自体筋膜作为骨骼肌再生支架的实验研究
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摘要
一、研究背景
肌肉缺损是临床常见现象，常由各种创伤包括深度烧伤、电损伤、车祸等意外事故引起。肌肉组织的修复是医学界较为棘手的课题，尽管游离肌肉移植以其动力修复的显著疗效为外科医生所青睐，然而它对供区的损害及术后受区欠佳的外形和肌力分布限制其广泛应用。近年来随着细胞生物学的迅猛发展和组织工程的兴起，为肌肉的缺损和动力修复开创了一个崭新的研究前景。自从20世纪80年代中期提出组织工程概念后，许多学者试图利用组织工程方法在体外构建具有功能的肌肉组织。但是，迄今为止仍然没有理想的组织工程化肌肉能满足临床需要。究其原因，主要是尚无理想的供肌肉组织再生的支架材料。在肌肉再生研究中，种子细胞赖于生存的支架材料的研究就成为重要的内容。
组织工程的支架材料可分为：1，天然高分子材料。常用的天然高分子材料主要为多糖和蛋白质两大类。多糖类有纤维素、甲壳素、硫酸软骨素、透明质酸等；蛋白质材料主要有胶原和纤维蛋白等结构蛋白。这类材料的优点在于包含着许多生物信息，能够使细胞产生或维持各种功能，并具有很好
BACKGROUND
Loss of muscle tissues resulting from traumatic injuries is a very common phenomenon in hospitals. These injuries often result from car accidents, electric injuries, burns, tumor ablations and numerous other injuries. The reconstruction of contractile skeletal muscle has been a complex and difficult problem in the field of plastic surgery. Although free muscle flap transplants have had remarkable success and are favored by surgeons, the donor area left by the muscle flap removal has a very unsightly appearance. In addition, the muscle strength is markedly weak with decreased function of the graft muscle in the recipient area. Therefore, the extensive application of muscle flap is limited. With the outstanding development of medical cell and molecular biology and tissue engineering in recent years, a new alternative approach to address difficult tissue reconstruction is the
肌肉缺损是临床常见现象，常由各种创伤包括深度烧伤、电损伤、车祸等意外事故引起。肌肉组织的修复是医学界较为棘手的课题，尽管游离肌肉移植以其动力修复的显著疗效为外科医生所青睐，然而它对供区的损害及术后受区欠佳的外形和肌力分布限制其广泛应用。近年来随着细胞生物学的迅猛发展和组织工程的兴起，为肌肉的缺损和动力修复开创了一个崭新的研究前景。自从20世纪80年代中期提出组织工程概念后，许多学者试图利用组织工程方法在体外构建具有功能的肌肉组织。但是，迄今为止仍然没有理想的组织工程化肌肉能满足临床需要。究其原因，主要是尚无理想的供肌肉组织再生的支架材料。在肌肉再生研究中，种子细胞赖于生存的支架材料的研究就成为重要的内容。
组织工程的支架材料可分为：1，天然高分子材料。常用的天然高分子材料主要为多糖和蛋白质两大类。多糖类有纤维素、甲壳素、硫酸软骨素、透明质酸等；蛋白质材料主要有胶原和纤维蛋白等结构蛋白。这类材料的优点在于包含着许多生物信息，能够使细胞产生或维持各种功能，并具有很好
BACKGROUND
Loss of muscle tissues resulting from traumatic injuries is a very common phenomenon in hospitals. These injuries often result from car accidents, electric injuries, burns, tumor ablations and numerous other injuries. The reconstruction of contractile skeletal muscle has been a complex and difficult problem in the field of plastic surgery. Although free muscle flap transplants have had remarkable success and are favored by surgeons, the donor area left by the muscle flap removal has a very unsightly appearance. In addition, the muscle strength is markedly weak with decreased function of the graft muscle in the recipient area. Therefore, the extensive application of muscle flap is limited. With the outstanding development of medical cell and molecular biology and tissue engineering in recent years, a new alternative approach to address difficult tissue reconstruction is the
引文
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79. Hamalainen KM, Maatta R, Piirainen H, Sarkola M, Vaisanon A, Ranta VP, Urtti A. Roles of acid/base nature and molecular weight in drug release from matrices of gel foam and monoisopropyl ester of poly(vinyl methyl ether-maleic anhydride). J Controlled Release 1998;56:273-283.
80. Hanes J, Chiba M, Langer R. Degradation of porous poly(anhydride-co-imide) microspheres and implications for controlled macromolecule delivery. Biomaterials 1998;19:163-172.
81. Chiba M, Hanes J, Langer R. Controlled protein delivery from biodegradable tyrosine-containing poly(anhydride-co-imide) microspheres. Biomaterials 1997:18:893-901.
82. Chasin M, Lewis D, Langer R. Polyanhydrides for controlled drug delivery. Biopharm Mfg 1998;1:33-46.
83. Ibim SE, Uhrich KE, Attawia M, Shastri VR, El-Amin SF,Brorison R, Langer R, Laurencin CT. Preliminary in vivo report on the osteocompatibility of poly(anhydride-co-imides) evaluated in a tibial model. J Biomed Mater Res 1998;43:374-379.
84. Ibim SM, Uhrieh KE, Bronson R, El-Amin SF, Langer RS,Laurencin CT. Poly(anhydride-co-imides): In vivo biocompatibility in a rat model. Biomaterials 1998;19:941-951.
85. Heller J, Sparer RV, Zentner GM. Poly(ortho esters). In: Chasin M,Langer R, editors. Biodegradable polymers as drug delivery systems. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1990. p 121-161.
86. Heller J, Penhale DW, Helwing RF, Fritzinger BK. Controlled release of norethindrone from poly(orthoesters). In: Mansdorf S,Ram T, editors. Controlled release delivery systems. NewYork: Marcel Dekker; 1983. p 91-105.
87. Heller J, Fritzinger BK, Ng SY, Penhale DW. In vitro and in vivo release of levonorgesrel from poly(ortho esters)—1. Linear polymers. J Controlled Release 1985;1:225-232.
88. Heller J, Ng SY, Penhale DW, Fritzinger BK, Sanders LM, Bruns RA, Gaynon MG, Bhosale SS. Use of poly(ortho esters) for the controlled release of 5-fluorouracil and a LH-RH analog. J Control Release 1987;6:217-224.
89. Allen C, Yu Y, Maysinger D, Eisenberg A.Polycaprolactoneb-poly(ethylene oxide) block copolymer micelles as a novel drug delivery vehicle for neurotrophic agents FK506 and L-685,818. Bioconjug Chem 1998;9:564-572.
90. Pitt C. Poly-epsilon-caprolactone and its copolymers. In:Chasin M, Langer R, editors. Biodegradable polymers as drug delivery systems. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1990. p 71-120.
91. Peyman GA, Yang D, Khoobehi B, Rahimy MH, Chin SY. In vitro evaluation of polymeric matrix and porous biodegradable reservoir devices for slow-release drug delivery. Ophthal Surg Lasers 1996;27:384-391.
92. Lemmouchi Y, Schacht E, Lootens C. In vitro release of trypanocidal drugs from biodegradable implants based on poly-(epsilon-caprolactone) and poly(D,L-lactide). J Controlled Release 1998;55:79-85.
93. Lowry KJ, Hamson KR, Bear L, Peng YB, Calaluce R, Evans ML, Anglen JO, Allen WC. Polycaprolactone/glass bioabsorbable implant in a rabbit humerus fracture model. J Biorned Mater Res 1997;36:536-541.
94. Kohn J. Pseudo-poly(amino acids). Biodegradable polymers as drug delivery systems. In: Chasin M, Langer R, editors. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1990. p195-229.
95. Choueka J, Charvet JL, Koval KJ, Alexander H, James KS, Hooper KA, Kohn J. Canine bone response to tyrosinederived polycarbonates and poly(L-lactic acid). J Biomed Mater Res 1996;31:35-41.
96. Ertel SI, Kohn J, Zimmerman MC, Parsons JR. Evaluation of poly(DTH carbonate), a tyrosine-derived degradable polymer, for orthopedic applications. J Biomed Mater Res 1995; 29:1337-1348.
97. Yu C, Mielewczyk SS, Breslauer KJ, Kohn J. Tyrosine-PEGderived poly(ether carbonate)s as new biomaterials. Part Ⅱ: Study of inverse temperature transitions. Biomaterials 1999; 20:265-272.
98. Peter SJ, Yaszemski MJ, Suggs LJ, Payne RG, Langer R, Hayes WC, Unroe MR, Alemany LB, Engel PS, Mikos AG. Characterization of partially saturated poly(propylene fumarate) for orthopaedic application. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 1997;8:893-904.
99. Yaszemski MJ, Payne RG, Hayes WC, Langer RS, Aufdemorte TB, Mikos AG. The ingrowth of new bone tissue and initial mechanical properties of a degradable polymeric composite scaffold. Tissue Eng 1995; 1:41-52.
100. Peter SJ, Lu L, Kim Dff, Mikos AG. Marrow stromal osteoblast function on a poly(propylene fumarate)/b-tricalcium phosphate biodegradable orthopaedic composite. Biomaterials 2000;21:1207-1213.
101. Ishaug-Riley S. Bone formation by three-dimehsional stromal osteoblast culture in biodegradable polymer scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res 1997;36:17-28.
102. Ishaug-Riley SL, Crane-Kruger GM, Yaszemski M J, Mikos AG. Three-dimensional culture of rat calvarial osteoblasts in porous biodegradable polymers. Biomaterials 1998; 19:1405-1412.
103. Attawia MA, Uhrich KE, Botchwey E, Langer R, Laurencin CT. In vitro bone biocompatibility of poly(anhydride-coimides) containing pyromellitylimidoalanine. J Orthop Res 1996;14:445-454.
104. Campion DR. The muscle satellite cell: a review, Int. Rev. Cytol., 1984, 225-251.
105. Hill M, Wernig A, Goldspink G. Muscle satellite (stem) cell activation during local tissue injury and repair. J Anat., 2003,203:89-99
106. Li Y, Huard J. Differentiation of muscle-derived cells into myofibroblasts in injured skeletal muscle. Am. J.Pathol. 2002,161:895-907
107. Dennis RG, Kosnik PE, Gilbert ME, et al. Excitability and contractility of skeletal muscle engineered from primary cultures and cell lines. Am.J.Physiol.2001,280:C288.
108. Dennis RG, Kosnik PE, Gilbert ME, et al. Excitability and contractility of skeletal muscle engineered from primary cultures and cell lines. Am.J.Physiol.2001,280:C288.
109. Dennis RG, Kosnik PE. Excitability and isometric contractile properties of mammalian skeletal muscle constructs engineered in vitro. In Vitro Cell. Dev.Biol.Anim. 2000,36:327
110. Kosnik PE, Faulkner JA, Dennis RG. Functional development of engineered skeletalmuscle from adult and neonatal rats. Tissue Eng. 2001, 7:573
111. Fauza DO, Marler JJ, Koka R, et al. Fetal tissue engineering:Diaphragmatic replacement. J Pediatr Surg. 2001,36:146,
112. van Wachem PB, Brouwer LA, van Luyn MJ.Absence of muscle regenration after implantation of a collagen matrix seeded with myoblasts. Biomaterials. 1999,20:419.
113 Chromiak JA, Shansky J, Perrone C, et al. Bioreator perfusion system for the long-term maintenance of tissue-engineered skeletal muscle organoids. In Vitro Cell. Dev.Biol.Anim.1998,34:694.
114. Saxena AK, Marler J, Benvenuto M, et al. Skeletal muscle tissue engineering using isolated myoblasts on synthetic biodegradable polymers: preliminary studies. Tissue Eng.1999,5:525.
115. Vandenburgh HH, Hatfaludy S, Karlisch P, et al. Mechanically induced alteration in cultured skeletal muscle growth. J Biomech.1991,24:91
116. Vandenburgh HH, Swasdison S, Karlisch P. Computer-aided mechanogenesis of skeletal-muscle organs from single cells in vitro. FASEB J.1991,5:2860.
117. Vandenburgh HH, Kaelisch P, Shansky J, et al. Insulin and IGF-I induce pronounced hypertrophy of skeletal myofibers in tissue culture.Am J Physiol. 1991,260:C475.
118. Vandenburgh HH, Hatfaludy S, Sohar I, et al. Stretch-induced prostaglandins and proteinturnover in cultured skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol.1990,259:C232.
119. Vandenburgh HH, Karlisch P. Longitudinal growth of skeletal myotubes in vitro in a new horizontal mechanical cell stimulator.In Vitro Cell Dev Biol. 1989, 25:607.
120. Vandenburgh HH, A computerized mechanical cell stimulator for tissue culture: Effects on skeletal-muscle organogenesis. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol. 1988, 24:609.
121. Vandenburgh HH, Karlisch P, Farr L. Maintenance of highly contractile tissue-cultured avian skeletal myotubes in collagen gel. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol. 1988, 24:166.
122. Kamelger FS, Marksteiner R, Margreiter E. et al. A comparative study of three different biomaterials in the engineering of skeletal muscle using a rat animal model. Biomaterials. 2004, 25:1649-1655
123. Saxena AK., Marler J., Benvenuto M., et al. Skeletal muscle tissue engineering using isolated myoblasts on synthetic bio degradable polymers: preliminary studies. Tissue Eng. 1999,5:525-532
124. Powell CA, Smiley BL, Mills J, et al. Mechanical stimulation improves tissue-engeered human skeletal muscle. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 2002, 283: C1557-C1565.
125. Dusterhoft S, Pette D. Satellite cells from slow rat muscle express slow myosin under appropriate culture conditions. Differentiation. 1993, 53: 25-33.
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17. Athanasiou KA, Korvick D, Schenck RC. Biodegradable implants for the treatment of osteochondral defects in a goat model. Tissue Eng 1997;3:363-374.
18. Hamalainen KM, Maatta R, Piirainen H, Sarkola M, Vaisanon A,Ranta VP, Urtti A. Roles of acid/base nature and molecular weight in drug release from matrices of gel foam and monoisopropyl ester of poly(vinyl methyl ether-maleic anhydride). J Controlled Release 1998;56:273-283.
19. Hanes J, Chiba M, Langer R. Degradation of porous poly(anhydride-co-imide) microspheres and implications for controlled macromolecule delivery. Biomaterials 1998;19:163-172.
20. Chiba M, Hanes J, Langer R. Controlled protein delivery from biodegradable tyrosine-containing poly(anhydride-co-imide) microspheres. Biomaterials 1997;18:893-901.
21. Chasin M, Lewis D, Langer R. Polyanhydrides for controlled drug delivery. Biopharm Mfg 1998; 1:33-46.
22. Ibim SE, Uhrich KE, Attawia M, Shastri VR, E1-Amin SF, Bronson R, Langer R, Laurencin CT. Preliminary in vivo report on the osteocompatibility of poly(anhydride-co-imides) evaluated in a tibial model. J Biomed Mater Res 1998;43:374-379.
23. Ibim SM, Uhrich KE, Bronson R, El-Amin SF, Langer RS, Laurencin CT. Poly(anhydride-co-imides): In vivo biocompatibility in a rat model. Biomaterials 1998;19:941-951.
24. Heller J, Sparer RV, Zentner GM. Poly(ortho esters). In: Chasin M, Langer R, editors. Biodegradable polymers as drug delivery systems. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1990. p 121-161.
25. Heller J, Penhale DW, Helwing RF, Fritzinger BK. Controlled release of norethindrone from poly(orthoesters). In: Mansdorf S, Ram T, editors. Controlled release delivery systems. NewYork: Marcel Dekker; 1983. p 91-105.
26. Heller J, Fritzinger BK, Ng SY, Penhale DW. In vitro and in vivo release of levonorgesrel from poly(ortho esters)—1. Linear polymers. J Controlled Release 1985;1:225-232.
27. Heller J, Ng SY, Penhale DW, Fritzinger BK, Sanders LM, Bruns RA, Gaynon MG, Bhosale SS. Use of poly(ortho esters) for the controlled release of 5-fluorouracil and a LH-RH analog. J Control Release 1987;6:217-224.
28. Allen C, Yu Y, Maysinger D, Eisenberg A. Polycaprolactoneb-poly(ethylene oxide) block copolymer micelles as a noveldrug delivery vehicle for neurotrophic agents FK506 and L-685, 818. Bioconjug Chem. 1998;9:564-572.
29. Pitt C. Poly-epsilon-caprolactone and its copolymers. In: Chasin M, Langer R, editors. Biodegradable polymers as drug delivery systems. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1990. p 71-120.
30. Peyman GA, Yang D, Khoobehi B, Rahimy MH, Chin SY. In vitro evaluation of polymeric matrix and porous biodegradable reservoir devices for slow-release drug delivery. Ophthal Surg Lasers 1996;27:384-391.
31. Lemmouchi Y, Schacht E, Lootens C. In vitro release of trypanocidal drugs from biodegradable implants based on poly-(epsilon-caprolactone) and poly(D, L-lactide). J Controlled Release 1998;55:79-85.
32. Lowry KJ, Hamson KR, Bear L, Peng YB, Calaluce R, Evans ML, Anglen JO, Alien WC. Polycaprolactone/glass bioabsorbable implant in a rabbit humerus fracture model. J Biomed Mater Res 1997;36:536-541.
33. Kohn J. Pseudo-poly(amino acids). Biodegradable polymers as drug delivery systems. In: Chasin M, Langer R, editors. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1990. p 195-229.
34. Choueka J, Charvet JL, Koval KJ, Alexander H, James KS, Hooper KA, Kohn J. Canine bone response to tyrosinederived polycarbonates and poly(L-lactic acid). J Biomed Mater Res 1996;31:35-41.
35. Ertel SI, Kohn J, Zimmerman MC, Parsons JR. Evaluation of poly(DTH carbonate), a tyrosine-derived degradable polymer, for orthopedic applications. J Biomed Mater Res 1995; 29:1337-1348.
36. Yu C, Mielewczyk SS, Breslauer KJ, Kohn J. Tyrosine-PEGderived poly(ether carbonate)s as new biomaterials. Part Ⅱ: Study of inverse temperature transitions. Biomaterials 1999; 20:265-272.
37. Peter SJ, Yaszemski MJ, Suggs LJ, Payne RG, Langer R, Hayes WC, Unroe MR, Alemany LB, Engel PS, Mikos AG. Characterization of partially saturated poly(propylene fumarate) for orthopaedic application. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 1997;8:89:3-904.
38. Yaszemski MJ, Payne RG, Hayes WC, Langer RS, Aufdemorte TB, Mikos AG. The ingrowth of new bone tissue and initial mechanical properties of a degradable polymeric composite scaffold. Tissue Eng 1995;1:41-52.
39. Peter SJ, Lu L, Kim DJ, Mikos AG. Marrow stromal osteoblast function on a poly(propylene fumarate)/b-tricalcium phosphate biodegradable orthopaedic composite. Biomaterials 2000;21:1207-1213.
40. Ishaug-Riley S. Bone formation by three-dimensional stromal osteoblast culture in biodegradable polymer scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res 1997;36:17-28.
41. Ishaug-Riley SL, Crane-Kruger GM, Yaszemski MJ, Mikos AG. Three-dimensional culture of rat calvarial osteoblasts in porous biodegradable polymers. Biomaterials 1998; 19:1405-1412.
42. Attawia MA, Uhrich KE, Botchwey E, Langer R, Laurencin CT. In vitro bone biocompatibility of poly(anhydride-coimides) containing pyromellitylimidoalanine. J Orthop Res 1996;14:445-454.
43 Champion DR. The muscle satellite cell: a review, Int. Rev. Cytol., 1984, 225-251.
44 Hill M, Wernig A, Goldspink G. Muscle satellite (stem) cell activation during local tissue injury and repair. J Anat., 2003, 203:89-99
45 Li Y, Huard J. Differentiation of muscle-derived cells into myofibroblasts in injured skeletal muscle. Am. J.Pathol. 2002, 161:895-907
46 Dennis RG, Kosnik PE, Gilbert ME, et al. Excitability and contractility of skeletal muscle engineered from primary cultures and cell lines. Am.J.Physiol.2001, 280:C288.
47 Dennis RG, Kosnik PE. Excitability and isometric contractile properties of mammalian skeletal muscle constructs engineered in vitro. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Anim. 2000,36:327
48 Kosnik PE, Faulkner JA, Dennis RG. Functional development of engineered skeletalmuscle from adult and neonatal rats. Tissue Eng. 2001, 7:573
49 Fauza DO, Marler JJ, Koka R, et al. Fetal tissue engineering: Diaphragmatic replacement. J Pediatr Surg. 2001, 36: 146,
50 van Wachem PB, Brouwer LA, van Luyn MJ. Absence of muscle regenration after implantation of a collagen matrix seeded with myoblasts. Biomaterials. 1999,20:419.
51 Chromiak JA, Shansky J, Perrone C, et al. Bioreator perfusion system for the long-term maintenance of tissue-engineered skeletal muscle organoids. In Vitro Cell. Dev.Biol.Anim. 1998, 34:694.
52 Saxena AK, Marler J, Benvenuto M, et al. Skeletal muscle tissue engineering using isolated myoblasts on synthetic biodegradable polymers: preliminary studies. Tissue Eng.1999,5:525.
53 Vandenburgh HH, Hatfaludy S, Karlisch P, et al. Mechanically induced alteration in cultured skeletal muscle growth. J Biomech.1991,24:91
54 Vandenburgh HH, Swasdison S, Karlisch P. Computer-aided mechanogenesis of skeletal-muscle organs from single cells in vitro. FASEB J.1991,5:2860.
55 Vandenburgh HH, Kaelisch P, Shansky J, et al. Insulin and IGF-I induce pronounced hypertrophy of skeletal myofibers in tissue culture.Am J Physiol. 1991,260:C475.
56 Vandenburgh HH, Hatfaludy S, Sohar I, et al. Stretch-induced prostaglandins and proteinturnover in cultured skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol.l990,259:C232.
57 Vandenburgh HH, Karlisch P. Longitudinal growth of skeletal myotubes in vitro in a new horizontal mechanical cell stimulator.In Vitro Cell Dev Biol. 1989, 25:607.
58 Vandenburgh HH, A computerized mechanical cell stimulator for tissue culture: Effects on skeletal-muscle organogenesis. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol. 1988, 24:609.
59 Vandenburgh HH, Karlisch P, Farr L. Maintenance of highly contractile tissue-cultured avian skeletal myotubes in collagen gel. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol. 1988, 24:166.
60 Kamelger FS, Marksteiner R, Margreiter E. et al. A comparative study of three different biomaterials in the engineering of skeletal muscle using a rat animal model. Biomaterials. 2004, 25: 1649-1655
61 Saxena AK., Marler J., Benvenuto M., et al. Skeletal muscle tissue engineering using isolated myoblasts on synthetic bio degradable polymers: preliminary studies. Tissue Eng. 1999, 5:525-532.
62 Powell CA, Smiley BL, Mills J, et al. Mechanical stimulation improves tissue-engeered human skeletal muscle. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 2002, 283: C1557-C1565.
63 Dusterhoft S, Pette D. Satellite cells from slow rat muscle express slow myosin under appropriate culture conditions. Differentiation. 1993, 53: 25-33.
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