雨水集蓄设施结构分析与优化设计
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摘要
干旱缺水与水土流失并存一直是黄土高原生态环境建设面临的主要问题之一。调控降雨径流和高效利用水土资源，不但是解决该问题的有效手段，同时也是解决贫困劣质水地区饮水安全的重要措施，而雨水蓄集设施是调控工程的重要设施。集蓄设施结构形式实际上由人们长期以来形成的经验所决定，集蓄设施中还存在技术不成熟，理论基础不完善和软件应用不广泛等问题。针对这些问题，本研究通过室内材料试验、有限元分析，取得如下研究结果：
（1）MBER固化土弹性模量试验研究。针对固化土弹性模量研究薄弱的问题，以自主研发的MBER土壤固化剂为研究对象，通过对杨凌试验区土样进行室内试验，分别研究了土壤固化剂剂量、不同含水率和不同龄期三种因素对MBER固化土的弹性模量的影响。根据试验结果，获得了MBER固化土应力应变关系曲线，分析得出固化土弹性模量在300MPa-1000MPa之间。固化土的弹性模量随着土壤固化剂剂量，含水率及龄期的增长呈增加趋势，而当含水率达到一定值时，固化土的弹性模量呈下降趋势。因此，通过合理控制土壤固化剂剂量及含水率，能够改善固化土的力学性能，进而达到改良固化土的目的。
（2）固化土水窖结构分析与优化设计。基于ANSYS平台的有限元法，完成了固化土水窖的结构分析，以固化土干性水窖作为特例进行了空间结构分析，计算了水窖的应力分布规律，并以水窖耗材率最小为目标函数，以允许拉应力和压应力为约束条件，给出固化土水窖最优尺寸，为固化土水窖的施工提供技术支撑。通过计算分析得出空窖为固化土水窖的不利工况，在此工况下以节约材料用量为目的，在满足水窖强度和刚度的条件下，以水窖体积最小为目标函数，以允许应力为约束条件，对水窖窖壁厚度进行优化，计算得出最小厚度为19cm。
（3）固化土集流面结构分析与优化设计。针对固化土集流面的各种影响因素，选取板长、板厚、固化土模量、垫层模量等参数作为计算变量，应用大型通用有限元软件ANSYS，对固化土集流面的板底最大拉应力和竖向位移进行计算，并分析了单轴双轮组标准轴载BZZ-100与温度变化对集流面性能的影响，为固化土集流面的设计与维护提供了参考。结果表明，夏冬不同季节固化土集流面破坏程度不同，夏季炎热的时间段对固化土集流面更容易产生破坏，随着板厚的增加，板中温度应力减小，随着弹性模量的增加板中温度应力增加；当集流面兼作路用时，面板荷载应力随着固化土面板模量、面板厚度、垫层模量及垫层厚度的增加显著减小。在移动荷载作用下，随着车速的增加，固化土板中最大拉应力和竖向最大位移值越来越小。另外，以固化土集流面单位面积造价最小为目标函数，以材料应力为约束条件，得出固化土集流面的最优厚度组合为面层11cm，垫层33cm。
Draught, water shortage and soil erosion have always been one of main difficulties forthe ecosystem environment construction on loess plateau. Regulation of rainfall runoff andefficient utilization of water and soil resources are effective means to resolve these difficulties.They are also important measures for solving drinking water safety in deprived poor-qualitywater area. More important, rain water storage facilities are critical components for regulationconstruction. However, the structure type of storage facilities is often practically designed,and the basic theories are not ripe. Also, structural optimization design is of juvenility forstorage facilities and lack of software application. To settle these questions above, this paperobtains results below by lab testing and structure calculation：
(1)Experimental research on elastic modulus of MBER solidified soil. Aiming at fewresearches on elastic modulus of solidified soil, based on independent development soilstabilizer, this paper studies sample soils from Yang-ling, and analyzes dosage of soilstabilizer, different moisture content, and different age, which influence MBER solidifiedsoil’s elastic modulus. According to the experimental result, the stress-strain relationshipcurve is obtained, and the solidified soil’s elastic modulus is between300MPa and1000MPa,which shows the rising tendency with the increasing of dosage of solidified soil, moisturecontent and age. However, the elastic modulus of solidified soil begins to go down with theachievement of threshold value of moisture content. The result shows that the solidified soilcan be improved through the implementation of mechanical property with reasonablycontrolling of solidified soil dosage and moisture content.
(2)The analysis and optimized design of solidified soil water cellar. In this paper, byusing the Finite Element Method and ANSYS-based structure analysis software, solidifiedsoil water cellar’s space structure are analyzed. Meantime, taking the minimum constructionmaterials consuming as objective function, allowable stress as constraints, the cellardimension is optimized according to its capacity of water. In conclusion, this paper suppliestechnical support for cellar designer and theory basis for new cellar development. Fromanalysis results, empty is the solidified soil water cellar’s adverse working condition. Underthis condition, saving materials usage is objective function. When cellar strength and stiffness is satisfied, saving cellar construction materials usage is objective function, and allowablestress is constraint. Then the cellar wall thickness is optimized, the optimal wall thickness is19cm.
(3) The analysis and optimized design of catchment area of solidified soils. Aiming atmany factors that affect the catchment area of solidified soils, we have select length of panel,thickness of panel, concrete module, base modulus as calculated variable, and we use ANSYSsoftware for calculating the maximum tensile stress and vertical displacement below thestabilized road panel. We also analysis the influences of solidified soils performance fromuniaxial double wheel groups standard axis load BZZ-100and temperature change. Theseprovide the valuable references for design and maintenance of solidified soils. The resultsshows that the degree of destroy of solidified soils for the catchment area varies in differentseasons such as summer and winter. In hot temperature of summer, solidified soil for thecatchment area is easy to be destroyed. Also the temperature and base modulus increased withthe increment of length of solidified soil’s panel. Meanwhile, the catchment area is used asroad, the panel load tress decreases obviously. And under of influence of moving load, themaximum tensile stress and vertical displacement become smaller with the increment of speedof vehicles. We conclude the optimized thickness of solidified soils catchment area is that thesurface layer is about11cm and cushion layer33cm under the constrain condition of materialstress and object function using the price of elemental area.
（1）MBER固化土弹性模量试验研究。针对固化土弹性模量研究薄弱的问题，以自主研发的MBER土壤固化剂为研究对象，通过对杨凌试验区土样进行室内试验，分别研究了土壤固化剂剂量、不同含水率和不同龄期三种因素对MBER固化土的弹性模量的影响。根据试验结果，获得了MBER固化土应力应变关系曲线，分析得出固化土弹性模量在300MPa-1000MPa之间。固化土的弹性模量随着土壤固化剂剂量，含水率及龄期的增长呈增加趋势，而当含水率达到一定值时，固化土的弹性模量呈下降趋势。因此，通过合理控制土壤固化剂剂量及含水率，能够改善固化土的力学性能，进而达到改良固化土的目的。
（2）固化土水窖结构分析与优化设计。基于ANSYS平台的有限元法，完成了固化土水窖的结构分析，以固化土干性水窖作为特例进行了空间结构分析，计算了水窖的应力分布规律，并以水窖耗材率最小为目标函数，以允许拉应力和压应力为约束条件，给出固化土水窖最优尺寸，为固化土水窖的施工提供技术支撑。通过计算分析得出空窖为固化土水窖的不利工况，在此工况下以节约材料用量为目的，在满足水窖强度和刚度的条件下，以水窖体积最小为目标函数，以允许应力为约束条件，对水窖窖壁厚度进行优化，计算得出最小厚度为19cm。
（3）固化土集流面结构分析与优化设计。针对固化土集流面的各种影响因素，选取板长、板厚、固化土模量、垫层模量等参数作为计算变量，应用大型通用有限元软件ANSYS，对固化土集流面的板底最大拉应力和竖向位移进行计算，并分析了单轴双轮组标准轴载BZZ-100与温度变化对集流面性能的影响，为固化土集流面的设计与维护提供了参考。结果表明，夏冬不同季节固化土集流面破坏程度不同，夏季炎热的时间段对固化土集流面更容易产生破坏，随着板厚的增加，板中温度应力减小，随着弹性模量的增加板中温度应力增加；当集流面兼作路用时，面板荷载应力随着固化土面板模量、面板厚度、垫层模量及垫层厚度的增加显著减小。在移动荷载作用下，随着车速的增加，固化土板中最大拉应力和竖向最大位移值越来越小。另外，以固化土集流面单位面积造价最小为目标函数，以材料应力为约束条件，得出固化土集流面的最优厚度组合为面层11cm，垫层33cm。
Draught, water shortage and soil erosion have always been one of main difficulties forthe ecosystem environment construction on loess plateau. Regulation of rainfall runoff andefficient utilization of water and soil resources are effective means to resolve these difficulties.They are also important measures for solving drinking water safety in deprived poor-qualitywater area. More important, rain water storage facilities are critical components for regulationconstruction. However, the structure type of storage facilities is often practically designed,and the basic theories are not ripe. Also, structural optimization design is of juvenility forstorage facilities and lack of software application. To settle these questions above, this paperobtains results below by lab testing and structure calculation：
(1)Experimental research on elastic modulus of MBER solidified soil. Aiming at fewresearches on elastic modulus of solidified soil, based on independent development soilstabilizer, this paper studies sample soils from Yang-ling, and analyzes dosage of soilstabilizer, different moisture content, and different age, which influence MBER solidifiedsoil’s elastic modulus. According to the experimental result, the stress-strain relationshipcurve is obtained, and the solidified soil’s elastic modulus is between300MPa and1000MPa,which shows the rising tendency with the increasing of dosage of solidified soil, moisturecontent and age. However, the elastic modulus of solidified soil begins to go down with theachievement of threshold value of moisture content. The result shows that the solidified soilcan be improved through the implementation of mechanical property with reasonablycontrolling of solidified soil dosage and moisture content.
(2)The analysis and optimized design of solidified soil water cellar. In this paper, byusing the Finite Element Method and ANSYS-based structure analysis software, solidifiedsoil water cellar’s space structure are analyzed. Meantime, taking the minimum constructionmaterials consuming as objective function, allowable stress as constraints, the cellardimension is optimized according to its capacity of water. In conclusion, this paper suppliestechnical support for cellar designer and theory basis for new cellar development. Fromanalysis results, empty is the solidified soil water cellar’s adverse working condition. Underthis condition, saving materials usage is objective function. When cellar strength and stiffness is satisfied, saving cellar construction materials usage is objective function, and allowablestress is constraint. Then the cellar wall thickness is optimized, the optimal wall thickness is19cm.
(3) The analysis and optimized design of catchment area of solidified soils. Aiming atmany factors that affect the catchment area of solidified soils, we have select length of panel,thickness of panel, concrete module, base modulus as calculated variable, and we use ANSYSsoftware for calculating the maximum tensile stress and vertical displacement below thestabilized road panel. We also analysis the influences of solidified soils performance fromuniaxial double wheel groups standard axis load BZZ-100and temperature change. Theseprovide the valuable references for design and maintenance of solidified soils. The resultsshows that the degree of destroy of solidified soils for the catchment area varies in differentseasons such as summer and winter. In hot temperature of summer, solidified soil for thecatchment area is easy to be destroyed. Also the temperature and base modulus increased withthe increment of length of solidified soil’s panel. Meanwhile, the catchment area is used asroad, the panel load tress decreases obviously. And under of influence of moving load, themaximum tensile stress and vertical displacement become smaller with the increment of speedof vehicles. We conclude the optimized thickness of solidified soils catchment area is that thesurface layer is about11cm and cushion layer33cm under the constrain condition of materialstress and object function using the price of elemental area.
引文
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Burdass.W.J.1975.Water harvesting for livestock in Western Australia. Proc. Water Harvesting Symp.Phoenix AZ ARS W-22.U SDA.8-26.
Chiarella.J.V and W.H.Beck.1975.Water harvesting catchments on India lands in the southwest.Proc.Water Harvesting Symp. Phoenix AZ ARS W-22.USDA.104-114.
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Erdogan Madenci, Ibrahim Guven.2007.The Finite Element Method and Applications in Engineering UsingAnsys. Springer US:248-249.
Esteban Vazquez-Fernandez.etal.2009. A computer vision system for visual grape grading in Wine Cellars.Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg,335-344.
F.N. Leit o.etal.2011.Composite (steel_concrete) highway bridge fatigue assessment. Journal ofConstructional Steel Research,67:14-24.
Fan,Luah.1995Free Vibration Analysis of Arbitrary Thin Shell Structures by Using Spline Finite Element.Journal of Sound and Vibration.
FAO.1987.Soil and water conservation in semi-arid areas. Soil bulletin No.57.FAO,Rom.
Fink.D.H and W.L.Ehrler.1979.Runoff farming for jojoba arid land plant resources. Proc. Int.ArifLandsConf.Plant Resources,Int.Center for Arid and semi-Arid Land Studies, Texas TechnicalUniversity,Lubock.TX.212-224.
Fink.D.H.1976.Laboratory testing of water-repellent soil treatments for water harvesting.SoilSci.Soc.AM.J.40:562-566.
Fink.D.H.1970.Water repellency and infiltration resistance of organic-filmn-coated soil. SoilSci.Soc.AM.Proc.34:189-194.
Frith J L,Nulsen R A.1971.Clay cover for roaded catchments, JDept of Agric West Aust.12(8):56-62.Grary w. Frasier, Lioyd E. Myers.1983.Handbook of water harvesting U.S. Department ofAgriculture,Agriculture handbook No.600.2-20.
Hollick M.1982.Water harvesting in arid lands, Scientific Reviewson Arid Zone Res earch,1:173-247.
Kamyar C. Mahboub.etal.2004. Evaluation of temperature reponses in Concrete Pavement. Journal oftransportation engineering,395-401.
Kazutaka Suzukl, etal.1985.Formation and carbonation of C-S-H in water, Cem＆ConResearch.15:213-224.
MDjoudi,Bahai.2003.A shallow shell finite element for the linear and non-linear analysis of cylindricalshells. Engineering Structures,16(2):150-153
Mostafa Yousefi Darestani.etal.2007.Structural response of concrete pavements under moving truckloads.Journal of transportation engineering,670-676.
Nega,Kimeu.2002.Low-cost methods of water harvesting.Nairobi. Probabilistic Mechanics and Structuraland Geotrch Nical Reliabity,U.S.A.10:495-498.
QinwuXu.etal.2009. Experimental and numerical analysis of a waterproofing adhesive layer used onconcrete-bridge decks. Adhesion&Adhesives,9:525-534.
Sankaran Mahadevan, Prakash Raghothamachar.2000.Adaptive simulation for system reliability analysis oflarge,Computers and Structures,77:725-734.
Teruhisa Masada and A.M.ASCE.2011.Full-Scale field load testing of storm-water storage chamberStructures. Journal of performance of constructed facilities,317-325.
Zienkiewicz,Robert.2005.The Finite Element Method:Its Basisand Fundamentals.Butterworth HeinemannPublications,518-520.
Zienkiewicz.1977.The Finite Element Method. New York, McGraw-Hill,P112.