内蒙古地区不同品种肉牛生产性能和肉品质及脂肪代谢相关基因mRNA表达量的比较研究
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摘要
本试验选择内蒙古地区的主流杂交肉牛品种,即红安格斯牛、西门塔尔牛、草原红牛和夏洛莱牛等4个高代杂交肉牛(以下略高代杂交),研究在相同饲养条件下饲养育肥的4个品种肉牛的饲料报酬、生产性能、胴体性状指标、牛肉常规营养指标、牛肉风味物质、肌肉组织结构和脂肪代谢有关的血液生化指标、激素水平以及脂肪代谢相关基因mRNA表达量的比较,选择适合我区的肉牛地方品种,作为我区肉牛业的品种改良及生产提供理论依据。试验研究分四部分：
第一部分相同饲养条件下不同品种肉牛肉质的比较研究
试验选择在相同饲养条件下育肥的,将要屠宰的西门塔尔牛、夏洛莱牛、草原红牛和红安格斯牛各5头,经屠宰排酸后,取试验牛左半胴体12-13肋骨间的背最长肌作为试验样品。采用实验室常规分析法、石蜡切片技术、电镜技术和气象色谱分析技术,对4个不同品种肉牛的肉质进行比较研究。结果表明：(1)草原红牛肌肉蛋白质和脂肪含量显著高于其它3个品种肉牛(P<0.05)；红安格斯牛肌肉水分含量显著高于其它3个品种肉牛(P<0.05)；4个品种肉牛肌肉灰分含量差异不显著(P>0.05)；红安格斯牛肌肉磷含量显著高于其它3个品种肉牛(P<0.05),大小顺序为,红安格斯牛>草原红牛>夏洛莱牛>西门塔尔牛,西门塔尔牛、草原红牛、夏洛莱牛之间差异不显著(p>0.05)。钙含量上：草原红牛>西门塔尔牛>夏洛莱牛>红安格斯牛,西门塔尔牛和草原红牛之间差异不显著(p>0.05),红安格斯牛和夏洛莱牛之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。(2)草原红牛在胴体屠宰率、眼肌面积和背膘厚度显著大于其它3个品种肉牛(p<0.05)；红安格斯牛肌肉剪切力、失水率和滴水损失率上显著小于其它3个品种肉牛(P<0.05)；红安格斯牛肌肉熟肉率显著高于其它3个品种肉牛(P<0.05);西门塔尔牛肌肉pH值显著大于其它3个品种肉牛(P<0.05)。(3)红安格斯肌肉肌纤维直径和肌纤维面积显著小于其它3个品种肉牛(P<0.05)；红安格斯牛肌肉肌纤维密度和肌节长度显著大于其它3个品种肉牛(P<0.05)。(4)红安格斯牛肌肉脂肪多不饱和脂肪酸/饱和脂肪酸(PUFA/SFA)比值和n-6/n-3比值显著大于其它3个品种肉牛(P<0.05)；草原红牛肌肉脂肪单不饱和脂肪酸/饱和脂肪酸(MUFA/SFA)比值显著大于其它3个品种肉牛(P>0.05)；草原红牛肌肉必需氨基酸含量、非必需氨基酸含量、鲜味氨基酸含量、赖氨酸含量和谷氨酸含量显著高于其它3个品种肉牛(P<0.05)。
第二部分相同饲养条件下不同品种肉牛血液生化指标及激素浓度的比较研究
屠宰前从试验牛尾静脉采血并标号,采血后尽快离心分离血清,要求新鲜无溶血的血清,采用酶比色法、葡萄糖氧化酶法、清除法和放免法测定血液生化指标和激素浓度。结果表明：(1)草原红牛血清葡萄糖浓度、甘油三酯浓度和胆固醇浓度显著高于其它3个品种肉牛(P<0.05)；红安格斯牛血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇浓度显著高于其它3个品种肉牛(P<0.05)；血清低密度脂蛋白浓度上：草原红牛和夏洛莱牛之间差异显著(P>0.05),但与西门塔尔牛和红安格斯牛之间差异显著(P<0.05),大小顺序为,草原红牛>夏洛莱牛>西门塔尔牛>红安格斯牛。(2)草原红牛血清胰岛素和胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ浓度显著高于其它3个品种肉牛(P<0.05)；红安格斯牛血清皮质醇、三碘甲腺原氨酸、生长激素、消脂素、胰高血糖素和肿瘤坏死因子-α浓度显著高于其它3个品种肉牛(P<0.05)。
第三部分相同饲养条件下不同品种肉牛脂肪代谢相关基因mRNA表达量的比较研究
试验牛经屠宰劈半后从左侧胴体12-13肋骨处取背最长肌样品,作为试验样品。用实时荧光定量FQ-PCR技术测定4个品种肉牛背最长肌脂肪代谢相关基因mRNA的表达量。结果表明：草原红牛背最长肌PPAR γ基因和LPL基因mRNA的表达量显著高于其它3个品种肉牛(P<0.05)。
第四部分相同饲养条件下不同品种肉牛生产性能的比较研究
选择西门塔尔牛、红安格斯牛、夏洛莱牛和草原红牛各5头,在相同饲养条件下饲养育肥180d,在育肥期,采用差减法测定饲料报酬,再经试验牛屠宰排酸后,采用称重法测定胴体产肉性能。结果表明：(1)草原红牛日增重显著大于其它3个品种肉牛(P<0.05)；草原红牛精料消耗和每增重1kg所花费精料成本显著低于其它3个品种肉牛(P<0.05)。(2)草原红牛胴体高档肉重和优质肉重显著高于其它3个品种肉牛(P<0.05)；高档产肉率上：草原红牛>西门塔尔牛>夏洛莱牛>红安格斯牛,组间均差异不显著(P>0.05)；在后腿肉重上：西门塔尔牛>草原红牛>夏洛莱牛>红安格斯牛,西门塔尔牛与草原红牛之间差异不显著(P>0.05),但与夏洛莱牛和红安格斯牛之间差异显著(P<0.05)；后腿产肉率上：夏洛莱牛>西门塔尔牛>红安格斯牛>草原红牛,组间均差异不显著(P>0.05)。西门塔尔牛胴体优质肉产肉率显著高于其它3个品种肉牛(P<0.05)
从本试验研究结果综合考虑,草原红牛肉营养价值、饲料报酬、高档肉产肉率和脂肪沉积上具有明显的品种优势,适合在我区饲养育肥,培育我区专用的肉牛品系。
The research choose the main beef breed, Red Angus cattle, Simmental cattle, Grassland Red cattle and Charolais cattle in high generation hybrid in Inner Mongolia to compare the price of feed, growth performance, carcass strait, regular nutrition indices, flavor compounds, muscle fiber structure, biochemical parameters of fat metabolism and mRNA expression level related to hormone level and fat metabolism in the same feeding condition. The finding will provide scientific basis for selection of appropriate beef breed and improvement of beef breed in this area. Experiment was divided into four parts:
Part one:Comparative study of meat quality in different beef cattle breeds under the same feeding conditions
In the same fattening condition, longest back muscle between12to13left ribs was chosen as test samples in Red Angus cattle, Simmental cattle, Grassland Red cattle and Charolais cattle after slaughter. The laboratory analysis methods were as follows: Routine analysis method, Paraffin technology, electron microscopy technology and Meteorological chromatographic analysis technique. The results were as follows:(1) Grassland Red cattle meat protein and fat content were higher than other varieties(P<0.05); Red Angus cattle meat moisture content was higher than other varieties(P<0.05)and ash content of beef cattle muscle in4varieties is no significant difference(P>0.05); Phosphorus contents in four breeds were:Red Angus cattle>Grassland Red cattle>Charolais cattle> Simmental cattle, Red Angus cattle Phosphorus contents were higher than other varieties(P<0.05); The calcium content comparison in four breeds was:Grassland Red cattle> Simmental cattle> Charolais cattle> Red Angus cattle, Simmental cattle and Grassland Red cattle had no significant difference(P>0.05), Charolais cattle and Red Angus cattle had no significant difference(P>0.05).(2) Grassland Red cattle in Slaughter rate, eye muscle area and Back fat thickness were higher than other varieties(P<0.05); Red Angus cattle were lower than other varieties in Shear force, water loss rate and drop of water loss(P<0.05), however, was higher than other varieties in Cooked rate(P<0.05); Simmental cattle had higher in PH value than other varieties(P<0.05).(3) Red Angus cattle were higher in Muscle fiber diameter and Muscle fiber area than other varieties(P<0.05)and lower in Muscle fiber density and Sarcomere length(P<0.05).(4) Red Angus cattle Fatty acids content in PUFA/SFA and n-6/n-3were higher than other varieties(P<0.05); Grassland Red cattle in MUFA/SFA was higher than other varieties (P>0.05); Grassland Red cattle muscle amino acid content was higher in the essential amino acid content, Non-essential amino acid content, content of tasty amino acids, lysine content and glutamic acid than other varieties(P<0.05).
Part two:Comparative study of blood biochemical index and hormone concentration in different beef cattle breeds under the same feeding conditions
Collection of blood from oxtail vein picks was carried out before slaughter and numbered, centrifugated, and fresh serum was obtained. The laboratory analysis method was as followed:GPO-PAP, glucose oxidase and radioimmunoassay, assay blood biochemical index and hormone concentration. The results were as follows:(1) Grassland Red cattle serum glucose concentration, triglyceride levels and cholesterol concentration were higher than other varieties (P<0.05); Red Angus cattle High density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration was higher than other varieties(P<0.05); Serum low density lipoprotein content comparison in four breeds was:Grassland Red cattle>Charolais cattle>Simmental cattle>Red Angus cattle, Grassland Red cattle and Charolais cattle had significant difference(P<0.05), Simmental cattle and Red Angus cattle had no significant difference(P>0.05).(2) Grassland Red cattle serum insulin and Insulin-like growth factor-Ⅰ concentration were higher than other varieties(P<0.05);Red Angus cattle cortiso1,3,5,3-Triiodothyronine, growth hormone, leptin, pancreas glucagon and tumor necrosis factor-a concentration was higher than other varieties(P><0.05).
Part three Comparative study of mRNA expression of fatty metabolism related factors in different beef cattle breeds under the same feeding conditions
We took longissimus dorsi from12-13costa of left carcass as samples after slaughtering and spliting into two part. We examined mRNA expression of lipometabolism relevant gene of longissimus dorsi of beef cattles from4species through FQ-PCR.Our experiment indicated that the mRNA expression of PPAR-y and LPL of Grassland Red cattle were significantly higher than others(P<0.05).
Part four:Comparative research of production performance in different beef cattle breeds under the same feeding conditions
The Simmenta cattle, Angus cattle, Charolais cattle and Grassland Red cattle were used in this study.They were fattening180d in the same condition. It used subtraction to assay feed efficiency. Beef cattle were excited acid before slaughter, and then determined performance of meat production by weighting method. The result showed that, firstly, the daily gain of Grassland Red cattle was significantly greater than that of other3 species(P<0.05), his consumption of concentrated feed and the cost of feed was significantly lower than others(P<0.05).Second, the weight of high-grade beef and quality beef of Grassland Red was significantly higher than others(P<0.05); although performance of the high-grade beef production was nonsignificant difference between4species,(P＞0.05), there was a successively decreasing tendency on that of Grassland Red, Simmental cattle, Charolais cattle, Angus cattle; and there was a successively decreasing tendency on the weight of hind leg of Simmental cattle, Grassland Red cattle, Charolais cattle, Angus. It was nonsignificant difference between Charolais cattle and Angus cattle (P>0.05),but it was significant difference between Charolais cattle and other species(P<0.05); although the performance of hind leg production was nonsignificant difference between them(P>0.05), there was a successively increasing tendency on that of Grassland Red cattle, Angus cattle, Simmental cattle, Charolais cattle. The production of quality beef of Simmental cattle was significantly higher than others(P<0.05).
In conclusion, Grassland Red cattle wasdominant on the nutritional value of beef, feed efficiency, production of high-grade beef and lipdosis. Grassland Red cattle was fit for fattening to breed special strain of beef cattle in this area.
第一部分相同饲养条件下不同品种肉牛肉质的比较研究
试验选择在相同饲养条件下育肥的,将要屠宰的西门塔尔牛、夏洛莱牛、草原红牛和红安格斯牛各5头,经屠宰排酸后,取试验牛左半胴体12-13肋骨间的背最长肌作为试验样品。采用实验室常规分析法、石蜡切片技术、电镜技术和气象色谱分析技术,对4个不同品种肉牛的肉质进行比较研究。结果表明：(1)草原红牛肌肉蛋白质和脂肪含量显著高于其它3个品种肉牛(P<0.05)；红安格斯牛肌肉水分含量显著高于其它3个品种肉牛(P<0.05)；4个品种肉牛肌肉灰分含量差异不显著(P>0.05)；红安格斯牛肌肉磷含量显著高于其它3个品种肉牛(P<0.05),大小顺序为,红安格斯牛>草原红牛>夏洛莱牛>西门塔尔牛,西门塔尔牛、草原红牛、夏洛莱牛之间差异不显著(p>0.05)。钙含量上：草原红牛>西门塔尔牛>夏洛莱牛>红安格斯牛,西门塔尔牛和草原红牛之间差异不显著(p>0.05),红安格斯牛和夏洛莱牛之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。(2)草原红牛在胴体屠宰率、眼肌面积和背膘厚度显著大于其它3个品种肉牛(p<0.05)；红安格斯牛肌肉剪切力、失水率和滴水损失率上显著小于其它3个品种肉牛(P<0.05)；红安格斯牛肌肉熟肉率显著高于其它3个品种肉牛(P<0.05);西门塔尔牛肌肉pH值显著大于其它3个品种肉牛(P<0.05)。(3)红安格斯肌肉肌纤维直径和肌纤维面积显著小于其它3个品种肉牛(P<0.05)；红安格斯牛肌肉肌纤维密度和肌节长度显著大于其它3个品种肉牛(P<0.05)。(4)红安格斯牛肌肉脂肪多不饱和脂肪酸/饱和脂肪酸(PUFA/SFA)比值和n-6/n-3比值显著大于其它3个品种肉牛(P<0.05)；草原红牛肌肉脂肪单不饱和脂肪酸/饱和脂肪酸(MUFA/SFA)比值显著大于其它3个品种肉牛(P>0.05)；草原红牛肌肉必需氨基酸含量、非必需氨基酸含量、鲜味氨基酸含量、赖氨酸含量和谷氨酸含量显著高于其它3个品种肉牛(P<0.05)。
第二部分相同饲养条件下不同品种肉牛血液生化指标及激素浓度的比较研究
屠宰前从试验牛尾静脉采血并标号,采血后尽快离心分离血清,要求新鲜无溶血的血清,采用酶比色法、葡萄糖氧化酶法、清除法和放免法测定血液生化指标和激素浓度。结果表明：(1)草原红牛血清葡萄糖浓度、甘油三酯浓度和胆固醇浓度显著高于其它3个品种肉牛(P<0.05)；红安格斯牛血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇浓度显著高于其它3个品种肉牛(P<0.05)；血清低密度脂蛋白浓度上：草原红牛和夏洛莱牛之间差异显著(P>0.05),但与西门塔尔牛和红安格斯牛之间差异显著(P<0.05),大小顺序为,草原红牛>夏洛莱牛>西门塔尔牛>红安格斯牛。(2)草原红牛血清胰岛素和胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ浓度显著高于其它3个品种肉牛(P<0.05)；红安格斯牛血清皮质醇、三碘甲腺原氨酸、生长激素、消脂素、胰高血糖素和肿瘤坏死因子-α浓度显著高于其它3个品种肉牛(P<0.05)。
第三部分相同饲养条件下不同品种肉牛脂肪代谢相关基因mRNA表达量的比较研究
试验牛经屠宰劈半后从左侧胴体12-13肋骨处取背最长肌样品,作为试验样品。用实时荧光定量FQ-PCR技术测定4个品种肉牛背最长肌脂肪代谢相关基因mRNA的表达量。结果表明：草原红牛背最长肌PPAR γ基因和LPL基因mRNA的表达量显著高于其它3个品种肉牛(P<0.05)。
第四部分相同饲养条件下不同品种肉牛生产性能的比较研究
选择西门塔尔牛、红安格斯牛、夏洛莱牛和草原红牛各5头,在相同饲养条件下饲养育肥180d,在育肥期,采用差减法测定饲料报酬,再经试验牛屠宰排酸后,采用称重法测定胴体产肉性能。结果表明：(1)草原红牛日增重显著大于其它3个品种肉牛(P<0.05)；草原红牛精料消耗和每增重1kg所花费精料成本显著低于其它3个品种肉牛(P<0.05)。(2)草原红牛胴体高档肉重和优质肉重显著高于其它3个品种肉牛(P<0.05)；高档产肉率上：草原红牛>西门塔尔牛>夏洛莱牛>红安格斯牛,组间均差异不显著(P>0.05)；在后腿肉重上：西门塔尔牛>草原红牛>夏洛莱牛>红安格斯牛,西门塔尔牛与草原红牛之间差异不显著(P>0.05),但与夏洛莱牛和红安格斯牛之间差异显著(P<0.05)；后腿产肉率上：夏洛莱牛>西门塔尔牛>红安格斯牛>草原红牛,组间均差异不显著(P>0.05)。西门塔尔牛胴体优质肉产肉率显著高于其它3个品种肉牛(P<0.05)
从本试验研究结果综合考虑,草原红牛肉营养价值、饲料报酬、高档肉产肉率和脂肪沉积上具有明显的品种优势,适合在我区饲养育肥,培育我区专用的肉牛品系。
The research choose the main beef breed, Red Angus cattle, Simmental cattle, Grassland Red cattle and Charolais cattle in high generation hybrid in Inner Mongolia to compare the price of feed, growth performance, carcass strait, regular nutrition indices, flavor compounds, muscle fiber structure, biochemical parameters of fat metabolism and mRNA expression level related to hormone level and fat metabolism in the same feeding condition. The finding will provide scientific basis for selection of appropriate beef breed and improvement of beef breed in this area. Experiment was divided into four parts:
Part one:Comparative study of meat quality in different beef cattle breeds under the same feeding conditions
In the same fattening condition, longest back muscle between12to13left ribs was chosen as test samples in Red Angus cattle, Simmental cattle, Grassland Red cattle and Charolais cattle after slaughter. The laboratory analysis methods were as follows: Routine analysis method, Paraffin technology, electron microscopy technology and Meteorological chromatographic analysis technique. The results were as follows:(1) Grassland Red cattle meat protein and fat content were higher than other varieties(P<0.05); Red Angus cattle meat moisture content was higher than other varieties(P<0.05)and ash content of beef cattle muscle in4varieties is no significant difference(P>0.05); Phosphorus contents in four breeds were:Red Angus cattle>Grassland Red cattle>Charolais cattle> Simmental cattle, Red Angus cattle Phosphorus contents were higher than other varieties(P<0.05); The calcium content comparison in four breeds was:Grassland Red cattle> Simmental cattle> Charolais cattle> Red Angus cattle, Simmental cattle and Grassland Red cattle had no significant difference(P>0.05), Charolais cattle and Red Angus cattle had no significant difference(P>0.05).(2) Grassland Red cattle in Slaughter rate, eye muscle area and Back fat thickness were higher than other varieties(P<0.05); Red Angus cattle were lower than other varieties in Shear force, water loss rate and drop of water loss(P<0.05), however, was higher than other varieties in Cooked rate(P<0.05); Simmental cattle had higher in PH value than other varieties(P<0.05).(3) Red Angus cattle were higher in Muscle fiber diameter and Muscle fiber area than other varieties(P<0.05)and lower in Muscle fiber density and Sarcomere length(P<0.05).(4) Red Angus cattle Fatty acids content in PUFA/SFA and n-6/n-3were higher than other varieties(P<0.05); Grassland Red cattle in MUFA/SFA was higher than other varieties (P>0.05); Grassland Red cattle muscle amino acid content was higher in the essential amino acid content, Non-essential amino acid content, content of tasty amino acids, lysine content and glutamic acid than other varieties(P<0.05).
Part two:Comparative study of blood biochemical index and hormone concentration in different beef cattle breeds under the same feeding conditions
Collection of blood from oxtail vein picks was carried out before slaughter and numbered, centrifugated, and fresh serum was obtained. The laboratory analysis method was as followed:GPO-PAP, glucose oxidase and radioimmunoassay, assay blood biochemical index and hormone concentration. The results were as follows:(1) Grassland Red cattle serum glucose concentration, triglyceride levels and cholesterol concentration were higher than other varieties (P<0.05); Red Angus cattle High density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration was higher than other varieties(P<0.05); Serum low density lipoprotein content comparison in four breeds was:Grassland Red cattle>Charolais cattle>Simmental cattle>Red Angus cattle, Grassland Red cattle and Charolais cattle had significant difference(P<0.05), Simmental cattle and Red Angus cattle had no significant difference(P>0.05).(2) Grassland Red cattle serum insulin and Insulin-like growth factor-Ⅰ concentration were higher than other varieties(P<0.05);Red Angus cattle cortiso1,3,5,3-Triiodothyronine, growth hormone, leptin, pancreas glucagon and tumor necrosis factor-a concentration was higher than other varieties(P><0.05).
Part three Comparative study of mRNA expression of fatty metabolism related factors in different beef cattle breeds under the same feeding conditions
We took longissimus dorsi from12-13costa of left carcass as samples after slaughtering and spliting into two part. We examined mRNA expression of lipometabolism relevant gene of longissimus dorsi of beef cattles from4species through FQ-PCR.Our experiment indicated that the mRNA expression of PPAR-y and LPL of Grassland Red cattle were significantly higher than others(P<0.05).
Part four:Comparative research of production performance in different beef cattle breeds under the same feeding conditions
The Simmenta cattle, Angus cattle, Charolais cattle and Grassland Red cattle were used in this study.They were fattening180d in the same condition. It used subtraction to assay feed efficiency. Beef cattle were excited acid before slaughter, and then determined performance of meat production by weighting method. The result showed that, firstly, the daily gain of Grassland Red cattle was significantly greater than that of other3 species(P<0.05), his consumption of concentrated feed and the cost of feed was significantly lower than others(P<0.05).Second, the weight of high-grade beef and quality beef of Grassland Red was significantly higher than others(P<0.05); although performance of the high-grade beef production was nonsignificant difference between4species,(P＞0.05), there was a successively decreasing tendency on that of Grassland Red, Simmental cattle, Charolais cattle, Angus cattle; and there was a successively decreasing tendency on the weight of hind leg of Simmental cattle, Grassland Red cattle, Charolais cattle, Angus. It was nonsignificant difference between Charolais cattle and Angus cattle (P>0.05),but it was significant difference between Charolais cattle and other species(P<0.05); although the performance of hind leg production was nonsignificant difference between them(P>0.05), there was a successively increasing tendency on that of Grassland Red cattle, Angus cattle, Simmental cattle, Charolais cattle. The production of quality beef of Simmental cattle was significantly higher than others(P<0.05).
In conclusion, Grassland Red cattle wasdominant on the nutritional value of beef, feed efficiency, production of high-grade beef and lipdosis. Grassland Red cattle was fit for fattening to breed special strain of beef cattle in this area.
引文
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