFM及2％SFM组(P＜0.05)，4％SFM组的采食量和产蛋率有低于2％HFM、4％HFM及2％SFM组的趋势(P＜0.1)，但有高于6％HFM和6％SFM的趋势(P＜0.1)。
两种羽毛粉在同等比例添加情况下，水解羽毛粉对蛋鸡生产性能的影响优于蒸制羽毛粉，且以4％的添加比例有较明显的趋势(P＜0.1)。在蛋鸡日粮中羽毛粉添加比例达6％时，对鸡蛋品质无不良影响。与常规的玉米—豆粕型基础日粮相比，在蛋鸡日粮中使用2％、4％的水解羽毛粉或2％的蒸制羽毛粉，不仅不影响蛋鸡的采食量、产蛋率、平均蛋重及料蛋比等生产性能。而且可降低饲料成本，增加经济效益。
Physi-chemical indices in vitro and biological indices in vivo and laying-hen feeding trail were used to compare the nutritional value of hydrolyzed feather meal (HFM) and steamed feather meal (SFM), study the optimum supplemental level of them in laying hen diet, and provide reference for theirs application in layer production.
Exper iment I : HFM and SFM were used to analyses physi-chemical indices in vitro, including observation of physical nature and analysis of proximate, amino acid content, protein solubility (PS), and pepsin-HCL digestibility (PDP). Twelve Hy-Line Brown adult roosters were randomly divided into 2 treatments of 3 replicates each to determine the true amino acid digestibility (TAAD). The main results were summarized as follows.
Crude protein (CP) content of HFM and SFM were similar (71.3% vis 71.0%, respectively). PS, PDP, and Cys content of HFM (45.01%, 79.26%, and 2.89%) were higher than those of SFM (35.22%, 66.43%, and 1.70%). TAAD of single and total amino acids of HFM were higher than those of SFM. There were significant difference on the TAAD of Lys, His, Met, Arg, Phe and Try between HFM and SFM(P<0.05), and no difference on the other amino acids. The results showed that phsi-chemical indices values and biological indices values of both feather meal vary enormously, and HFM had the higher nutritional value than those of SFM.
Experiment II : This experiment was conducted to study the effects of diet supplement various level of HFM and SFM on the performance of laying hens and egg quality. 945 22-week -old commercial laying hens were allocated randomly to seven treatments of three replicates each. Each treatment was fed one of seven experimental diets containing 0, 2%, 4%, 6% HFM and 2%, 4%, 6% SFM. All the experimental diets were at the same lever of apparent metabolic energy (AME), crud protein (CP), Ca, NPP, Lys and Met content. The results showed that the treatment in the higher supplemental proportion of FM in diet inhibited the performance of laying hens. Feed intake, egg weight and egg
production of 6% HFM and 6% SFM were lower than those of 2%, 4% HFM and 2% SFM significantly (P<0.05). Feed intake and egg production of the 4% SFM had a tendency of decreasing than those of the 2%, 4% HFM and 2% SFM (P<0.1), but higher than those of 6% HFM and 6% SFM. With the same level of supplement FM in laying hens diet, the performance of HFM treatments has higher productivity than that of SFM. There were no significant effect of diet supplement 2%, 4%, 6% HFM and SFM on egg quality. The performance of laying hens was not significantly influenced by the diet supplement 2%, 4% HFM and 2% SFM compared with routine corn-soybean meal type basal diet (P>0.05), but economic profits was increased by reducing feed costs. The results from this study showed that feather have good potential for use in laying hens diets.
试验一：其化学评定指标包括物理性状观测、常规成分、氨基酸含量、蛋白质溶解度(PS)及蛋白质胃蛋白酶消化率(PDP)。代谢试验选用12只未去盲肠的成年海兰蛋公鸡，分为两个处理，每处理3个重复，每重复2只，测定水解羽毛粉与蒸制羽毛粉的氨基酸真消化率。结果如下：
从表观数值看，水解羽毛粉与蒸制羽毛粉二者粗蛋白含量相近(分别为71.3％、71.0％)，但蛋白质溶解度(PS)和蛋白质胃蛋白酶消化率(PDP)水解羽毛粉(分别为35.01％、79.26％)高于蒸制羽毛粉(分别为27.22％、66.43％)，胱氨酸含量水解羽毛粉(2.89％)高于蒸剂羽毛粉(1.7％)70％，其它氨基酸的含量二者变化范围在±10％之内。
两种羽毛粉的物理性状、蛋白质溶解度以及蛋白质胃蛋白酶消化率二者之间存在差异。水解羽毛粉的单个氨基酸或总氨基酸真消化率均高于蒸制羽毛粉，在赖氨酸和组氨酸真消化率上两种羽毛粉之间达到极显著差异(P＜0.01)；在蛋氨酸、精氨酸、苯丙氨酸及酪氨酸真消化率二者之间达到显著水平(P＜0.05)；其他氨基酸真消化率两种羽毛粉之间差异不显著。
试验二：饲养试验选用22周龄宝万斯高兰褐蛋鸡945只，随机分为7个处理，每个处理3个重复，每个重复45只，每处理随机给饲不含羽毛粉的基础日粮和以2％、4％、6％的水解羽毛粉或2％、4％、6％的蒸制羽毛粉等氮量替代基础日粮中的豆粕，各日粮的代谢能、粗蛋白、钙、非植酸磷、赖氨酸、蛋氨酸等营养成分含量均与基础日粮相同。
结果表明：随着日粮中羽毛粉添加量的增加，对蛋鸡生产性能有一定的抑制作用，6％HFM组和6％SFM组的采食量、平均蛋重及产蛋率明显低于2％HFM、4％HFM及2％SFM组(P＜0.05)，4％SFM组的采食量和产蛋率有低于2％HFM、4％HFM及2％SFM组的趋势(P＜0.1)，但有高于6％HFM和6％SFM的趋势(P＜0.1)。
两种羽毛粉在同等比例添加情况下，水解羽毛粉对蛋鸡生产性能的影响优于蒸制羽毛粉，且以4％的添加比例有较明显的趋势(P＜0.1)。在蛋鸡日粮中羽毛粉添加比例达6％时，对鸡蛋品质无不良影响。与常规的玉米—豆粕型基础日粮相比，在蛋鸡日粮中使用2％、4％的水解羽毛粉或2％的蒸制羽毛粉，不仅不影响蛋鸡的采食量、产蛋率、平均蛋重及料蛋比等生产性能。而且可降低饲料成本，增加经济效益。
Physi-chemical indices in vitro and biological indices in vivo and laying-hen feeding trail were used to compare the nutritional value of hydrolyzed feather meal (HFM) and steamed feather meal (SFM), study the optimum supplemental level of them in laying hen diet, and provide reference for theirs application in layer production.
Exper iment I : HFM and SFM were used to analyses physi-chemical indices in vitro, including observation of physical nature and analysis of proximate, amino acid content, protein solubility (PS), and pepsin-HCL digestibility (PDP). Twelve Hy-Line Brown adult roosters were randomly divided into 2 treatments of 3 replicates each to determine the true amino acid digestibility (TAAD). The main results were summarized as follows.
Crude protein (CP) content of HFM and SFM were similar (71.3% vis 71.0%, respectively). PS, PDP, and Cys content of HFM (45.01%, 79.26%, and 2.89%) were higher than those of SFM (35.22%, 66.43%, and 1.70%). TAAD of single and total amino acids of HFM were higher than those of SFM. There were significant difference on the TAAD of Lys, His, Met, Arg, Phe and Try between HFM and SFM(P<0.05), and no difference on the other amino acids. The results showed that phsi-chemical indices values and biological indices values of both feather meal vary enormously, and HFM had the higher nutritional value than those of SFM.
Experiment II : This experiment was conducted to study the effects of diet supplement various level of HFM and SFM on the performance of laying hens and egg quality. 945 22-week -old commercial laying hens were allocated randomly to seven treatments of three replicates each. Each treatment was fed one of seven experimental diets containing 0, 2%, 4%, 6% HFM and 2%, 4%, 6% SFM. All the experimental diets were at the same lever of apparent metabolic energy (AME), crud protein (CP), Ca, NPP, Lys and Met content. The results showed that the treatment in the higher supplemental proportion of FM in diet inhibited the performance of laying hens. Feed intake, egg weight and egg
production of 6% HFM and 6% SFM were lower than those of 2%, 4% HFM and 2% SFM significantly (P<0.05). Feed intake and egg production of the 4% SFM had a tendency of decreasing than those of the 2%, 4% HFM and 2% SFM (P<0.1), but higher than those of 6% HFM and 6% SFM. With the same level of supplement FM in laying hens diet, the performance of HFM treatments has higher productivity than that of SFM. There were no significant effect of diet supplement 2%, 4%, 6% HFM and SFM on egg quality. The performance of laying hens was not significantly influenced by the diet supplement 2%, 4% HFM and 2% SFM compared with routine corn-soybean meal type basal diet (P>0.05), but economic profits was increased by reducing feed costs. The results from this study showed that feather have good potential for use in laying hens diets.
引文
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58．中国饲料数据库．中国饲料成分及其营养价值表(第12版)．中国饲料，2001，(21)：21～29
59．中国畜牧业年鉴1999，北京：中国农业出版社，2000：175～175
60．中国畜牧业年鉴2000，北京：中国农业出版社，2001，3～3
61．周圻等．水解羽毛粉替代进口鱼粉饲养肉鸡和生长肥育猪的试验．海南大学学报，1993(11)，(1)：25～31
62．朱建津等．水解羽毛粉在肉鸡饲养中的效果．中国家禽，1997(9)21～22
63．朱选，金征宇等．羽毛角蛋白挤压机制的研究．中国粮油学报，1998，4：16～19
64．朱选等．羽毛粉的膨化加工．饲料研究，2001，1：37～39
65．AEC．逻迪美饲料配方指南．1993，第六版
66. Abdel— Warith A A, et al. Inclusion of commercial poultry by- product meal as a protein replacement of fish meal in practical diets for African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burcbell 1822). Aquacalture research, 2001, 32:296～305
67. Baker D H, et al. Protein- amino acid evaluation of steamed processed feather meal. Poultry Science,1981,60:1865～1872
68. Binkley C H, Vasak O E. Production of a friable meal from feathers. Agr Res Administration, USDA, Jun, 1950
69. Cabel M C, et al. Reduction in abdominal fat content of broiler chickens by the addition of feather meal to finisher diets. Poultry Science, 1987,66:1644～1651
70. Chang-Hyun Kim, at al. Variability in the ranking of the three most- limiting amino acids for milk protein production in dairy Cows Consuming grass silage and a cereal-based supplement containing feather meal. J Sei Food & Agr, 2000,80(9):1386～1392
71. D P Bureau, A M Harris, D J Bevan. Feather meals and meat and bone meals from different origins as protein Sources in rainbow trout diets. Aquaculture,2000,181(3-4):281～291
72. Daghir N J. Studies on poultry by-product meals in broiler and layer rations. Poultry Science, 1975,31:200
73. Davis J C, et al. Processing of poultry by-products [J]. U S Rept Agri Utilization Res Report. 1961(3):1～27
74. El Boushy A R. Feather meal-A Biological waste: its processing and utilization as a feed stuff for poultry. Biological Waste, 1990,32:39～74
75. Eggum B D. Evaluation of protein quality of feather meal under different treatments. Acta Agr Stand, 1970,20:230～234
76． Filshie B K. Gogers G E. An electron microscope study of the fine structure of feather keratin Journal Cellular Biology,1962,13:1-12
77． Fisher M L, et al. Feather growth and feather composition of broiler chickens. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 1981, 61:769-773．
78． Fraser R D B, Mackae T P. Helical models of feather keratin structure. Natures, 1962,195:1167-1168
79． Han Y, Parsons C M. Protein and amino acid quality of feather meal. Poultry Science, 1991,70:812-822．
80． Harrap B S, Woods E F. Soluble derivatives of feather keratin. Biochem. J, 1964,92:8-26
81． Heugten, E Van. Growth performance, Carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility and fecal odorous compounds in growing finishing pigs fed diets containing hydrolyzed feather meal. Journal of Animal Science, 2002, 80(1) : 171-178
82． Kemp D J, et al. Keratin synthesis during development of the embryonic chick feather Journal Cell Biology, 1974,62:114-131．
83． Latshaw J D, et al. Processing of feather meal to maximize its nutritional value for poultry. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 1994,47:179-188
84． Latshaw J D. Quality of feather meal as affected by feather processing condition [J]. Poultry Science, 1990(69) :953-958
85． Likuski H J A,Dorrell H G. A bioassay for rapid determination of amino acid availability value [J]. Poultry Science,1978,57:1658-1660
86． Liu J K, et al. Nutritional evaluation of blood meal and feather meal for turkeys. Poultry Science, 1989, 68: 1513-1519
87． Luong V B, Payne C G. Hydrolyzed feather protein as a source of amino acid of laying hens. Poultry Science, 1977,18:523
88． M J Klemesrud. Evaluation of feather meal as a source of sulfur amino acids for growing steers. Journal of Animal Science, 2000, 78(1) :207-215
89． Malviga H K, RaJak R C, Hasija S K. Synthesis and isolated from the grounds of a galatin factory [J]. Jabalpur, India Mycopathologhgia, 1992,120:1-4
90． Mangold E, Dubski S. The digestion of keratin, especially the horsy material of birds feathers by fouls and mammals. Tierzucht,1930,4:200-221
91． McCasland W E, Richardson L R. Methods for determining the nutritive value of feather meals. Poultry science, 1966,45:1231-1236
92． Mendoza, et al. Fish meal replacement with Feather-enzymatic hydrolyzates co-extruded with soya-bean meal in practical diets for the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus Vannamei). Aquaculture Nutrition, 2001,7(3) : 143-151
93． Moran E T, et al. Keratin as a source of protein for the growing chick: Amino acid imbalance as the cause for inferior performance of feather meal and the implication of disulfide bonding in raw feathers as the reason for poor digestibility. Poultry science, 1966,45:1257-1266
94． Morris W C, Balloun S L. Effect of processing methods on utilization of feather meal by broiler chicks. Poultry science, 1973,52:858-866
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56．赵晓芳．羽毛粉的加工利用．饲料博览，2002，7：25～26
57．郑诚等．水解羽毛粉营养价值的研究．华南农业大学学报，1991(增刊)：31～38
58．中国饲料数据库．中国饲料成分及其营养价值表(第12版)．中国饲料，2001，(21)：21～29
59．中国畜牧业年鉴1999，北京：中国农业出版社，2000：175～175
60．中国畜牧业年鉴2000，北京：中国农业出版社，2001，3～3
61．周圻等．水解羽毛粉替代进口鱼粉饲养肉鸡和生长肥育猪的试验．海南大学学报，1993(11)，(1)：25～31
62．朱建津等．水解羽毛粉在肉鸡饲养中的效果．中国家禽，1997(9)21～22
63．朱选，金征宇等．羽毛角蛋白挤压机制的研究．中国粮油学报，1998，4：16～19
64．朱选等．羽毛粉的膨化加工．饲料研究，2001，1：37～39
65．AEC．逻迪美饲料配方指南．1993，第六版
66. Abdel— Warith A A, et al. Inclusion of commercial poultry by- product meal as a protein replacement of fish meal in practical diets for African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burcbell 1822). Aquacalture research, 2001, 32:296～305
67. Baker D H, et al. Protein- amino acid evaluation of steamed processed feather meal. Poultry Science,1981,60:1865～1872
68. Binkley C H, Vasak O E. Production of a friable meal from feathers. Agr Res Administration, USDA, Jun, 1950
69. Cabel M C, et al. Reduction in abdominal fat content of broiler chickens by the addition of feather meal to finisher diets. Poultry Science, 1987,66:1644～1651
70. Chang-Hyun Kim, at al. Variability in the ranking of the three most- limiting amino acids for milk protein production in dairy Cows Consuming grass silage and a cereal-based supplement containing feather meal. J Sei Food & Agr, 2000,80(9):1386～1392
71. D P Bureau, A M Harris, D J Bevan. Feather meals and meat and bone meals from different origins as protein Sources in rainbow trout diets. Aquaculture,2000,181(3-4):281～291
72. Daghir N J. Studies on poultry by-product meals in broiler and layer rations. Poultry Science, 1975,31:200
73. Davis J C, et al. Processing of poultry by-products [J]. U S Rept Agri Utilization Res Report. 1961(3):1～27
74. El Boushy A R. Feather meal-A Biological waste: its processing and utilization as a feed stuff for poultry. Biological Waste, 1990,32:39～74
75. Eggum B D. Evaluation of protein quality of feather meal under different treatments. Acta Agr Stand, 1970,20:230～234
76． Filshie B K. Gogers G E. An electron microscope study of the fine structure of feather keratin Journal Cellular Biology,1962,13:1-12
77． Fisher M L, et al. Feather growth and feather composition of broiler chickens. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 1981, 61:769-773．
78． Fraser R D B, Mackae T P. Helical models of feather keratin structure. Natures, 1962,195:1167-1168
79． Han Y, Parsons C M. Protein and amino acid quality of feather meal. Poultry Science, 1991,70:812-822．
80． Harrap B S, Woods E F. Soluble derivatives of feather keratin. Biochem. J, 1964,92:8-26
81． Heugten, E Van. Growth performance, Carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility and fecal odorous compounds in growing finishing pigs fed diets containing hydrolyzed feather meal. Journal of Animal Science, 2002, 80(1) : 171-178
82． Kemp D J, et al. Keratin synthesis during development of the embryonic chick feather Journal Cell Biology, 1974,62:114-131．
83． Latshaw J D, et al. Processing of feather meal to maximize its nutritional value for poultry. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 1994,47:179-188
84． Latshaw J D. Quality of feather meal as affected by feather processing condition [J]. Poultry Science, 1990(69) :953-958
85． Likuski H J A,Dorrell H G. A bioassay for rapid determination of amino acid availability value [J]. Poultry Science,1978,57:1658-1660
86． Liu J K, et al. Nutritional evaluation of blood meal and feather meal for turkeys. Poultry Science, 1989, 68: 1513-1519
87． Luong V B, Payne C G. Hydrolyzed feather protein as a source of amino acid of laying hens. Poultry Science, 1977,18:523
88． M J Klemesrud. Evaluation of feather meal as a source of sulfur amino acids for growing steers. Journal of Animal Science, 2000, 78(1) :207-215
89． Malviga H K, RaJak R C, Hasija S K. Synthesis and isolated from the grounds of a galatin factory [J]. Jabalpur, India Mycopathologhgia, 1992,120:1-4
90． Mangold E, Dubski S. The digestion of keratin, especially the horsy material of birds feathers by fouls and mammals. Tierzucht,1930,4:200-221
91． McCasland W E, Richardson L R. Methods for determining the nutritive value of feather meals. Poultry science, 1966,45:1231-1236
92． Mendoza, et al. Fish meal replacement with Feather-enzymatic hydrolyzates co-extruded with soya-bean meal in practical diets for the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus Vannamei). Aquaculture Nutrition, 2001,7(3) : 143-151
93． Moran E T, et al. Keratin as a source of protein for the growing chick: Amino acid imbalance as the cause for inferior performance of feather meal and the implication of disulfide bonding in raw feathers as the reason for poor digestibility. Poultry science, 1966,45:1257-1266
94． Morris W C, Balloun S L. Effect of processing methods on utilization of feather meal by broiler chicks. Poultry science, 1973,52:858-866
95． NRC Nutrient Requirements of poultry, 1994．
96． O'Guin W M, Sawyer R H. Avian scale development.Ⅷ. Relationships between morphogenetic and biosynthetic difference. Developmental Biology, 1982,89:485-492
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