针刺夹脊穴配合推拿手法治疗胸椎小关节紊乱的临床观察
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摘要
(一)背景:
     胸椎小关节紊乱主要是指由于各种原因导致的胸椎关节突关节和肋椎关节的错位,牵拉软组织刺激神经而产生以胸背痛为主症的病证,一般多发于上中胸段,运动员多见。胸段脊柱因其椎体的固有特征及胸廓和周围组织的加固保护作用,比腰段脊柱稳定,受到损伤的机会较小,其小关节紊乱也比腰段少见,但是人体脊柱是一个有机整体,处于一种动态的生物力学平衡状态,这个动态的生物力学平衡,需要各个椎体、椎间盘、韧带、肌肉的生理功能和解剖位置的正常来共同维持,脊柱任何部位的病变,都将会相应的影响到脊柱的其它部位,使脊柱整个生物力学平衡失调。因此,无论是颈椎的生物力学平衡失调还是腰椎的生物力学平衡失调,都会引起胸椎相应的位置改变,以适应机体力学平衡的需要。胸椎小关节紊乱引起周围软组织受到压迫、刺激,产生无菌性炎症、水肿、出血,乃至钙化,而同时周围软组织的损伤又会引起胸椎小关节错位,从而形成恶性循环。脊神经和交感神经一方面受到椎间孔狭窄的刺激与压迫,另一方面又受到软组织炎症刺激或组织肿胀黏连、深筋膜的牵拉而受压,引起脊神经和交感神经继发性病损,从而出现相应的临床症状。因此,纠正胸椎小关节紊乱是缓解临床症状的主要方法。
     胸椎小关节紊乱在中医上归属于“筋出槽”、“骨错缝”范畴。所谓“骨错缝”是指骨关节正常的间隙或相对位置关系发生了细微的异常改变,并引起关节活动受限。“筋出槽”是指筋的形态结构、空间位置或功能状态发生了异常改变,可表现为筋粗、筋强、筋走、筋缩等多种形式。
     目前,胸椎小关节紊乱的治疗无论是中医还是西医都以手法复位治疗为主。手法能改善局部组织血液循环,提高局部组织痛阀,放松紧张和痉挛的肌肉,促进损伤组织修复和血肿、水肿吸收,消除创伤性无菌炎症而松解粘连;还可以纠正解剖位置的异常,调整椎体解剖位置关系,从而减轻或消除神经、血管的机械性压迫。针灸具有松解、镇痛作用,利用针刺给予病变周围肌间隔结缔组织高强度的刺激,可产生大量的深感觉的神经生物学信息。传递至大脑中枢后,一方面可以反射性调节病变周围肌紧张,迅速缓解因肌紧张而引起的疼痛;另一方面能够提高全身应激能力,使机体交感神经兴奋、免疫调节能力提高,从而使机体通过自身调节达到缓解疼痛的目的。此外,针刺也可通过神经调节促进致痛物质的吸收和止痛物质的释放,如加速5—羟色胺、HE的排泄和β—内啡肽、蛋氨酸脑啡肽肤的释放,从而提高机体痛闽,起到止痛的作用。针刺通过刺激结缔组织中肌梭本体感受器引起下行控制,从而导致肌肉的松弛或者肌肉活动的抑制,改善或者消除脊柱的异常应力,从而纠正其力线恢复其动态和静态的平衡。
     近年文献研究显示,胸椎小关节紊乱的治疗多采用针灸推拿相结合的综合疗法,或采用单纯的手法治疗,但综合疗法和单纯手法治疗两者之间疗效的比较且没有相应的研究。因此,本课题采用随机对照研究,比较针灸配合手法综合治疗与单纯手法治疗胸椎小关节紊乱的疗效及疼痛改善情况差异并分析性别、年龄、病程与疗效的关系,为针灸推拿治疗胸椎小关节紊乱提供临床依据。
     (二)目的:
     比较分析针灸配合手法综合治疗与单纯手法治疗胸椎小关节紊乱的疗效及疼痛改善情况差异并分析性别、年龄、病程与疗效的关系,为针灸推拿治疗胸椎小关节紊乱提供临床依据。
     (三)方法:
     1、病例来源及分组
     64例符合纳入标准的患者均为在2009年10月-2011年6月间在南方医院及南方医科大学附属中西医结合医院针灸推拿门诊就诊病人,根据随机数字表随机分为治疗组(针刺配合手法治疗)和对照组(单纯手法治疗),每组32例。
     2、治疗方法
     2.1治疗组:先行针刺治疗再行手法治疗
     (1)针刺治疗
     针具选择:环球牌一次性针灸针,1.5寸毫针,30号。
     取穴:病变胸椎两侧及上下一椎体两侧夹脊穴和敏感压痛点(阿是穴)。
     操作:令患者俯卧位,常规消毒,取双侧胸椎两侧夹脊穴垂直进针,缓慢提插捻转,令患者感觉针处酸胀得气即可。留针30分钟。
     意外情况处理:针刺在毛孔处时会发生疼痛,应重新调整进针方位,如针刺在血管上有出血者,起针时压迫出血部位即可。
     (2)手法治疗
     松解手法:病人俯卧位,医生沿胸椎棘突两旁,以病变节段为中心,自上而下用揉法、滚法、按法或弹拨法对背部软组织进行松解,大约10分钟。
     整复手法:采用胸椎掌按法。患者仰卧位,要求其两上肢交叉握住对侧上肢上部。医者站在患者右侧,右手掌根置于偏歪的棘突下,左手及胸部紧贴患者两上肢交义部,嘱患者做深呼吸,吸气时不用力,待呼气末,左手及胸部向下方突然作一短促按压,促其小关节复位,此时可听到关节复位弹响声若一次未出现弹响,可继续一次治疗,出现首次弹响或患者自觉症状缓解,或两次治疗后未弹响,且症状未有缓解,均自动结束治疗。
     2.2对照组
     对照组采用单纯手法治疗。操作与治疗组手法操作相同。疗程
     2天一次,3次为一个疗程,共治疗2个疗程。
     2.3观察指标
     2.3.1临床疗效:治愈:胸椎侧偏棘突复位,背痛消失,功能恢复正常;好转:胸椎侧偏棘突有所改善,疼痛减轻,功能未完全恢复;无效:治疗前后体征、症状无变化。
     2.3.2治疗前后疼痛综合评定:采用国际公认的描述与测量疼痛的简化McGill量表进行测评。量表分为三部分:(1)疼痛分级指数(PRI):含11个感觉性词与4个情绪性词,程度分为无、轻、中、重四级,分别以0、1、2、3分表示,可计算出PRI感觉分、情绪分和总分;(2)目测类比定级法(VAS):为一条10cm长的直线,两端分别代表无痛和剧痛,患者在其中画线以表示疼痛程度;(3)现有疼痛强度(PPI):分无痛、轻度不适、不适、难受、可怕的疼痛、极为痛苦6级,分别以0、1、2、3、4、5分表示。
     2.3.3治疗过程中患者不适的详细记录。
     (四)结果
     1、本研究过程中未出现中止、剔除和脱漏病例,全部完成了临床研究。
     2、基线比较:治疗组男性22例,女性10例,年龄20-47岁,平均32.16±7.18岁,病程1-24月,平均7.97±5.54月;对照组男性18例,女性14例,年龄21-47岁,平均31.94±7.21岁,病程1-20月,平均7.28±4.19月。两组的性别构成、年龄和病程均没有显着差异(P>0.05)。
     3、临床疗效:治疗组治愈7例,有效22例,总有效率90.7%,对照组治愈7例,好转20例,总有效率为84.4%。其中治疗组有21.9%的患者治愈,68.8%的患者病情有所好转,对照组有21.9%的患者治愈,62.5%的患者病情有所好转。两组疗效经Mann-Whitney检验,差异显着(P<0.05)
     4、简化McGill量表评定:治疗组治疗前PRI为8.78±4.61,治疗后为3.59±2.26;治疗前VAS为3.38±1.21,治疗后为1.50±0.98;治疗前PPI为2.06±0.72,治疗后为0.91±0.47。治疗前后PRI、VAS、PPI具有显着差异,P<0.01。对照组治疗前PRI为10.13±4.88,治疗后为4.69±2.10;治疗前VAS为3.66±1.21,治疗后为1.69±0.69;治疗前PPI为2.53±0.76,治疗后为1.13±0.34。治疗前后PRI、VAS、PPI具有显着差异,P<0.01。
     治疗后,治疗组PRI、PPI低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),但治疗后两组VAS下降程度方面没有显著差异(P>0.05)。
     5、相关性:男性和女性患者的疗效没有显著差异(Z=0.247,P=0.805)。病程越长的患者疗效越差(等级相关系数rs=-0.525,P<0.001),年龄越大的患者疗效也越差(rs=-0.333,P=0.007)。PPI、VAS、PRI下降程度与性别无关(P>0.05),但均与年龄和病程存在显着的负相关关系(年龄相关系数rs=-0.259,P=0.039,病程相关系数rs=-0.418,P<0.001),即年龄越大、病程越长的患者经治疗后PPI、VAS、PRI下降得越少,但相关程度并不是很密切。
     6、安全性:两组患者均未发现所采用治疗方法对正常生理状态指标如意识、运动、睡眠、脉搏、心率、呼吸等的不良影响;未出现局部组织严重损伤和脊髓损伤等不良反应。
     (五)结论
     1、针刺夹脊穴配合手法能有效的改善胸椎小关节紊乱患者的临床症状并缓解疼痛,且较单纯手法治疗效果显著。
     2、临床疗效和疼痛的改善与患者的年龄和病程呈相关,即年龄越大、病程越长临床疗效越差、疼痛改善越不明显,但和患者的性别没有关系;
Background
     Thoracic facet joint disorders are mainly causes by the dislocation of thoracic facet joints and rib-vertebral joint due to various reasons, stretching the soft tissue to stimulate the nerves and leading to the main symptoms of thoracodorsal pain, in general, it mainly occurs in the upper or middle thoracic vertebral and more common.in the athletes. The thoracic spine is more stability than the lumber spine, because of the reinforced protective effect of its inherent characteristics. But the human spine is an organic whole, in the biomechanics of a dynamic equilibrium, Therefore, regardless of biomechanical imbalance of the cervical or lumbar will cause the thoracic corresponding change in position to adapt to the mechanical equilibrium. Thoracic facet joint disorder makes that soft tissue are oppressed, stimulation, resulting in inflammation, edema, hemorrhage, and even calcification, while the surrounding soft tissue injury would lead to thoracic facet joint dislocation, thus creating a vicious cycle. Joint disorders and soft tissue pathological changes lead to spinal nerve and sympathetic nerve secondary diseases, which together with the corresponding clinical symptoms. Therefore, the main method of the relieve symptoms is to correct thoracic facet joint disorders.
     Thoracic facet joint disorders in Chinese medicine attributed to the tendons out of the slot, areas to which the bone staggered joint. So-called "bone staggered joint is normal phalangeal joint clearance or relative position of subtle abnormal changes, and cause the joint activity limitation. Tendons tank "refers to the morphological structure of the tendons, the spatial location or functional status abnormalities, can the performance of coarse ribs, tendons, tendons walk, muscle contraction and other forms.
     In present, the conservative therapy is the main treatment method for thoracic facet joint disorders. Massage techniques can improve the local tissue blood circulation, relax tension muscles and promote the absorption of damaged tissue repair. It also can correct the anatomical location of the abnormal, adjust the vertebral body to the anatomical location, so as to reduce or eli分钟ate the mechanical compression of the nerves and blood vessels. Acupuncture has the release and analgesic effect. It can produce a lot of neurobiology massages when stimulate the tissue. When the massages passed to the brain, it can not only regulation the tension muscular to relieve pain, but also increase the systemic stress ability and the immune modulator capacity, so that body through self-regulation to achieve pain relief purposes. In addition, acupuncture can also through the nerve regulation to promotion the pain caused material absorption and analgesic substances release, such as accelerated excretion of5-HT and HE the and release p, in order to relieve pain.
     Objective
     to observe the clinical effect and relieve pain to observe the clinical effect of acupuncture combined with massage manipulation in treating the thoracic facet joints disorder, and analysis the relation among of gender, age, therapeutic effect, provide clinical evidence for acupuncture and massage treat the thoracic facet joints disorder.
     Methods
     64cases, from nan fang hospital, were randomly divided into the treatment group and control group, each group are32cases. The treatment group were treated acupuncture combined with massage manipulation, the control group were treated simple massage manipulation as treatment group,2days1time,3times to be a period of treatment, total treatment6times, and in before and after treatment used McGill scale to evaluation.
     Result
     1. In this study, all patients finish completed clinical research.
     2. Baseline Compared:treatment group,22males and10females, age20-47years, mean32.16±7.18years, duration of1-24months, an average of7.97±5.54months; control group of18males,14females, aged21-47years old, average31.94±7.21years, duration of1-20months, an average of7.28±4.19months. The two groups of gender, age and disease duration were no significant differences (P>0.05).
     3. Clinical effect:After the treatment, the treatment group cure in7cases, better22cases, invalid in3, the total effective rate was90.4%and the control group cure in7cases, better20cases, invalid in5, the total effective rate was84.4%. Two groups by Mann-Whitney test, the difference has significant significance (P<0.05).
     4. Simplified McGill scale evaluation:Before the treatment, the PRI of the treatment group was8.78±4.61and the control group was10.13±4.88; the VAS of the treatment group was3.38±1.21and the control group was6±1.21; the PPI of the treatment group was2.06±0.72and the control group was2.53±0.76. After the treatment, PRI of the treatment group was1.50±0.98and the control group was1.69±0.69; the VAS of the treatment group was3.38±1.21and the control group was4.69±2.10; the PPI of the treatment group was0.91±0.47and the control group was1.13±0.34. Both groups patient after the treatment, the PRI, VAS and PPI were significantly lower (P<0.001), and the dropped degree have significant difference (P<0.05).
     5. Correlation:the efficacy of male and female patients no significant difference (Z=0.247, P=0.805). The longer the duration of efficacy in patients with the worse (rank correlation coefficient rs=-0.525, P<0.001), older patient outcomes is the worse (rs=-0.333, P=0.007). PPI, VAS, PRI decreased the degree has nothing to do with sex (P>0.05), but there are significant negative correlation (with age and duration of age-correlation coefficient rs=-0.259, P=0.039, duration of the correlation coefficient rs=-0.418, P<0.001), older patients with longer duration of the PPI after treatment, the VAS, the PRI decreased less, but the correlation is not very close.
     6. Safety:There were no adverse reactions.
     Conclusion
     1. Acupuncture combined with massage manipulation can relief pain and improved the clinical symptoms of thoracic facet joint disorders; it is sgnificant difference than massage manipulation.
     2Clinical efficacy and pain relieve has relationship with patient's age and disease progression but not matter with the patient's gender.
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