竞技体育动作模式的优化设计
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摘要
竞技体育的本质即是动作模式,动作模式就是在相应的动作程序指令下人体各环节程序化、系统化的操作和执行过程。动作模式承载着运动素质和技术,并最终决定运动表现力。
本文运用文献资料法、逻辑分析法、观察法、专家访谈法、个案研究法、数理统计法,以竞技体育动作模式及其优化设计理论为研究对象,并将国家帆板队运动员及我国优秀网球运动员徐俊超作为应用研究对象进行论文的撰述,得出以下结论：
1动作模式是在神经系统支配下,肌肉、筋膜及关节系统共同对预先储存在人脑中相应中枢动作编码进行程序执行的过程,其过程按照动作时空连续理念有序完成。神经肌肉系统和动力链、核心柱是形成正确动作模式的重要环节,合理的动作模式可使训练效益最大化地迁移至专项技术,有效预防损伤,提高运动能力。
2动作模式按照身体各关节有机组合结构,可以由部分到整体进行分层分类：第一层包括各个单关节动作模式；第二层分别包括上肢、躯干、下肢动作模式；第三层包括上肢躯干、下肢躯干及上下肢动作模式；第四层为全身性动作模式。
3通过对运动员标准化动作模式(FMS)测量可以对运动员身体运动功能进行筛查,可以作为动作模式训练设计的依据。
4通过对网球运动员徐俊超为期8周的动作模式训练,有效促进了其训练身体姿态的改善,提高了髋关节灵活性、核心柱力量及击球爆发力。
5通过对国家帆板运动员进行功能训练的实践应用,有效地控制伤病,将新增伤病降低到零,并提高运动员专项体能的贮备。
The essence of sports is Movement Pattern, a systematic and programmed operation process of all parts of human body under the corresponding instructions of action procedures, reflects the quality and techniques of sports and determines the expressive force of the movement.
By applying the literature study, expert interviews, observations, logical analysis and Mathematical statistics, this paper studied the optimization design of the movement pattern of sports, analyzed the application of such design among the excellent tennis player Xu Junchao and national sailing players and finally concluded:
(1) Movement pattern is controled by the domination of the nervous system, and then is a procedures process which muscles, fascia, and joint systems execute the corresponding central movement coding which is pre-stored in the brain, the process in accordance with the space-time of movement continuum concept to compete orderly. The key of forming correct movement patterns is the neuromuscular system, kinetic chain and the core pillar. Correct movement patterns can effectively prevent sports injure, improve athletic performance and reinforce the technical expression.
(2) On the basis of the systematic combination of main joints, movement pattern is classified by different combinations:first, the movement, of every single joint; second, the movement patterns of the upper limb, trunk and lower limbs; third, the movement patterns of the upper limb add the truck, the lower limb add the trunk and also the upper add lower limbs; Fourth, the movement patterns of the whole body.
(3) After the systematic training of movement patterns for8weeks, the posture of tennis player Xu Junchao is improved, his hip mobility, core pillar strength and the power of batting are also improved.
(4) Through the practical application of functional training on the national windsurfing athletes, injuries rate of athletes has effectively control, new injuries reduced to zero, and to improve athletes special physical reserve.
本文运用文献资料法、逻辑分析法、观察法、专家访谈法、个案研究法、数理统计法,以竞技体育动作模式及其优化设计理论为研究对象,并将国家帆板队运动员及我国优秀网球运动员徐俊超作为应用研究对象进行论文的撰述,得出以下结论：
1动作模式是在神经系统支配下,肌肉、筋膜及关节系统共同对预先储存在人脑中相应中枢动作编码进行程序执行的过程,其过程按照动作时空连续理念有序完成。神经肌肉系统和动力链、核心柱是形成正确动作模式的重要环节,合理的动作模式可使训练效益最大化地迁移至专项技术,有效预防损伤,提高运动能力。
2动作模式按照身体各关节有机组合结构,可以由部分到整体进行分层分类：第一层包括各个单关节动作模式；第二层分别包括上肢、躯干、下肢动作模式；第三层包括上肢躯干、下肢躯干及上下肢动作模式；第四层为全身性动作模式。
3通过对运动员标准化动作模式(FMS)测量可以对运动员身体运动功能进行筛查,可以作为动作模式训练设计的依据。
4通过对网球运动员徐俊超为期8周的动作模式训练,有效促进了其训练身体姿态的改善,提高了髋关节灵活性、核心柱力量及击球爆发力。
5通过对国家帆板运动员进行功能训练的实践应用,有效地控制伤病,将新增伤病降低到零,并提高运动员专项体能的贮备。
The essence of sports is Movement Pattern, a systematic and programmed operation process of all parts of human body under the corresponding instructions of action procedures, reflects the quality and techniques of sports and determines the expressive force of the movement.
By applying the literature study, expert interviews, observations, logical analysis and Mathematical statistics, this paper studied the optimization design of the movement pattern of sports, analyzed the application of such design among the excellent tennis player Xu Junchao and national sailing players and finally concluded:
(1) Movement pattern is controled by the domination of the nervous system, and then is a procedures process which muscles, fascia, and joint systems execute the corresponding central movement coding which is pre-stored in the brain, the process in accordance with the space-time of movement continuum concept to compete orderly. The key of forming correct movement patterns is the neuromuscular system, kinetic chain and the core pillar. Correct movement patterns can effectively prevent sports injure, improve athletic performance and reinforce the technical expression.
(2) On the basis of the systematic combination of main joints, movement pattern is classified by different combinations:first, the movement, of every single joint; second, the movement patterns of the upper limb, trunk and lower limbs; third, the movement patterns of the upper limb add the truck, the lower limb add the trunk and also the upper add lower limbs; Fourth, the movement patterns of the whole body.
(3) After the systematic training of movement patterns for8weeks, the posture of tennis player Xu Junchao is improved, his hip mobility, core pillar strength and the power of batting are also improved.
(4) Through the practical application of functional training on the national windsurfing athletes, injuries rate of athletes has effectively control, new injuries reduced to zero, and to improve athletes special physical reserve.
引文
[1] Denis Logan国家体育总局训练局身体功能训练团队培训讲稿.2011.9
[2] Dr. Michael Kent. Oxford Dictionary of Sports & Medicine[M]Oxford, 2006.
[3] http://firstclasspt.com/wordpress/?p=36.
[4] Gray Cook. Movement-functional movement systems[M]. Target Publications,2010:26-41.
[5]张英波.《动作学习与控制》[M].北京体育大学出版社,2003：94-104.
[6]田麦久等.运动训练学[M].北京：人民体育出版社.2000：233-237.
[7] Thomas Kurz. Science of Sports Training-How to Plan and Control Training for Peak Performance [M]. Human Kinetics,2009:33.
[8] Santana J.C. (2000) Functional Training, Boca Baton FL:Optimum Performance Systems.
[9] Steven Plisk, Functional Training, www.nsca-lift.org.
[10] Gray Cook. Athletic body in balance [M]. Human Kinetics, 2003:7-16.
[11]Joanne Elphinston. Sport and Performance Movement Great Technique Without Injury[M]. North Atlantic Books:19.
[12] Mike Clark. Low back pain:A functional perspective.www.nsca-lift.org.
[13] The Kinetic Chain-What It Is and How It Works By Robert Romano D.C. http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Kinetic-Chain---What-It-Is-and-How-It-Works&id=5505305.
[14] Welch, C. M, S. A. Banks, F. F. Cook, and P. Dravotich. 1995. Hitting a baseball:A biomechanical descript ion [J] Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy22 (5):193-201.
[15] Kibler, W. B.1998. Determining the extend of functional deficit. Pp.16-19in Functional rehabilitation of sports and musculoskeletal injuries, ed. W. B. KIbler, S. A. Herring, J. M. Press, and P. A. Lee. Gaithersburg, MD:Aspen.
[16]李春雷,任远.核心柱力量训练[J].体育健康知识画刊,2010,(1)
[17] Mark Verstegen. Core performance essentials[M]. Penguin Group,2006:109-125.
[18] Santana J. C.北京体科所身体功能训练讲座讲课稿.2010年12月.
[19] http://www.aworkoutroutine.com/movement-patterns/
[20] Steven Plisk. Training priciples&progradesign[M]Strategies18((4)2005:16-21.
[21] Baechle, Thomas K, Earle, Roger W. Essentials of Strength Training &Conditioning[M], Human kinetics,2008:381-383.
[22]延峰.对帆板运动员摇帆动作身体训练手段与方法的研究及训练实施一课题第一阶段研究成果汇报[J],北京体育师范学院学报,1994,6(1).
[23]魏薇,郑伟涛.我国优秀男子帆板运动员单杠引体向上特点的测试分析[J].科技信息.高校讲坛.2008.32.
[24]MICHAL HADALA, CARLOS BARRIOS. Different Strategies for sports Injury Prevention in an America's Cup Yachting Crew[J].Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2009, 41(8):1587-1596.
[25]朱丽敏.优秀帆板运动员竞技状态形成及参赛调控研究[D]北京体育大学硕士研究生毕业论文.2009.
[26]孙莉莉.功能训练在帆板项目中的实践研究[u].北京体育大学硕士研究生毕业论文.2011年.
[27] Jeff Chandler, W. Ben Kibler, Elizabeth C. Stracener, Shoulder strength, power, and endurance in college tennis players[J]The American Journal of Sports Medicine July 1992 vol.20 no. 4455-458.
[28] SamBordiss. Training for tennis[M], Peak performance,2007, 19-20.
[29]金春林,曲峰.柏衍网球发球技术的生物力学分析[.J].北京体育大学学报,2008,31(2)：272-274.
[30]矫莉华.当代网球体能训练理念与方法思考[J].南京体育学院学报(自然科学版),2010,9(2)：90-92.
[31]丁楠.网球主要技术动作和专项力量训练肌肉用力特征比较[D].北京体育大学硕士研究生毕业论文,2011.
[32]袁守龙.刘爱杰译.高水平竞技体能训练[M].北京：北京体育大学出版社.2006：68-162.
[33] Chris Gellert. Train the movement pattern and the muscle system[J]http://www.canfitpro.com.
[34] McGraw-Hill.Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th edition[M].The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc:228.
[35] Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,美国体能协会基础运动科学课件,2000.
[36] Vern Gambetta. Athletic development[M]. human kinetics,2006: 78.
[37] Mark Verstegen. Core performance woman[M]. Penguin Group,2004:27.
[38]张英波等译.动作--功能动作训练体系[M].北京：北京体育大学出版社,2011：227.
[39] Perry Nickelston, DC.Dynamic Chiropractic[J].August 26, 2010, Vol.28, Issue 18,SFMA.
[40]陈维益,英汉医学辞典[M].上海科学技术出版社.2009.
[41]吕叔湘.丁声树.现代汉语词典[M].商务印书馆.2005.
[42] Boyle M. Functional Training for Sports[M]. Champaign IL:Human Kinetics,2003:1-23.
[43]胡声宇.运动解剖学[M].人民体育出版社,2000：5-61.
[44] James A. Porterfield, Carl Derosa. Mechanical Low Back Pain:Perspectives in Functional Anatomy[M].1998:124.
[45]顾德明等.运动解剖学图谱[M].北京：人民体育出版社,2005：64-76.
[46]矫玮.易化牵伸术[M].北京：人民体育出版社,2009：20-27.
[47] Voss, D, M. Lonta, and B. Myers.1985.Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation,3rd ed. Philadelphia:Harper&Row.
[48] Vern Gambetta.Athletic Development [M]. Human Kinetics:1 edition (November 29,2006):158.
[49] Thomas W. Myers. Anatomy Trains[M]. Elsevier,2009:73-171
[10]朱学青等译.体能训练概论[M].上海.上海三联书店.2010,284.
[51]金继春译.人体基本运动的生物力学分析[M].北京：北京体育大学出版社,2010：45.
[1]Denis Logan国家体育总局训练局身体功能训练团队培训讲稿,2011,9.
[2]Michael Kent.Oxford Dictionary of Sports & Medicine[M]Oxford,2006.
[3]http://firstclasspt.com/wordpress/?p=36.
[4]GrayCook. Movement-functional movement systems[M]. Target Pub!ications,2010:26-41.
[5]张英波.《动作学习与控制》[M].北京体育大学出版社,2003：94-104.
[6]田麦久等.运动训练学[M].北京：人民体育出版社.2000：233-237.
[7]Thomas Kurz .Science of Sports Training- How to Plan and Control Training for Peak Performance [M].Human Kinetics,2009:33.
[8]Santana J.C. (2000) Functional Training. Boca Raton FL:Optimum Performance Systems.
[9]Steven Plisk, Functional Training, www.nsca-lift.org.
[10]Gray Cook. Athletic body in balance [M].Human Kinetics, 2003:7-16.
[11]Joanne Elphinston. Sport and Performance Movement Great Technique Without Injury[M]. North Atlantic Books:19.
[12]Mike Clark.Low back pain:A functional perspective.www.nsca-lift.org.
[13]The Kinetic Chain - What It Is and How It Works By Robert Romano D.C. http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Kinetic-Chain---What-It-Is-and-How-It-Works&id=5505305.
[14]Welch, C.M,S.A.Banks, F.F.Cook, and P.Dravotich.1995.Hitting a baseball:A biomechanical description[J]Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy22 (5):193-201.
[15]Kibler.W.B.1998.Determining the extend of functional deficit.Pp.16-19in Functional rehabilitation of sports and musculoskeletal injuries,ed.W.B.KIbler,S.A.Herring,J.M.Press,and P.A.Lee.Gaithersburg,MD:Aspen.
[16]李春宙,任远.核心柱力量训练[J].体育健康知识画刊,2010,(1)
[17]Mark Verstegen.Core performance essentials[M].Penguin Group,2006:109-125.
[18]Santana J.C北京体科所身体功能训练讲座讲课稿,2010年12月.
[19]http://www.aworkoutroutine.com/movement-patterns/
[20]Steven Plisk.Training priciples&progradesign[M]Strategiesl8(4)2005:16-21.
[21]Baechle, Thomas R, Earle, Roger W.Essentials of Strength Training &Conditioning[M],Human kinetics,2008:381-383.
[22]延峰.对帆板运动员摇帆动作身体训练手段与方法的研究及训练实施—课题第一阶段研究成果汇报[J],北京体育师范学院学报,1994,6(1)
[23]魏薇,郑伟涛.我国优秀男子帆板运动员单杠引体向上特点的测试分析[J].科技信息,高校讲坛.2008,32.
[24]MICHAL HADALA, CARLOS BARRIOS. Different Strategies for Sports Injury Prevention in an America's Cup Yachting Crew [J]. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,2009,41 (8):1587-1596.
[25]朱丽敏.优秀帆板运动员竞技状态形成及参赛调控研究[D]北京体育大学硕士研究生毕业论文,2009.
[26]孙莉莉.功能训练在帆板项目中的实践研究[D].北京体育大学硕士研究生毕业论文.2011年.
[27]Jeff Chandler, W. Ben Kibler, Elizabeth C. Stracener,Shoulder strength, power, and endurance in college tennis players[J]The American Journal of Sports Medicine July 1992 vol. 20 no. 4 455-458.
[28]SamBordiss.Training for tennis[M],Peak performance,2007,19-20.
[29]金春林,曲峰.柏衍网球发球技术的生物力学分析[J].北京体育大学学报,2008,31(2)：272-274.
[30]矫莉华.当代网球体能训练理念与方法思考[J].南京体育学院学报(自然科学版),2010.9(2)：90-92.
[31]丁楠.网球主要技术动作和专项力量训练肌肉用力特征比较[D].北京体育大学硕士研究生毕业论文,2011.
[32]袁守龙,刘爱杰泽.高水平竞技体能训练[M].北京：北京体育大学出版社,2006：68-162.
[33]Chris Gellert.Train the movement pattern and the muscle system[J] http://www.canfitpro.com.
[34]McGraw-Hill .Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th edition[M].The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc:228.
[35]Lippincott Williams& Wilkins,美国体能协会基础运动科学课件,2000.
[36]vern Gambetta.Athletic development[M].human kinetics,2006:78.
[37]Mark Verstegen.Core performance woman[M].Penguin Group, 2004:27.
[38]张英波等泽.动作--功能动作训练体系[M].北京：北京体育大学出版社,2011：227.
[39]Perry Nickelston, DC.Dynamic Chiropractic[J].August 26,2010, Vol.28, Issue 18,SFMA.
[40]陈维益,英汉医学辞典[M].上海科学技术出版社,2009.
[41]吕叔湘,丁声树.现代汉语词典[M]商务印书馆,2005.
[42]Boyle M Functional Training for Sports[M]. Champaign IL: Human Kinetics,2003:1-23.
[43]胡声宇.运动解剖学[M].人民体育出版社,2000：5-61.
[44]James A.Porterfield,Carl Derosa.Mechanical Low Back Pain:Perspectives in Functional Anatomy[M].1998:124
[45]顾德明等.运动解剖学图谱[M].北京：人民体育出版社,2005：64-76.
[46]矫玮.易化牵伸术[M].北京：人民体育出版社,2009：20-27.
[47]Voss,D,M.Lonta,and B.Myers.1985.Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation,3rd ed.Philadelphia:Harper&Row.
[48]Vern Gambetta.Athletic Development[M]. Human Kinetics:l edition (November 29, 2006):158.
[49]Thomas W. Myers.Anatomy Trains[M].Elsevier,2009:73-171.
[50]朱学雷等译.体能训练概论[M].上海：上海三联书店,2010：284.
[51]金继春译.人体基本运动的生物力学分析[M]北京：北京体育大学出版社,2010：：45.
[52]刘宇,孙明运译.竞技能力的全面发展[M].北京：北京体育大学出版社,2011：15-76.
[53]McGraw-Hill .Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th edition[M].The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc:228.
[54]Mark Verstegen.Core performance endurance[M].Penguin Group.
[55]James C.Radcliffe.Functional Training for athletes at all levels[M],Ulysses Press:6-8.
[56]Bruce Abemethy.The biophysical foundations of human movement[M].Human Kinetics,2005:1.
[57]Roger Bartlett.Introduction to sports biomechanics——analysing human movement patterns[M]. Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2007:1-10.
[58]MelCunninghamSiff.Supertraing[M].supertainginstitute,DenverUSA2004:419-422.
[2] Dr. Michael Kent. Oxford Dictionary of Sports & Medicine[M]Oxford, 2006.
[3] http://firstclasspt.com/wordpress/?p=36.
[4] Gray Cook. Movement-functional movement systems[M]. Target Publications,2010:26-41.
[5]张英波.《动作学习与控制》[M].北京体育大学出版社,2003：94-104.
[6]田麦久等.运动训练学[M].北京：人民体育出版社.2000：233-237.
[7] Thomas Kurz. Science of Sports Training-How to Plan and Control Training for Peak Performance [M]. Human Kinetics,2009:33.
[8] Santana J.C. (2000) Functional Training, Boca Baton FL:Optimum Performance Systems.
[9] Steven Plisk, Functional Training, www.nsca-lift.org.
[10] Gray Cook. Athletic body in balance [M]. Human Kinetics, 2003:7-16.
[11]Joanne Elphinston. Sport and Performance Movement Great Technique Without Injury[M]. North Atlantic Books:19.
[12] Mike Clark. Low back pain:A functional perspective.www.nsca-lift.org.
[13] The Kinetic Chain-What It Is and How It Works By Robert Romano D.C. http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Kinetic-Chain---What-It-Is-and-How-It-Works&id=5505305.
[14] Welch, C. M, S. A. Banks, F. F. Cook, and P. Dravotich. 1995. Hitting a baseball:A biomechanical descript ion [J] Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy22 (5):193-201.
[15] Kibler, W. B.1998. Determining the extend of functional deficit. Pp.16-19in Functional rehabilitation of sports and musculoskeletal injuries, ed. W. B. KIbler, S. A. Herring, J. M. Press, and P. A. Lee. Gaithersburg, MD:Aspen.
[16]李春雷,任远.核心柱力量训练[J].体育健康知识画刊,2010,(1)
[17] Mark Verstegen. Core performance essentials[M]. Penguin Group,2006:109-125.
[18] Santana J. C.北京体科所身体功能训练讲座讲课稿.2010年12月.
[19] http://www.aworkoutroutine.com/movement-patterns/
[20] Steven Plisk. Training priciples&progradesign[M]Strategies18((4)2005:16-21.
[21] Baechle, Thomas K, Earle, Roger W. Essentials of Strength Training &Conditioning[M], Human kinetics,2008:381-383.
[22]延峰.对帆板运动员摇帆动作身体训练手段与方法的研究及训练实施一课题第一阶段研究成果汇报[J],北京体育师范学院学报,1994,6(1).
[23]魏薇,郑伟涛.我国优秀男子帆板运动员单杠引体向上特点的测试分析[J].科技信息.高校讲坛.2008.32.
[24]MICHAL HADALA, CARLOS BARRIOS. Different Strategies for sports Injury Prevention in an America's Cup Yachting Crew[J].Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2009, 41(8):1587-1596.
[25]朱丽敏.优秀帆板运动员竞技状态形成及参赛调控研究[D]北京体育大学硕士研究生毕业论文.2009.
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