消费者撤回权制度比较研究
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摘要
消费者撤回权是经济社会发展的产物,是现代社会消费者保护的重要工具。随着经营者与消费者之间的实力对比的变化,以及新的交易方式和交易类型的不断出现,消费者弱势地位日益明显,消费者问题日益凸显。大多数发达国家都确立了消费者撤回权制度,来解决某些突出的消费者问题。特别是在欧洲,许多国家已将消费者撤回权作为一项独立的消费者权利。我国的消费者保护水平与发达国家相比仍存在较大差距,消费者撤回权制度对我国提高消费者保护水平具有非常重要的意义。本文将对消费者撤回权基本理论进行探讨、并对欧洲(主要是欧盟)和美国(主要是美联邦)的消费者撤回权制度进行考察和比较,最后在此基础上对我国的消费者撤回权制度构建提出初步建议。
除导论外,全文共分五章：
第一章讨论消费者撤回权的概念及制度演进。从国外消费者撤回权的立法来看,消费者撤回权的概念、性质等仍是不明确的。从消费者撤回权的发展历程来看,消费者撤回权制度是伴随着消费信用、上门交易、远程交易等特定交易方式或交易类型而发展起来的,经历了起源、发展和扩张的三个阶段。消费者撤回权制度的发展历程揭示出了其发展特点及主要适用领域。消费者撤回权制度具有保障消费者的意思自由、增进消费者的信息机会、减少消费者在交易中的非理性因素的功能,但其在民法体系中的确立也同时引发了与传统契约自由理论的冲突,这使得消费者撤回权制度的正当性论证非常必要。
第二章探讨了消费者撤回权的正当性。消费者撤回权的正当性不仅关到该制度能否成立,而且还关系到消费者撤回权具体制度如何构建。本章从消费者在消费行为中存在三个问题即意思不自由、信息不对称、非理性行为出发,围绕三个基本理论即合同实质正义、消费者主权理论、法律家长主义对消费者撤回权的正当性进行了全面分析。消费者撤回权制度看似与传统民法理论冲突,实质上却体现了合同实质正义,捍卫了消费者的主权地位,是法律家长主义在消费者合同领域的具体体现。消费者撤回权制度在适用的过程中不可避免地会产生道德风险和其他风险问题,从而增加经营者的成本,并最终影响整个消费者群体的利益以及消费者撤回权存在的正当性。所以,本章最后从消费者撤回权的成本和成本控制的经济学角度对消费者撤回权的正当性进行了进一步论证。
第三章分析了欧盟的消费者撤回权制度。欧盟是整个欧洲消费者撤回权立法的典型代表,其消费者撤回权立法非常完善。在最近的20多年中,欧盟在其颁布的8个指令(其中有5个现行有效)中规定了消费者撤回权制度,将消费者撤回权引入了非营业地合同、远程合同、信贷合同、分时度假合同、人身保险合同等诸多交易领域,并且构建了比较完善的消费者撤回权制度体系。在欧盟成员国中,德国是消费者撤回权立法法典化的典型代表。消费者撤回权的制度构架主要包括适用范围、撤回期间、告知义务、撤回权的行使、法律后果五个方面,其中适用范围所涉及到内容最为复杂,撤回期间和法律后果是整个制度的核心,而经营者的告知义务直接影响到撤回期间和法律后果。消费者撤回权的行使还涉及到一个关联合同的撤回问题。两个或多个合同经济上构成一体时,即构成关联合同。消费者对主合同行使撤回权时,其法律效力自动延伸至所有关联合同。
第四章分析了美国的消费者撤回权制度。与欧盟的立法不同,美国(联邦)对消费者撤回权的立法一直停留于早期的两部法律,即《诚实借贷法》和《冷静期规则》,分别适用于消费信用和非营业地交易两个领域。两部法律的局限性都非常明显,其中《诚实借贷法》适用范围非常有限,而《冷静期规则》私人并不享有诉权。除了联邦立法之外,美国州法中也有许多立法规定了消费者撤回权,不过各州之间的立法存在较大差异。总体而言,美国消费者撤回权制度的适用范围与欧盟仍存在一定差距。在美国,消费者享有的类似权利救济更多地来源于商业实践中广泛而成熟的无因退货制度,它在一定程度上弥补了消费者撤回权立法的不足。美国有学者在对美国和欧盟消费者撤回权立法比较研究之后,提出美国需要在立法上对相关领域的消费者撤回权问题作出回应,但同时指出立法更宜采用任意性规范。欧美在消费者撤回权立法上截然不同的态度,反映出了欧盟以消费者保护主义为主导和美国以自由主义为主导的两种不同立法理念。在消费者撤回权立法中适当处理消费者保护与市场自由的关系,就要慎重确定消费者撤回权的适用范围,并根据不同情形合理选择规范类型。
第五章是关于中国消费者撤回权的现状与展望。我国现行消费者撤回权立法存在层级低(仅限于规章或法规)、适用范围狭窄、规则简单和可操作性不强等问题,而《消费者权益保护法(修订征求意见稿)》中关于消费者撤回权的规定也有诸多不合理之处。此外,我国商业实践中的无因退货制度尚处于起步阶段,对消费者撤回权立法的补充作用非常有限。我国在法律层面引入消费者撤回权制度已成必然趋势。我国可以借《消费者权益保护法》修订之机,先行规定消费者撤回权的总括性规定,并逐步在相关领域制定单行法,对消费者撤回权的具体制度进行细化规定。我国应当坚持以消费者保护为主导兼顾市场主体自由为原则,从大多数国家已经形成共识、制度相对比较完善的领域出发,逐步推进消费者撤回权立法。短期内,非营业地交易、远程交易、消费信用、人寿保险、分时度假领域是我国消费者撤回权立法的重点领域。而在具体制度借鉴中,应主要参考欧盟的相关立法,并借鉴美国相关立法中的成熟经验,构建适合我国国情的消费者撤回权制度。
Consumer's right of withdrawal as an important tool for consumer protection in modern society is the result of economic and social development. With the changes in the balance of power between traders and consumers, as well as the changes in transaction type and transaction mode, most developed countries all over the world have established the system of consumer's right of withdrawal to solve consumer problems to some extent. Especially in the European Union, many scholars take the right of withdrawal as an independent consumer rights. Compared with the developed countries consumer protection in China is still at a low level. Establishing the system of consumer's right of withdrawal is of great significance for China to improve consumer protection. This dissertation aims to provide suggestions to the construction of consumer's right of withdrawal in China through the study on the basic theory of the right of withdrawal, as well as the investigation and comparison of the consumer's right of withdrawal system between Europe (mainly the European Union and Germany) and United States. This dissertation will discuss in the following chapters from five aspects.
Chapter one studies on the concept and institutional evolution of consumer's right of withdrawal. From the legislative point of view, the concept, the nature and some other general issues of consumer's right of withdrawal is still not clear. The evolution of consumer's right of withdrawal experience three stages of the origin, development and expansion accompanied by the development of transactions of consumer credit, off-premises and other special types or modes. This reveals the main and the most important fields of application of consumer's right of withdrawal. Consumer's withdrawal right can protect consumer's autonomy, increase consumer's information opportunities and reduce consumer's irrational factors through extricating the consumer from the contract. But that led to conflict with the traditional freedom of theory, so consumer's right of withdrawal need sufficient justification.
Chapter two discusses the the legitimacy of consumer's right of withdrawal. The legitimacy not only concerns the premise of the system, but also relates to the construction of the system. Consumer's right of withdrawal mean to resolve three kinds of problems in Consumption activities, and those are nonfreedom, asymmetric information, and irrational behavior. The settle of those above problems can get supports from the following theory:the substantive justice of contract, the consumer sovereignty theory and the legal paternalism, and also the legitimacy of can be demonstrated. On the other hand moral hazard and other risk issues existed in the consumer's the right of withdrawal can not be ignored, which should be argued from the point of view of the economics of cost and cost control.
Chapter three proceeds to analyze consumer's right of withdrawal in European Union. The European Union is a typical representative of the consumer's the right of withdrawal legislation in Europe. In more than20years, the European Union enacted eight directives on consumer's right of withdrawal (five of them in force now), introducing the right of withdrawal into off-premises transactions, distance transactions, consumer credit transactions, timeshare transactions, life insurance contracts and other areas, and constructed a relatively perfect system. In the member states of the European Union, Germany is the typical representative of the legislative codification of consumer's right of withdrawal. Consumer's withdrawal right system-mainly includes the scope of the right of withdrawal, the withdrawal period, the obligation of notice and the legal consequences of the exercise of the right, among which the scope of application is the most complex aspect, and the obligation of notice and the legal consequences are the core institutions of the system.
Chapter four analyzes consumer to withdraw the right system the United States. The federal legislation of the United States of consumer's right of withdrawal has always been stuck in the early two legislation, the federal Truth in Lending Act and the Rule Concerning Cooling-off Period for Sales at Homes or at Certain Other Locations of Federal Trade Commission, which are applicable to two areas of consumer credit and off-premises transactions. In addition there are legislations on consumer's right of withdrawal among the state law, and there is great difference between these legislations from states. Overall, the legislation of consumer's right of withdrawal in the United States is not as extensive as the European Union. But there is extensive and mature return policy in American business practices, which to a certain extent have the similar effects as the right of withdrawal, and make up for the deficiencies of the legislation. The different attitude on the legislation consumer's right of withdrawal between the Europe and United States, reflecting the dominant ideology of consumer protectionism in the European Union and the liberalism philosophy in the United States. It is very important to balance the relationship between consumer protection and market freedom in the legislation, which can be achieved through limiting consumer's withdrawal right in a proper scope and selecting the appropriate type of legal norms.
Chapter five analyzes the status quo and prospect of consumer's right of withdrawal in China. The current legislation of China is on low level, simple and not applicable. The provisions of Consumer Protection Law (Revised Draft) on consumer's withdrawal right are also unreasonable in many aspects. In addition, the business practice of return policy in China is still in its early stage and its complementary role to the withdrawal right as in the United States is very limited. The legislation of consumer's right of withdrawal in China is a foregone conclusion. In amendments to the Consumer Protection Act, the overarching provisions of consumers right of withdrawal can be set down in advance, and the specific legislation in relevant departments can be gradually developped, adhering to the leading principles of consumer protection for to combine market freedom, considering China actual reality, and fully assimilating the mature experience and institution on consumer's right of withdrawal the Europe and United States.
除导论外,全文共分五章：
第一章讨论消费者撤回权的概念及制度演进。从国外消费者撤回权的立法来看,消费者撤回权的概念、性质等仍是不明确的。从消费者撤回权的发展历程来看,消费者撤回权制度是伴随着消费信用、上门交易、远程交易等特定交易方式或交易类型而发展起来的,经历了起源、发展和扩张的三个阶段。消费者撤回权制度的发展历程揭示出了其发展特点及主要适用领域。消费者撤回权制度具有保障消费者的意思自由、增进消费者的信息机会、减少消费者在交易中的非理性因素的功能,但其在民法体系中的确立也同时引发了与传统契约自由理论的冲突,这使得消费者撤回权制度的正当性论证非常必要。
第二章探讨了消费者撤回权的正当性。消费者撤回权的正当性不仅关到该制度能否成立,而且还关系到消费者撤回权具体制度如何构建。本章从消费者在消费行为中存在三个问题即意思不自由、信息不对称、非理性行为出发,围绕三个基本理论即合同实质正义、消费者主权理论、法律家长主义对消费者撤回权的正当性进行了全面分析。消费者撤回权制度看似与传统民法理论冲突,实质上却体现了合同实质正义,捍卫了消费者的主权地位,是法律家长主义在消费者合同领域的具体体现。消费者撤回权制度在适用的过程中不可避免地会产生道德风险和其他风险问题,从而增加经营者的成本,并最终影响整个消费者群体的利益以及消费者撤回权存在的正当性。所以,本章最后从消费者撤回权的成本和成本控制的经济学角度对消费者撤回权的正当性进行了进一步论证。
第三章分析了欧盟的消费者撤回权制度。欧盟是整个欧洲消费者撤回权立法的典型代表,其消费者撤回权立法非常完善。在最近的20多年中,欧盟在其颁布的8个指令(其中有5个现行有效)中规定了消费者撤回权制度,将消费者撤回权引入了非营业地合同、远程合同、信贷合同、分时度假合同、人身保险合同等诸多交易领域,并且构建了比较完善的消费者撤回权制度体系。在欧盟成员国中,德国是消费者撤回权立法法典化的典型代表。消费者撤回权的制度构架主要包括适用范围、撤回期间、告知义务、撤回权的行使、法律后果五个方面,其中适用范围所涉及到内容最为复杂,撤回期间和法律后果是整个制度的核心,而经营者的告知义务直接影响到撤回期间和法律后果。消费者撤回权的行使还涉及到一个关联合同的撤回问题。两个或多个合同经济上构成一体时,即构成关联合同。消费者对主合同行使撤回权时,其法律效力自动延伸至所有关联合同。
第四章分析了美国的消费者撤回权制度。与欧盟的立法不同,美国(联邦)对消费者撤回权的立法一直停留于早期的两部法律,即《诚实借贷法》和《冷静期规则》,分别适用于消费信用和非营业地交易两个领域。两部法律的局限性都非常明显,其中《诚实借贷法》适用范围非常有限,而《冷静期规则》私人并不享有诉权。除了联邦立法之外,美国州法中也有许多立法规定了消费者撤回权,不过各州之间的立法存在较大差异。总体而言,美国消费者撤回权制度的适用范围与欧盟仍存在一定差距。在美国,消费者享有的类似权利救济更多地来源于商业实践中广泛而成熟的无因退货制度,它在一定程度上弥补了消费者撤回权立法的不足。美国有学者在对美国和欧盟消费者撤回权立法比较研究之后,提出美国需要在立法上对相关领域的消费者撤回权问题作出回应,但同时指出立法更宜采用任意性规范。欧美在消费者撤回权立法上截然不同的态度,反映出了欧盟以消费者保护主义为主导和美国以自由主义为主导的两种不同立法理念。在消费者撤回权立法中适当处理消费者保护与市场自由的关系,就要慎重确定消费者撤回权的适用范围,并根据不同情形合理选择规范类型。
第五章是关于中国消费者撤回权的现状与展望。我国现行消费者撤回权立法存在层级低(仅限于规章或法规)、适用范围狭窄、规则简单和可操作性不强等问题,而《消费者权益保护法(修订征求意见稿)》中关于消费者撤回权的规定也有诸多不合理之处。此外,我国商业实践中的无因退货制度尚处于起步阶段,对消费者撤回权立法的补充作用非常有限。我国在法律层面引入消费者撤回权制度已成必然趋势。我国可以借《消费者权益保护法》修订之机,先行规定消费者撤回权的总括性规定,并逐步在相关领域制定单行法,对消费者撤回权的具体制度进行细化规定。我国应当坚持以消费者保护为主导兼顾市场主体自由为原则,从大多数国家已经形成共识、制度相对比较完善的领域出发,逐步推进消费者撤回权立法。短期内,非营业地交易、远程交易、消费信用、人寿保险、分时度假领域是我国消费者撤回权立法的重点领域。而在具体制度借鉴中,应主要参考欧盟的相关立法,并借鉴美国相关立法中的成熟经验,构建适合我国国情的消费者撤回权制度。
Consumer's right of withdrawal as an important tool for consumer protection in modern society is the result of economic and social development. With the changes in the balance of power between traders and consumers, as well as the changes in transaction type and transaction mode, most developed countries all over the world have established the system of consumer's right of withdrawal to solve consumer problems to some extent. Especially in the European Union, many scholars take the right of withdrawal as an independent consumer rights. Compared with the developed countries consumer protection in China is still at a low level. Establishing the system of consumer's right of withdrawal is of great significance for China to improve consumer protection. This dissertation aims to provide suggestions to the construction of consumer's right of withdrawal in China through the study on the basic theory of the right of withdrawal, as well as the investigation and comparison of the consumer's right of withdrawal system between Europe (mainly the European Union and Germany) and United States. This dissertation will discuss in the following chapters from five aspects.
Chapter one studies on the concept and institutional evolution of consumer's right of withdrawal. From the legislative point of view, the concept, the nature and some other general issues of consumer's right of withdrawal is still not clear. The evolution of consumer's right of withdrawal experience three stages of the origin, development and expansion accompanied by the development of transactions of consumer credit, off-premises and other special types or modes. This reveals the main and the most important fields of application of consumer's right of withdrawal. Consumer's withdrawal right can protect consumer's autonomy, increase consumer's information opportunities and reduce consumer's irrational factors through extricating the consumer from the contract. But that led to conflict with the traditional freedom of theory, so consumer's right of withdrawal need sufficient justification.
Chapter two discusses the the legitimacy of consumer's right of withdrawal. The legitimacy not only concerns the premise of the system, but also relates to the construction of the system. Consumer's right of withdrawal mean to resolve three kinds of problems in Consumption activities, and those are nonfreedom, asymmetric information, and irrational behavior. The settle of those above problems can get supports from the following theory:the substantive justice of contract, the consumer sovereignty theory and the legal paternalism, and also the legitimacy of can be demonstrated. On the other hand moral hazard and other risk issues existed in the consumer's the right of withdrawal can not be ignored, which should be argued from the point of view of the economics of cost and cost control.
Chapter three proceeds to analyze consumer's right of withdrawal in European Union. The European Union is a typical representative of the consumer's the right of withdrawal legislation in Europe. In more than20years, the European Union enacted eight directives on consumer's right of withdrawal (five of them in force now), introducing the right of withdrawal into off-premises transactions, distance transactions, consumer credit transactions, timeshare transactions, life insurance contracts and other areas, and constructed a relatively perfect system. In the member states of the European Union, Germany is the typical representative of the legislative codification of consumer's right of withdrawal. Consumer's withdrawal right system-mainly includes the scope of the right of withdrawal, the withdrawal period, the obligation of notice and the legal consequences of the exercise of the right, among which the scope of application is the most complex aspect, and the obligation of notice and the legal consequences are the core institutions of the system.
Chapter four analyzes consumer to withdraw the right system the United States. The federal legislation of the United States of consumer's right of withdrawal has always been stuck in the early two legislation, the federal Truth in Lending Act and the Rule Concerning Cooling-off Period for Sales at Homes or at Certain Other Locations of Federal Trade Commission, which are applicable to two areas of consumer credit and off-premises transactions. In addition there are legislations on consumer's right of withdrawal among the state law, and there is great difference between these legislations from states. Overall, the legislation of consumer's right of withdrawal in the United States is not as extensive as the European Union. But there is extensive and mature return policy in American business practices, which to a certain extent have the similar effects as the right of withdrawal, and make up for the deficiencies of the legislation. The different attitude on the legislation consumer's right of withdrawal between the Europe and United States, reflecting the dominant ideology of consumer protectionism in the European Union and the liberalism philosophy in the United States. It is very important to balance the relationship between consumer protection and market freedom in the legislation, which can be achieved through limiting consumer's withdrawal right in a proper scope and selecting the appropriate type of legal norms.
Chapter five analyzes the status quo and prospect of consumer's right of withdrawal in China. The current legislation of China is on low level, simple and not applicable. The provisions of Consumer Protection Law (Revised Draft) on consumer's withdrawal right are also unreasonable in many aspects. In addition, the business practice of return policy in China is still in its early stage and its complementary role to the withdrawal right as in the United States is very limited. The legislation of consumer's right of withdrawal in China is a foregone conclusion. In amendments to the Consumer Protection Act, the overarching provisions of consumers right of withdrawal can be set down in advance, and the specific legislation in relevant departments can be gradually developped, adhering to the leading principles of consumer protection for to combine market freedom, considering China actual reality, and fully assimilating the mature experience and institution on consumer's right of withdrawal the Europe and United States.
引文
1参见张学哲.论消费者撤回权的构成与行使要件[J].华东政法大学学报,2011(1)：51.
2参见[加]乔尔·巴肯.公司：对利润与权力的病态追求[M].朱近野译.上海：上海人民出版社,2008：7.
0参见张学哲.消费者撤回权制度与合同自由原则——以中国民法法典化为背景[J].比较法研究,2009(6)：70.
4 See Research Group on the Existing EC Private Law (Acquis Group). Principles of the Existing EC Contract Law (Acquis Principles) [M]. Munich:Sellier,2009:240.
5 See Study Group on a European Civil Code, Research Group on EC Private Law (Acquis Group). Principles, Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law:Draft Common Frame of Reference [M]. Munich:Sellier, 2009.
6荷兰乌特勒支大学(Utrecht University)私法教授,欧盟民法典研究小组领导小组成员之一,主要从事消费者保护法、欧盟私法、合同法研究。20世纪80年代,他开始对欧盟范围内消费者权益的保护进行调查,调查显示法律对消费者法的介入已经刻不容缓。之后,在他的倡导下,欧盟逐步颁布了保护消费者和其它弱势群体的一些相关“指令”。参见付俊伟.欧盟民法典草案之述评[A].见：梁慧星.民商法论丛(43)[M].北京：法律出版社,2009：156.
7荷兰阿姆斯特丹大学(Amsterdam University)私法教授,欧盟民法典研究小组关于销售、服务和远期合同工作小组成员之一,主要从事私法研究,特别是欧盟消费者保护法研究。
8 See Ewoud Hondius. The Innovative Nature of Consumer Law [J]. Journal of Consumer Policy, Online First,16 February 2012, p.1-9.
9 See Madeleine de Cock Buning, Ewoud Hondius et al. Consumer@Protection.EU. an Analysis of European Consumer Legislation in the Information Society [J]. Journal of Consumer Policy,2001, vol.24:287-338.
10 See Marco B.M. Loos. Review of the European consumer acquis [M]. Munich:Sellier,2008:12-13.
11 See Marco B.M. Loos. Rights of Withdrawal [EB/OL]. Center for the Study of European Contract Law Working Paper Series, No.2009/04, p2. online available at:http://ssrn.com/abstract=13 50224.
12德国奥斯纳布吕克大学(Osnabruck University)法学院教授,欧盟及德国私法专家,欧盟现行私法研究小组协调人、欧盟契约法起草专家委员会委员,欧盟18位起草专家委员会唯一的德国学者。
13 See Hans Schulte-Nolke, Christian Twigg-Flesner, Martin Ebers. EC Consumer Law Compendium—Comparative Analysis [M]. Munich:sellier,2008:167-759.
14德国不来梅大学(University of Bremen)荣誉教授。
15德国慕尼黑大学(Ludwig Maximilian Muenchen Unitversitaet)法学教授,2009年起牛津大学永久客座教授,2010年至2011年哈佛大学客座教授,主要从事私法,德国、欧盟和国际公司法研究。
16荷兰蒂尔堡大学(Universiteit van Tilburg)法学院欧洲私法、比较法学教授,蒂尔堡国际比较法研究中心主任。
17 See John R. Kennel, Anne Knickerbocker et al. Corpus Juris Secundum:Interest and Usury; Consumer Credit [M]. New York:Thomson Reuters,2012.
18 See Theresa Leming, Jack K. Levin, Eric Surette, Lisa A. Zakolski. American Jurisprudence:Consumer and Borrower Protection [M]. New York:Thomson Reuters,2012.
19 See Joan M. Burda. An Overview of Federal Consumer Law [M]. Chicago:General Practice, Solo and Small Firm Section, American Bar Association,1998.
20 See National Consumer Law Center, Consumer for Auto Reliability and Safety, Consumer Federation o f America, Consumer Union. Comments Regarding Cooling-off Rule Regulatory Review 16 C.F.R. § 429 [R]. Comment Project No. P087109, Sept.25 2009. online available at:http://www.ftc.gov/os/comments/c oolingoffrulereopen/543750-00004.pdf.
21美国芝加哥大学(University of Chicago)法学院教授、法律经济学研究所所长。
22美国芝加哥大学法学院教授,美国法学研究杂志(Journal of Legal Studies)主编。
23美国加利福利亚大学洛杉矶分校(University of California at Los Angeles)法学院教授,主要从事合同、谈判及法和行为科学研究。
24来自美国伊利诺伊大学的著名法学家托马斯·S·尤伦(Thomas S.Ulen)教授。
25 See Russell B. Korobkin, Thomas S. Ulen. Law and Behavioral Science:Removing the Rationality Assumption from Law and Economics [J]. California Law Review,2000, vol.88:1051-1144.
26参见[法]勒内·达维德.当代世界主要法律体系[M].漆竹生译.上海：上海译文出版社,1986：7.
27参见张文显.二十世纪西方法哲学思潮研究[M].北京：法律出版社,2006：65.
28参见葛洪义.法律方法讲义[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2009：151.
29参见北京大学法学百科全书编委会.北京大学法学百科全书：法理学·立法学·法律社会学[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2010：510.
30参见于大水,张鹏,尹雪萍.法学之门[M].济南：山东大学出版社,2009：234.
31 See Christian von Bar, Eric Clive, Hans Schulte-Nocke. Principles, Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law:Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) Interim Outline Edition [M]. Munich:Sellier,2008:37.
32 See Bryan A. Garner. Black's Law Dictionary[M]. New York:Thomson West,1999:311.
33[英]沃克.牛津法律大辞典[Ml.李双元等译.北京：法律出版社,2003：255.
34转引自孙虹.消费者保护法[Ml.北京：清华大学出版社,2008：2.
35 See Brussels Convention on Jurisdiction and the Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters article 13, online available at:http://curia.europa.eu/common/recdoc/convention/en/c-textes/brux-idx.htm.
36 See Council Directive 87/557/EEC of 20 December 1985 to Protect the Consumer in Respect of Contr acts Negotiated away from Business Premises, online available at:http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexU riServ.do?uri=CELEX:31985L0577:EN:NOT.
37参见《欧洲议会和欧盟理事会2011年10月25日关于消费者权利及修正理事会第93/13/EEC号指令和第1999/44/EC号指令、废止第85/577/EEC号指令和第97/7/EC号指令的第2011/83/EU号指令》(Directive 2011/83/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 201 Ion consumer rights, amending Council Directive 93/13/EEC and Directive 1999/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Council Directive 85/577/EEC and Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council),英文文本参见：http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:304:0064:0088:EN:PDF.
38 "They all share a common core, as they all provide that a consumer is:(1) a natural person;(2) who is acting for purposes which are outside some kind of business, commercial or trade activity." See Hans Schulte-Nolke, Christian Twigg-Flesner, Martin Ebers. EC Consumer Law Compendium—Comparative Analysis [M]. Munich: sellier,2008:715.
39参见王利明.消费者的概念及消费者权益保护法的调整范围[J].政治与法律,2002(2)：4.
40在指令中一般都表述为"any natural person who, in contracts covered by this Directive,......"。
41 See Hans Schulte-Nolke, Christian Twigg-Flesner, Martin Ebers. EC Consumer Law Compendium—Co mparative Analysis [M]. Munich:sellier,2008:721.
42 See Judgment of the European Court of Justice of 22/11/2001, joined cases C-541/99 and C-542/99 Cape Snc v. Idealservice Sri and Idealservice MN RE Sas v. Omai Srl, ECR [2001] p.Ⅰ-9049.
43 See Hans Schulte-Nolke, Christian Twigg-Flesner, Martin Ebers. EC Consumer Law Compendium—Co mparative Analysis [M]. Munich:sellier,2008:726.
44 See Judgment of the European Court of Justice of 20/1/2005, C-464/01 Johann Gruber v. Bay Wa AG, ECR [20051 p.Ⅰ-00439.
45欧盟现行私法研究小组在《欧洲现行私法原则》中关于消费者的界定。See Norbert Reich. Harmonisation of European contract law:with special emphasis on consumer law [J]. China-EU Law,2011, vol.1:85.
46 See Hans Schulte-Nolke, Christian Twigg-Flesner, Martin Ebers. EC Consumer Law Compendium—Co mparative Analysis [M]. Munich:sellier,2008:724.
47 See Study Group on a European Civil Code, Research Group on EC Private Law (Acquis Group). Principles Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law:Draft Common Frame of Reference [M]. Munich:Sellier, 2009:345.
48参见杜景林,卢谌.德国债法改革：《德国民法典》最新进展[M].北京：法律出版社,2003：179.
49如在《上门交易指令》(art.5 para.l)中表述为"the right to renounce the effects of the contract"在《第二人身保险指令》(art.15 para.1)中表述为‘'the right to cancel the contract";在《分时度假指令》(art.5 para.1)、《远程交易指令》(art.6para.1)、《远程金融服务指令》(atr.6 para.1)中表述为"the right to withdraw from the contract", See Marco B.M. Loos. Rights of Withdrawal [EB/OL]. Center for the Study of European Contract Law Working Paper Series, No.2009/04, p.3, online available at:http://ssrn.com/abstract=1350224.
50围绕德国法、欧盟法研究的学者,大多使用了“撤回权”这一名称,如迟颖(《论德国法上以保护消费者为目的之撤回权迟颖》)、张学哲(《消费者撤回权制度与合同自由原则——以中国民法法典化为背景》、《论消费者撤回权的构成与行使要件》)、刘青文(《德国的消费者撤回权制度》)、彭玉旺(《论消费者撤回权及其制度重构》)、王洪亮(《消费者撤回权的正当性基础》)、杜景林和卢谌(《德国债法改革：<德国民法典>最新进展》、《德国新债法研究》、《德国民法典债法总则评注》几部著作中均使用了“撤回权”这一概念)、陈卫佐(《德国民法总论》,该著作中也将此权利定义为“撤回权”)。
51使用“冷静期”这一名称主要有孙颖(《消费者保护法律体系研究》)、马忠法(《论金融理财活动中实施“冷静期规则”的可行性》)、王晓明(《我国消费者冷静期制度的构建》)、苏佳(《消费者保护法中的冷静期制度研究》)、任晓玲(《论消费冷静期法律制度在我国的构建》)等：使用“冷却期”这一名称的学者主要有周显志(《试论消费信用合同的“冷却期”制度》)、张靖(《冷却期制度的作用探析》、《英国冷却期制度的立法探究及启示》)、卢菁菁(《冷却期法律制度研究》)、赵明丰(《美国法上的“冷却期”制度及其借鉴意义》)。
52使用“反悔权”这一表述的主要有张严方(《消费者保护法研究》)、魏振禄(《论消费者“反悔权”的生.成》)、钱玉文等(《略论我国消费者反悔权的确立》)、闫金(《消费者反悔权法律制度研究》)、雷妮(《消费者反悔权分析》)、姜旭(《消费者反悔权研究》)、金励(《消费者商品交易反悔权之研究》)：使用“后悔权”这一表述的主要有侯先锋(《后悔权制度的法学思考》)、吴惠国(《消费者“后悔权”制度研究》)、周子凡(《消费者后悔权的冷思考》)。
53使用“退货权”概念的学者有曹智(《电子商务中消费者退货权之法律探要》)、王倩瑜(《商品销售中消费者无条件退货权研究》)等。
54 See Hire-purchase Act (1964), section 4-9. online available at:http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1964/53.
55 See Hire-purchase Act (1964), section 4 (4) (a).
56 See Hire-purchase Act (1964), section 4 (4) (b).
57 See The Timeshare, Holiday Products, Resale and Exchange Contracts Regulations 2010, section 20-24, online available at:http://www.timeshare.org.uk/law.html.
58参见《德国民法典》第355、357-360条,陈卫佐译.德国民法典[M].北京：法律出版社,2010：128-131.
59 Directive 85/577/EEC, article 4参见《欧共体委员会1985年12月20日关于非营业地订立合同的消费者保护指令》(Council Directive of 20 December 1985 to Protect the Consumer in Respect of Contracts Negotiated away from Business Premises),英文文本见：http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do? uri=OJ:L:1985:372:0031:0033:EN:PDF.
60 See Directive 97/7/EC, Directive 2008/122/EC, Directive 2011/83/EU.
61 See Truth in Lending Act (1968), section 125 (a)&(b), online available at:http://www.llsdc.org/TILA-LH/.
62 See Truth in Lending Act (1968), section 125; Rule Concerning Cooling-Off Period for Sales Made at Homes or at Certain Other Locations,16 C.F.R. Part 429.0, online available at:http://www.ftc.gov/os/2009 /04/P087109coolingoffrulefrnotice.pdf.
6'See Rule Concerning Cooling-Off Period for Sales Made at Homes or at Certain Other Locations,16 C.F.R. Part 429.0-1.
4参见彭玉旺.论消费者撤回权及其制度重构[J].北华航天工业学院学报,2009(2)：26.
65虽然从国外立法来看,消费者撤回权撤回的是消费者订立合同的意思表示,这可能是针对的是一个合同,也可能针对的只是一个要约。但从消费者撤回权制度整体设计来看,实质上都是针对一个已成立的合同,所以,为了全文统一,这里笔者仍使用了“撤回合同”的表述。
66《德国民法典》第355条,参见陈卫佐译.德国民法典[M].北京：法律出版社,2010：128.
67《德国民法典》第310条,参见陈卫佐译.德国民法典[M].北京：法律出版社,2010：108.
68 See Rule Concerning Cooling-Off Period for Sales Made at Homes or at Certain Other Locations,16 C.F.R. Part 429.0(a).
69 See Rule Concerning Cooling-Off Period for Sales Made at Homes or at Certain Other Locations,16 C.F.R. Part 429.0(a)&(b).
70因为在许多国家无因退货权在许多领域已经成为一种商业惯例,而且其与“退货权”这一名称也存在类似问题,故使用“无因退货权”来表述这一制度也显得不妥。
71该法中原文表述为,"When an obligor exercises his right to rescind under subsection (a), he is not liable for any finance or other charge, and any security interest given by the obligor becomes void upon such a rescission "■参见Truth in Lending Act, section 125(b)。
72该法中原文表述为" You may CANCEL this transaction, without any Penalty or Obligation......"。 See Rule Concerning Cooling-Off Period for Sales Made at Homes or at Certain Other Locations,16 C.F.R. Part 429. 1(b).
73全称为《欧洲议会和欧盟理事会2009年1月14日关于在某些方面保护分时度假、长期度假产品、转售、互换合同消费者的第2008/122/EC号指令》(简称第2008/122/EC号指令),英文文本参见：http://eur-lex.eu ropa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:033:0010:0030:EN:PDF.
74如第2011/83/EU号指令第9条规定,"Save where the exceptions provided for in Article 16 apply, the consumer shall have a period of 14 days to withdraw from a distance or off-premises contract, without giving any reason, and without incurring any costs other than those provided for in Article 13(2) and Article 14 "。英文文本参见：http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:304:0064:0088:EN:PDF.
75对于撤回期间的问题比较复杂,而且各国规定多不一致,笔者将在后文详述。
76《德国民法典》第355条,参见陈卫佐译.德国民法典[M].北京：法律出版社,2010：128.
77 See Directive 2008/122/EC article 8(1).
78 See Directive 2011/83/EU, article 12.
79参见[德]卡尔·拉伦茨,曼弗瑞德·沃尔夫.德国民法中的形成权[J].孙宪忠译.环球法律评论,2006(4)：491.
80参见迟颖.论德国法上以保护消费者为目的之撤回权[J].政治与法律,2008(6)：80.
81参见刘青文.德国的消费者撤回权制度[J].世界经济政治论坛,2009(4)：116.
82参见王洪亮.消费者撤回权的正当性基础[J].法学,2010(12)：106.
83 See Hire-purchase Act (1964),section 4(4), online available at http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1964/53.
84《德国民法典》第355条,参见陈卫佐译.德国民法典[M].北京：法律出版社,2010：128.
85 See Directive 2011/83/EU. article 12.
86 See Directive 2008/122/EC, article 8(1).
87该草案是在欧盟委员会(European Commission)2003年颁布的官方文件倡导下,由欧盟民法典研究小组和欧盟现行私法研究小组历时四年起草而成的,起草小组汇集了欧洲顶尖的民法学专家,可谓是当今国际最为先进的民法典之一。它实质上就是欧洲民法典草案,由于法国等欧盟一些国家不愿意采用欧洲统一民法典,所以出于政治上的考虑并未采用“欧洲民法典”这一名称。国内也有学者将其译为《欧盟民法典草案》。
88 See DCFR, Part 5:105.
89 See Peter Rott. Harmonising Different Rights of Withdrawal:Can German Law Serve as an Example for EC Consumer Law? [J]. German Law Journal,2006, vol.7:1114.
90参见刘青文.德国的消费者撤回权制度[J].世界经济与政治论坛,2009(4)：114.
91参见Eisenhardt, Einfuhrung in das Burgerliche Recht,4.Aufl.2004,S.29转引自肖晴.德国《民法典》中的撤回权制度分析[D].北京：中国政法大学硕士学位论文,2011：10-11.
92 See Truth in Lending Act (1968), section 125(b).
93 See Draft Common Frame of Reference, Part 5:101.
94 See The Timeshare, Holiday Products, Resale and Exchange Contracts Regulations 2010, section 22(2), online available at http://www.timeshare.org.uk/law.html.
95参见刘青文.德国的消费者撤回权制度[J].世界经济与政治论坛,2009(4)：115.
96 See Peter Rott. Harmonising Different Rights of Withdrawal:Can German Law Serve as an Example for EC Consumer Law? [J]. German Law Journal,2006, vol.7:1110.
97 See Hire-purchase Act (1964), section 8(1).
98参见《关于取消在家中或工作场所等地订立的合同的规则》(The Cancellation of Contracts made in a Consumer's Home or Place of Work etc. Regulations 2008),英文文本参见：http://www.legislation.gov.u k/uksi/2008/1816/contents/made.
99参见《消费信用规则》(The Consumer Credit (EU Directive) Regulations 2010),英文文本参见：http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2010/1010/contents/made.
100 See Directive 2011/83/EU article 12.
101 DCFR Annex, see Study Group on a European Civil Code, Research Group on EC Private Law (Acquis Group). Principles, Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law:Draft Common Frame of Reference [M]. Munich:Sellier,2009:560.
102《德国民法典》第355条,参见陈卫佐译.德国民法典[M].北京：法律出版社,2010：129.
103《德国民法典》第356条,参见陈卫佐译.德国民法典[M].北京：法律出版社,2010：129.
104参见王洪亮.消费者撤回权的正当性基础[J].法学,2010(12)：100.
105参见Fuchs, AcP 196 (1996),313,330 ff,转引自刘青文.德国的消费者撤回权制度[J].世界经济与政治论坛,2009(4)：112.
106 See Omri Ben-Shahar, Eric A. Posner. The Right to Withdraw in Contract Law [J].The Journal of Legal Studies, 2011. vol.40:116.
107 Consumer Affairs Victoria, Cooling-off Periods in Victoria:Their Use, Nature, Cost and Implications [R]. Research Paper No.15, Jan.2009. online available at:http://www.consumer.vic.gov.au/resources-and-ed ucation/research.
108 See Horst Eidenmuller. Why Withdrawal Rights? [EB/OL].:http://ssrn.com/abstract=1660535, p19.
10920世纪60年代,消费者撤回权制度主要存在于消费信用领域；20世纪70、80年代,消费者撤回权制度开始全面地被引入上门交易领域；20世纪90年代到21世纪初,消费者撤回权制度开始广泛地被引入分时度假产品交易、远程交易等新型交易类型或交易方式中。
110参见[古罗马]优士丁尼.买卖契约[M].刘家安译.北京：中国政法大学出版社,2001：161.
111 See Marco B.M. Loos. Rights of Withdrawal. Center for the Study of European Contract Law Working Paper Series, No.2009/04 p.2. online available at:http://ssrn.com/abstract=1350224.
112参见李凌燕.消费信用法律研究[M].北京：法律出版社,2000：8.
113 See the proposal by Heck, published in the proceeding of the 21st German Lawyers day of 1891, Volume 2nd.,p.180-182.转引自Marco B.M. Loos. Rights of Withdrawal, Center for the Study of European Contract Law Working Paper Series, No.2009/04 p.2, online available at:http://ssrn.com/abstract=1350224.
114参见王洪亮.消费者撤回权的正当性基础[J].法学,2010(12)：97.
115由于世界各国和地区的政治体制和立法体制的差异性和复杂性,穷尽各个国家或地区不同层级的立法难度非常大,本文总体以国家、国家间的组织立法为基础进行研究,所以,这里对于消费者撤回权最早立法的判断没有考虑州立法或更低层次的立法。从已掌握的资料来看,关于消费者撤回权的立法,最早见于澳大利亚维多利亚州的立法,该州于1962年颁布了《土地买卖法》(Sale of Land Act 1962),该法第31条规定,在土地买卖合同签订后的3个工作日内,买方可以通知销售者终止合同。买方依据本条款终止合同的,除销售者可以保留100元或购买价格的0.2%(以数额高的为准)之外,买方有权要求销售者退还其所支付的所有价款。(See Sale of Land Act 1962(Vic), section 31)
116 See R. M. Goode. Consumer Credit Law [M]. London:Butterworths,1989:427.
117该法中消费者撤回权表述为"right of cancellation",具体条款中还使用了还有" withdraw from the transaction"、"rescind agreement"。
118 See Hire-purchase Act (1964), section 4-9.
119 See Ross Richard R. the Illinois Cooling-Off Provision:Three Days to Do What [J]. Southern Illinois University Law Journal,1977, vol.2:421-425.
120 See S.1740, Truth in Lending Act, introduced by Sen. Douglas, D-IL, April 27 1961, online availabl e at:http://www.llsdc.org/I'ILA-LH/.
121 See 106 C.R.10932-33, Congressional Record-Senate, May 24 1960, online available at:http://www.lls dc.org/TILA-LH/.
122TILA后被纳入《消费信用保护法》(Consumer Credit Protection Act),作为其第一部分,所以有人将TILA直接称为《消费信用保护法》。
123该法中撤回权表述为"right of rescission "。
124 Truth in Lending Act (1968), section 125,英文文本参见：http://www.llsdc.org/attachments/wysiwyg/54 4/TILA-LH_PL90-321.pdf.
125该委员会起源于美国19世纪末的法律统一运动,在1892年“促进美国法律统一性的各州委员会会议”上成立,该委员会设立的目的在于向各州推荐其拟制的示范法律文本。
126 See Uniform Consumer Credit Code 1968 article 5.204, online available at:http://uniformlaws.org/Act.a spx?title=Consumer Credit Code.
127参见刘青文.德国的消费者撤回权制度[J].世界经济政治论坛,2009(4)：113.
128这个上门交易的概念是作了扩充解释的,主要因为上门交易是当时非营业地交易最典型的形式。See 16C.F.R.Part 429。
129 See National Consumer Law Center, Consumer for Auto Reliability and Safety, Consumer Federation of America, Consumer Union. Comments Regarding Cooling-off Rule Regulatory Review 16 C.F.R. § 429 [R], Comment Project No. P087109, Sept.25 2009, p3. online available at:http://www.ftc.gov/os/comme nts/coolingoffrulereopen/543750-00004.pdf.
130 See Mchael R. Mattioli. Cooling-off and Secondary Markets:Consumer Choice in the Digital Domain [J]. Virginia Journal of Law and Technology,2010, vol.15:229.
131 See Rule Concerning Cooling-Off Period for Sales Made at Homes or at Certain Other Locations,16 C.F.R. Part 429.0-1.
132 See Rule Concerning Cooling-Off Period for Sales Made at Homes or at Certain Other Locations,16 C.F.R. Part 429.1.
133即上门销售,类似美国法上的" door-to-door sale "
134参见《日本访问销售法》(1976)第6条,谢次昌译.日本关于访问销售等法律[J].国外法学,1986(4)：75.
135参见迟颖.论德国法上以保护消费者为目的之撤回权[J].政治与法律,2008(6)：79.
136参见Lorenz:《在非所愿合同面前的保护》,1997年,第123页以下,第203页；Berens：《消费者在合同接触中受到误导而导致发生的他人决定》,1998年,第206页。转引自张学哲.消费者撤回权制度与合同自由原则——以中国民法法典化为背景[J].比较法研究,2009(6)：63.
137参见迟颖.论德国法上以保护消费者为目的之撤回权[J].政治与法律,2008(6)：80.
138为实现单一市场目标,统一消费者保护,并为消费者提供最低限度的保护水平,欧盟立法者在实践中逐步制定了统一的保护消费者指令以约束成员国。
139 See Directive 2011/83/EU, article 6(1).
140参见《欧洲议会和欧盟理事会1997年5月20日关于远程合同消费者保护的第97/7/EC号指令》(Direct ive 97/7/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 May 1997 on the protection of consu mers in respect of distance contracts),英文文本参见：http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?ur i=CELEX:31997L0007:EN:NOT.
141参见《欧洲议会和欧盟理事会2002年9月23日关于消费者金融服务远程销售及修正理事会第90/619/EEC号指令、第97/7/EC号指令和第98/27/EC号指令的第2002/65/EC号指令》(Directive 2002/65/EC of t he European Parliament and of the Council of 23 September 2002 concerning the distance marketing of consumer financial services and amending Council Directive 90/619/EEC and Directives 97/7/EC and 98/2 7/EC),英文文本参见：http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexapi!prod!CELEXnumdoc&n umdoc=302L0065&model=guichett&lg=en.
142 See Directive 2011/83/EU, article 6(1).
143参见《远程销售消费者保护规则》(The Consumer Protection (Distance Selling) Regulations 2000),英文文本参见：http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2000/2334/contents/made.
144参见陈卫佐译.德国民法典[M].北京：法律出版社,2010：142.
145参见《欧洲议会和欧盟理事会2009年1月14日关于在某些方面保护分时度假、长期度假产品、转售、互换合同消费者的第2008/122/EC号指令》(Directive 2008/122/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 January 2009 on the protection of consumers in respect of certain aspects of timeshare, lo ng-term holiday product, resale and exchange contracts)第二条,英文文本参见：http://eur-lex.europa.eu/Le xUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:033:0010:0030:EN:PDF.
146该法前言部分是这样描述的,"An act to provide for rights to cancel certain agreements about timeshare accommodation",充分显示了立法者对分时度假领域消费者撤回权的重视。
147参见《分时度假法》(Timeshare Act 1992),英文文本参见：http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1992/35/contents.
148参见《欧洲议会及欧盟理事会1994年10月26日关于在某些方面保护不动产部分时段使用权买卖合同的买受人的指令》(Directive 94/47/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 26 October 1994 o n the protection of purchasers in respect of certain aspects of contracts relating to the purchase of the ri ght to use immovable properties on a timeshare basis),英文文本参见：http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/ LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:1994:280:0083:0087:EN:PDF.
149 See Directive 94/47/EC, article 5 (6).
150 See Directive 2008/122/EC, article 6(1).
151参见Reiner.意思表示法中的消费者保护撤回权.民法实务档案,2003(203)：8：转引自张学哲.消费者撤回权制度与合同自由原则——以中国民法法典化为背景[J].比较法研究,2009(6)：67.
152参见张学哲.消费者撤回权制度与合同自由原则——以中国民法法典化为背景[J].比较法研究,2009(6)；王洪亮.消费者撤回权的正当性基础[J].法学,2010(12).
153 See Marco B.M. Loos. Rights of Withdrawal [EB/OL]. Center for the Study of European Contract Law Working Paper Series, No.2009/04, p.4. online available at:http://ssrn.com/abstract=1350224.
154 See Consumer Affairs Victoria. Cooling-off Periods in Victoria:Their Use, Nature, Cost and Implicatio ns [R]. Research Paper No.15, Jan.2009, p.10, online available at:http://www.consumer.vic.gov.au/resourc es-and-education/research.
155 See Claire Souren. the Efficiency of a Cooling off Period [D]. Erasmus Progamme, European Master in Law and Economics. Year 2005-2006:20.
156 See Luke Garrod et al. Competition Remedies in Consumer Marktes [J]. Loyola Consumer Law Review, vol. 21 (4):439-495.
157 See The Right of Withdrawal in the DCFR-Overview, online available at:http://www.jura.uni-muenst er.de/index.cfm?objectid=13B7CD3C-A5AB-CA84-317B5ED46D162E8E&did=11688.33.
158参见《欧洲议会和欧盟理事会2005年5月11日关于对内部市场消费者商务的不公平商业行为及修正理事会第84/450/EEC号指令、第97/7/EC号指令、第98/27/EC号指令和第2002/65/EC号指令的第2005/29/EC号指令》(Directive 2005/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 May 2005 concerning unfair business-to-consumer commercial practices in the internal market and amending Council Directive 84/450/EEC, Directives 97/7/EC,98/27/EC and 2002/65/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council,'Unfair Commercial Practices Directive'),英文文本参见：http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32005L0029:EN:NOT.
159 See Directive 2005/29/EC, article 8.
160西方有学者将这种情况称为“情境垄断”。
161 See Consumer Affairs Victoria. Cooling-off Periods in Victoria:Their Use, Nature, Cost and Implicatio ns [R]. Research Paper No.15, Jan.2009, p.10, online available at:http://www.consumer.vic.gov.au/resourc es-and-education/research.
162 See Peter Rott. Harmonising Different Rights of Withdrawal:Can German Law Serve as an Example for EC Consumer Law? [J]. German Law Journal,2006, vol.7:1109-1136.
163 See United States v. Union Circulation Co., Inc. et al.,1982 WL 1912 (N. D. Ga.1982).
164 See Directive 2005/29/EC. article 6.
165 See Directive 2005/29/EC, article 7.
166 See Pete Garey. The Harsh Side of the Housing Boom [N]. San Jose Mercury News,2007,3(16).
167参见孙良国.消费者何以有撤回权[J].当代法学,2011(6)：110.
168参见迟颖.论德国法上以保护消费者为目的之撤回权[J].政治与法律,2008(6)：81.
169参见王洪亮.消费者撤回权的正当性基础[J].法学,2010(12)：99.
170公序良俗主要涉及合同价款的合理性以及对所提供的给付是否有个人需要的问题。
171根据缔约过失制度,在合同谈判时,一方当事人有过错地违反咨询和解释义务的情况下,相对人可以请求损害赔偿。
172参见王洪亮.消费者撤回权的正当性基础[J].法学,2010(12)：99.
173参见王洪亮.消费者撤回权的正当性基础[J].法学,2010(12)：99.
174 See Gillian K. Hadfield, Robert Howse, Michael J. Trebilcock. Information-Based Principles for Rethinking Consumer Protection Policy [J]. Journal of Consumer Policy,1998, vol.21(2):140.
175 See Consumer Affairs Victoria. Cooling-off Periods in Victoria:Their Use, Nature, Cost and Implicatio ns [R]. Research Paper No.15, Jan.2009, p.9, online available at:http://www.consumer.vic.gov.au/resources-and-education/research.
176参见迟颖.论德国法上以保护消费者为目的之撤回权[J].政治与法律,2008(6)：81.
177因为当时德国没有相关的消费者撤回权制度,所以他们解除合同的主张并没有得到法院支持。参见迟颖.论德国法上以保护消费者为目的之撤回权[J].政治与法律,2008(6)：79.
178 See Directive.85/577/EEC.
179 See Report on the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on Consu mer Rights [R], COM (2008) 614 final, p.14, online available at:http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDo c.do?type=REPORT&reference=A7-2011-0038&language=EN.
180参见周林彬,黄健梅.行为法经济学与法律经济学：聚焦经济理性[J].学术研究,2004(12)：64.
181参见王光宗.民法上的人及其人性透析[J].时代法学,2008(1)：44.
182参见李树.行为法经济学的勃兴与法经济学的发展[J].社会科学战线,2008(9)：76.
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184参见李树.行为法经济学的勃兴与法经济学的发展》J].社会科学战线,2008(9)：79；周林彬,黄健梅.行为法经济学与法律经济学：聚焦经济理性[J].学术研究,2004(12)：64.
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187参见徐国栋.民法私法说还能维持多久——行为经济学对时下民法学的潜在影响[J].法学,2006(5)7.
188 See Sendhil Mullainathan, Richard H. Thaler, Behavioral Economics (September 2000), MIT Dept. of Economics Working Paper No.00-27 [EB/OL].:http://ssrn.com/abstract=245828 or doi:10.2139/ssrn.245828.
189 See Thomas Wilhelmsson, Geraint Howells, HansW. Micklitz. European Consumer Law, in European Private LawA Handbook [M]. Berne:Stampfli Publishers Ltd,2009:273.
190 See Claire Souren. the Efficiency of a Cooling off Period [D]. Erasmus Progamme, European Master in Law and Economics Year 2005-2006:32.
191 See Consumer Affairs Victoria. Cooling-off Periods in Victoria:Their Use, Nature, Cost and Implicatio ns [R]. Research Paper No.15, Jan.2009, p.13, online available at:http://www.consumer.vic.gov.au/resourc es-and-education/research.
192 See Sharon Oster, Fiona Scott Morton. Does the Endowment Effect Exist in a Real Market? [EB/OL].: http://else.econ.ucl.ac.uk/conferences/consumer-behaviour/scottmorton.pdf.
193 See Motor Car Traders Acts 1986 (Vic), Section 43, online available at:http://corrigan.austlii.edu.au/au /legis/vic/consol_act/mcta 1986194/.
194 See Hamish G.W. Seaward, Simon Kemp. Optimism Bias and Student Debt [J]. New Zealand Journal of Psychology,2000, vol.29:17.
195 See the proposal by Heck, published in the proceeding of the 21st German Lawyers day of 1891,2nd. Volume, p.180-182.
196参见迟颖.论德国法上以保护消费者为目的之撤回权[J].政治与法律,2008(6)：79-80.
197消费者是理论上的强者,是基于消费者主权理论。消费者是现实中的弱者,是基于消费者在现实中的弱势地位,如经济地位、信息等方面的弱势。
198参见梁慧星.从近代民法到现代民法——二十世纪民法回顾[J].中外法学,1997(2)：21.
199参见[德]迪特尔·梅迪库斯.德国民法总论[M].邵建东译,北京：法律出版社,2001：364.
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201参见林诚二.民法理论与问题研究[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,2000：413.
202参见张学哲.消费者撤回权制度与合同自由原则——以中国民法法典化为背景[J].比较法研究,2009(6)：70.
203参见蒋志兵.消费理论综述与消费资本化理论[J].商业研究,2008(3)：111.
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206参见杨俊一等.制度哲学导论[M].上海：上海大学出版社,2007：229.
207参见赖德胜,李哲.消费者主权的现实与实现[J].经济问题探索,1996(1)：36.
208参见北京大学马克思理论教育中心.当代西方思潮评介[M].北京：北京大学出版社,1989：213.
209参见张雄等.新编现代西方社会思潮[M].上海：上海社会科学院出版社,1999：256.
210参见《联合国消费者保护指南》(United Nations guidelines for consumer protection)第13条,英文文本参见：http://www.un.org/documents/ecosoc/res/1999/eres1999-7.htm。
211参见李昌麒,许明月.消费者保护法[M].北京：法律出版社,2005：62.
212参见孙明贵.流通前线——现代流通理念、方法与技术[M].北京：民族出版社,2002：133.
213参见陈富良.我国经济转轨时期的政府规制[M].北京：中国财政经济出版社,2000：196.
214参见[英]约翰·密尔.论自由[M].许宝骙译.北京：商务印书馆,2008：10.
215参见徐国栋.民法是私法吗?[J].江苏行政学院学报,2009(3)：119-120.
216参见徐国栋.民法私法说还能维持多久——行为经济学对时下民法学的潜在影响[J].法学,2006(5)：12.
217参见徐国栋.民法私法说还能维持多久——行为经济学对时下民法学的潜在影响[J].法学,2006(5)：12.
218参见梁慧星.从近代民法到现代民法——二十世纪民法回顾[J].中外法学,1997(2)：21.
219参见孙笑侠,郭春镇.美国的法律家长主义理论与实践[J].法律科学,2005(6)：110.
220参见吴元元.法律父爱主义与侵权法之失[J].华东政法大学学报,2010(3)：134.
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222 See Claire Souren. the Efficiency of a Cooling off Period [Dl. Erasmus Progarnme, European Master in Law and Economics, Year 2005-2006:19.
223 See Judgment of the Court (First chamber) of 26/10/2006, Case C-168/05 Elisa Maria Mostaza Claro v. Centro Movil Milenium SL, ECR [2006] p.I-10421.
224 See Judgment of the Court of 27/6/2000, Joint cases C-240/98 to C-244/98 Oceano Grupo Editorial, S.A. and Salvat Editores, S.A. v. Rocio Murciano Quintero et al. ECR [20001 p.I-04941.
225参见孙笑侠,郭春镇.法律父爱主义在中国的适用[Jl.中国社会科学,2006(1)：48.
226张文显在《二十世纪西方法哲学思潮研究》中把法律家长主义分为两种：纯粹的和非纯粹的。在纯粹的家长式法律强制中,其自由受到限制的人同时也是利益受到保护的人。在非纯粹的家长式法律强制中,除了限制受益者的自由外,还包括限制其他人的自由。参见张文显.二十世纪西方法哲学思潮研究[M].北京：法律出版社,1996：551.
227 See Christian Twigg-Flesner. Innovation and EU Consumer Law [J]. Journal of Consumer Policy,2005, vol.28: 419.
228 See Claire Souren. the Efficiency of a Cooling off Period [D]. Erasmus Progamme, European Master in Law and Economics, Year 2005-2006:20.
229 See Claire Souren. the Efficiency of a Cooling off Period [D]. Erasmus Progamme, European Master in Law
230 See Eirik G. Furubotn, R. Richter. Institutions and Economic Theory:The Contribution of the New Institutional and Economics, Year 2005-2006:36. Economics (Economics, Cognition and Society) [M]. Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press,2000:186.
231 See Omri Ben-Shahar, Eric A.Posner. The Right to Withdraw in Contract Law [J]. The Journal of Legal Studies, 2011, vol.40:127.
232 See Consumer Affairs Victoria. Cooling-off Periods in Victoria:Their Use, Nature, Cost and Implicatio ns [R]. Research Paper No.15, Jan.2009, p.20, online available at:http://www.consumer.vic.gov.au/resourc es-and-education/research.
233 See Rekaiti P., Van den Bergh R. Cooling-Off Periods in the Consumer Laws of the EC Member States. A Comparative Law and Economics Approach [J]. Journal of Consumer Policy,2000, vol.23:382.
234 See Enkeleda Olldashi, Zamira Xhaferri. Cooling-off Periods from a Law and Economics Perspective[J]. Revista Shqiptare per Studime Ligjore,2011, vol.2:157.
235 See Marco B.M. Loos, Right of Withdrawal, Center for the Study of European Contract Law Working Pape Series, No.2009/04, p.17, online available at:http://ssrn.com/abstract=1350224.
236 See Directive 97/7/EC. article 6.
237 See Directive 2011/83/EU, article 13 (1).
238 See Directive 2011/83/EU, article 16.
239 See Omri Sen-Shahar, Eric A.Posner. The Right to Withdraw in Contract Law [J]. The Journal of Legal Studies, 2011, vol.40:122.
240 See Directive 2002/65/EC, article 6 (2).
241欧盟指令是欧洲共同理事会和欧洲共同体委员会依据《欧洲共同体条约》的授权所制定的立法性文件之一。目的是为了实现各个成员国立法的协调或使各成员国的立法趋于一致。欧洲共同体在建设统一大市场中的大多数措施都是以指令形式发布的。
242参见《欧共体委员会1985年12月20日关于非营业地订立合同的消费者保护指令》(Council Directive of 20 December 1985 to Protect the Consumer in Respect of Contracts Negotiated away from Business Premises)。
243该指令的全称为Directive 94/47/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 26 October 1994 on the protection of purchasers in respect of certain aspects of contracts relating to the purchase of the right to use immovable properties on a timeshare basis。
244该指令全称为Directive 97/7/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 May 1997 on the protection of consumers in respect of distance contracts。
245该指令全称为Directive 2002/65/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 September 2002 concerning the distance marketing of consumer financial services and amending Council Directive 90/619/EEC and Directives 97/7/EC and 98/27/EC。
246参见《欧洲议会和欧盟理事会2002年11月5日关于人寿保险的第2002/83/EC号指令》(Directive 2002/83/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 November 2002 concerning life assurance),英文文本参见：http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32002L0083:EN:NOT.
247参见《欧洲议会和欧盟理事会2008年4月23日关于消费者信贷合同及废止委员会第87/102/EEC号指令的第2008/48/EC号指令》(Directive 2008/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Cuncil of 23 April 2008 on credit agreements for consumers and repealing Council Directive 87/102/EEC),英文文本参见：http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:133:0066:0092:EN:PDF.
248该指令全称为Directive 2008/122/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 January 2009 on the protection of consumers in respect of certain aspects of timeshare, long-term holiday product, resale and exchange contracts.
249该指令全称为Directive 2011/83/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2011on consumer rights, amending Council Directive 93/13/EEC and Directive 1999/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Council Directive 85/577/EEC and Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council.
250这个文本对撤回权使用了多种表述,如" right of cancellation"、" right of renunciation "
251 See Directive 85/577/EEC. article 4.
252 See Directive 85/577/EEC, article 5.
253如撤回期间的起算时间就和英国《租赁买卖法》的规定比较类似。
254该指令中关于撤回权的表述为"right of withdrawal".
255与85/577/EEC指令的7天(seven days)不同,这里的撤回期间是7个工作日(seven working days)。
256 See Directive 97/7/EC, article 6(1), article 7(3).
257 See Directive 97/7/EC, article 6, article 7.
258 See Report on the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on Consu mer Rights [R]. COM (2008) 614 final, p.12, online available at:http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDo c.do?type=REPORT&reference=A7-2011-0038&language=EN.
259该指令中对消费者撤回权的表述是"right of withdrawal "。
260 See Directive 2011/83/EU. article 9(1）.
261 See Directive 2011/83/EU. article 10.
262 See Directive 2011/83/EU. article 12.
263 See Directive 2011/83/EU, article 13,14.
264 See Directive 2011/83/EU, article 9.
265对于撤回权的表述,在94/47/EC中使用不统一,相关的有"withdraw without giving any reason"、 "withdrawal period"、"the right to cancel",而在2008/122/EC中概念比较统一,如" right of withdrawal"、 "withdrawal form"、"withdrawal period"
266 See Directive 2008/122/EC. article 9.
267 See Directive 94/47/EC. article 6.
268 See Directive 2008/122/EC. article 11.
269 See Directive 94/47/EC, article 7.
270该指令明确规定这一费用必须是在合同中明确列明的。
271 Directive 2002/65/EC、Directive 2002/83/EC和Directive 2008/48/EC三个指令中对撤回权的表述分别为"right of withdrawal"、"right of cancellation'和" right of withdrawal"。
272 See Directive 2002/65/EC, article 2 (a).
273 See Directive 97/7/EC, article 2.
274 See Directive 2008/48/EC, article 14,15.
275参见迟颖.论德国法上以保护消费者为目的之撤回权[J].政治和法律,2008(6)：80.
276参见吴越.德国民法典之债法改革对我国的启示[J].法学家,2003(2)：111.
277参见《德国民法典》第312条第1款。
278参见《德国民法典》第312d条第1款。
279参见《德国民法典》第312e条第3款。
280参见《德国民法典》第485条第1款。
281参见《德国民法典》第495条第1款。
282参见《德国民法典》第499条。
283参见《德国民法典》第500条。
284参见《德国民法典》第501条。
285参见《德国民法典》第505条第l款。
286参见刘青文.德国的消费者撤回权[J].世界经济与政治论坛,2009(4)：114.
287参见杜景林,卢谌.德国民法典评注M].北京：法律出版社,2011：172.
288参见《德国民法典》第357条第1款。
289参见《德国民法典》第355条第2款。
290参见杜景林,卢谌.德国债法改革：《德国民法典》最新进展[M].北京：法律出版社,2003：179-182.
291由于欧盟的规定晚于《德国民法典》,《德国民法典》尚未对此作出修订。
292 See Directive 85/577/EEC. article 1.
293 See Directive 85/577/EEC, article 3(3).
294 See DCFR article Ⅱ-5:201 (1).
295 See Directive,2011/83/EU article 2(9).
296 See Directive,2011/83/EU article 2(8).原文表述为：‘'Off-premises contract means any contract between the trader and the consumer:(a) concluded in the simultaneous physical presence of the trader and the consumer, in a place which is not the business premises of the trader; (b) for which an offer was made by the consumer in the same circumstances as referred to in point (a); (c) concluded on the business premises of the trader or through any means of distance communication immediately after the consumer was personally and individually addressed in a place which is not the business premises of the trader in the simultaneous physical presence of the trader and the consumer; or (d) concluded during an excursion organised by the trader with the aim or effect of promoting and selling goods or services to the consumer". See Directive 2011/83/EU, article2(8).
297 See Peter Rott. Renationalisation of direct selling—the impact of the new Consumer Rights Directive on financial services [J]. ERA Forum,7 February 2012, p.1-10.
298即欧洲货币单位(Eutopean Currency Unit,简称ECU),是欧洲共同体国家共同用于内部计价结算的一种货币单位,是推行欧元的先导,欧洲货币体系的关键一环。
299 See Directive 85/577/EEC, article 3(1).
300参见《消费者保护条例》(The Consumer Protection (Cancellation of Contracts Concluded away from B usiness Premises) Regulations 1987), section 3(2) (f),英文文本参见：http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/19 87/2117/contents/made。
301 See Directive 97/7/EC, article 2(1).
302 See Directive 97/7/EC, article 2(4).
303 See Directive 97/7/EC, annex 1.
304 See Directive 2011/83/EU, article 6 (1).原文表述为："distance contract" means any contract concluded between the trader and the consumer under an organised distance sales or service-provision scheme without the simultaneous physical presence of the trader and the consumer, with the exclusive use of one or more means of distance communication up to and including the time at which the contract is concluded.
305 See Directive 97/7/EC (20).
306 See Directive 85/577/EEC, article 3(2).
307 See Directive 97/7/EC. article 3.
308 See Directive 2011/83/EU, article 3(3).
309 See Directive 2011/83/EU, article 16.
310 See Judgment of the European Court of Justice of 25/4/2005, Case C-350/03 Elisabeth Schulte, Wolfgang Schulte v. Deutsche Bausparkasse Badenia AG, ECR [2005] p.Ⅰ-9215.
311 See Judgment of the European Court of Justice of 25/4/2005, Case C-229/04 Crailsheimer Volksbank eG v. Klaus Conrads, Frank Schulzke und Petra Schulzke-Losche, Joachim Nitschke, ECR [2005] p.Ⅰ-9273.
312 See Judgment of the European Court of Justice of 10/4/2008, Case C-412/06 Annelore Hamilton v. Volksbank Filder eG, ECR [2008] p.Ⅰ-2383.
313 See Peter Rott. Renationalisation of direct selling—the impact of the new Consumer Rights Directive on financial services [J]. ERA Forum,7 February 2012, p.1-10.
314 See Study Group on a European Civil Code, Research Group on EC Private Law (Acquis Group), Principles, Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law:Draft Common Frame of Reference [M]. Munich:Sellier, 2009:391.
315 See Directive 94/47/EC. article 2.
316 See Directive 2008/122/EC. article 2.
317 See Directive 2002/65/EC. article 2(a).
318 See Directive 97/7/EC. article 2.
319 See Directive 2002/65/EC, article 6(2).
320 See Directive 2002/83/EC, article 2(1)(a).
321 See Directive 2002/83/EC. article 35(1).
322 See Directive 2002/83/EC, article 35(2).
323 See Directive 2008/48/EC, article 3(c).
324 See Directive 2008/48/EC. article 2.
325 See Report on the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on Consu mer Rights[R], COM (2008) 614 final, p.14, online available at:http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc. do?type=REPORT&reference=A7-2011-0038&language=EN.
326 See Judgment of the European Court of Justice of 22/4/1999, case C-423/97 Travel Vac SL v. Manuel Jose Antelm Sanchis, ECR [1999] p.Ⅰ-2195.
327 See Marco B.M. Loos. Review of the European consumer acquis [M]. Munich:Sellier,2008:10.
328 See Marco B.M. Loos. Rights of Withdrawal [EB/OL]. Centre for the Study of European Contract Law, Working Paper Series, No.2009/04 p.5, online available at:http://ssrn.com/abstract=1350224.
329 See Review of Consumer Acquis Document, p.8 [EB/OL].:http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/cons int/safe_shop/dist_sell/sum_responses_ consultations_en.pdf.
330 See Luke Garrod et al. Competition Remedies in Consumer Marktes [J]. Loyola Consumer Law Review, vol. 21 (4):475.
331 See Directive 2002/65/EC,article 6(2).
332 See Directive 2002/83/EC, article 35(1).
333 See Directive 2011/83/EU, article 6(2).
334 See Directive 2011/83/EU, article 9(2).
335 See Judgment of the European Court of Justice of 13/12/2001, case C-481/99 Georg Heininger and Helga Heininger v. Bayerische Hypo-und Vereinsbank AG, ECR [2001] p.Ⅰ-09945.
336 See Judgment of the European Court of Justice of 17/12/2009, Case C 227/08 Martin Martin v. EDP Editores, SL, ECR [2009] p.Ⅰ-11939.
337 See Judgment of the European Court of Justice of 10/4/2008, case C-412/06 Annelore Hamilton v. Volksbank Filder eG, ECR [2008] p.Ⅰ-02383.
338 See Consumer Affairs Victoria, Cooling-off Periods in Victoria:Their Use, Nature, Cost and Implicatio ns [R]. Research Paper No.15, Jan.2009, p20, online available at:http://www.consumer.vic.gov.au/resourc es-and-education/research.
339 See Geraint Howells, Norbert Reich.The current limits of European harmonization in consumer contract law [J]. ERA Forum,2011, vol.12:53-54.
340 See Report on the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on Consu mer Rights[R], COM (2008) 614 final, p.15, online available at:http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc. do?type=REPORT&reference=A7-2011-0038&language=EN.
341 See Directive 2008/122/EC, article 6(3).
342 See Directive 2008/122/EC, article 6(4).
343 See Directive 2008/48/EC, article 14(7).
344 See Directive 2011/83/EU, article 9(3).
345 See Directive 2008/122/EC, article 9.
346 See Directive 85/577/EEC, article 4.
347 See Directive 2011/83/EU, article 6(h) (i) (j).
348 See Directive 2011/83/EU, article 6, annex I.
349 See Directive 2008/122/EC, article 5(4).
350 See Directive 2011/83/EU, article 6(4).
3512011/83/EU指令对持久介质的表述："'durable medium'means any instrument which enables the consumer or the trader to store information addressed personally to him in a way accessible for future reference for a period of time adequate for the purposes of the information and which allows the unchanged reproduction of the information stored "。
352 See Directive 2011/83/EU, article 7(1).
353 See Directive 2011/83/EU, article 8(1), (4).
354 See Directive 2008/122/EC, article 4.
355 See Directive 85/577/EEC, article 4.
355 See Directive 85/577/EEC, article 1. article 4.
357 See Directive 2011/83/EU, article 6(1).
358 See Directive 2002/65/EC, article 5(1), (2).
359 See Directive 85/577/EEC. article 5(1):Directive 2011/83/EU. article 11(1) (b).
360 See Directive 85/577/EEC,Article 5.
361 See Judgment of the European Court of Justice of 22/4/1999, case C-423/97 Travel Vac SL v. Anselm Sanchis, ECR[1999]p.I-2195.
362 See Evelyne Terryn. The Right of Withdrawal [A]. In:Reiner Schulze, Common Frame of Reference and Existing EC Contract Law [M]. Munich:Sellier,2008:163.
363 See Study Group on a European Civil Code, Research Group on EC Private Law (Acquis Group), Principles, Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law:Draft Common Frame of Reference [M]. Munich:Sellier, 2009:368.
364 See Directive 2011/83/EU, article 11.
365 Acquis Principles article 5:102, See Research Group on the Existing EC Private Law (Acquis Group). Principles of the Existing EC Contract Law (Acquis Principles) [M]. Munich:Sellier,2009:240.
366 See Directive 2008/122/EC, article 7.
367 See Directive 85/577/EEC, article 5(2), article 7.
368 See Judgment of the European Court of Justice of 22/4/1999, Case C-423/97 Travel Vac SL v. Anselm Sanchi ECR[1999]p.Ⅰ-2195.
369 See Directive 2011/83/EU. article 12.
370 See DCFR Annex, Christian von Bar, Eric Clive, Hans Schulte-Nocke. Principles, Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law:Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) Interim Outline Edition [M]. Munich: Sellier.2008:560.
371 See Evelyne Terryn. The Right of Withdrawal [A]. In:Reiner Schulze, Common Frame of Reference and Existing EC Contract Law [M]. Munich:Sellier,2008:164.
372 See Directive 2011/83/EU. article 13.
373 See Judgment of the Court (Fourth Chamber) of 15/4/2010,Case C-511/08 Handelsgesellschaft Heinrich Heine GmbH v. Verbraucherzentrale Nordrhein-Westfalen eV, ECR [2010] p.Ⅰ-03047.
374 See Study Group on a European Civil Code, Research Group on EC Private Law (Acquis Group). Principles, Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law:Draft Common Frame of Reference [M]. Munich:Sellier, 2009:375.
375 See Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 3/9/2009, C-489/07 Pia Messner v. Firma Stefan Kriiger, ECR [2009] Ⅰ-07315.
376 See Marco B.M. Loos. Review of the European consumer acauis [M]. Munich:Sellier.2008:12-13. http://ssrn.com/abstract=1350224.
377 See Marco B.M. Loos. Rights of Withdrawal, p.23-24, [EB/OL].:
378 See Acquis Principles Article 5:106, Research Group on the Existing EC Private Law (Acquis Group). Principles of the Existing EC Contract Law (Acquis Principles) [M]. Munich:Sellier,2009:266.
379 See DCFR article Ⅱ-5:106 (2).
380 See Peter Rott. Harmonising Different Rights of Withdrawal:Can German Law Serve as an Example for EC Consumer Law? [J]. German Law Journal,2006, vol.7:1131.
381参见杜景林,卢谌.德国民法典评注[M].北京：法律出版社,2011：176.
382参见原野.德国(消费信贷)关联合同制度及其对我国的借鉴意义[D].北京：中国政法大学硕士学位论文,2009：8-9.
383 See DCFR article Ⅱ-5:106 (2).
384 See Directive 2008/48/EC.3(n).
385 See Report on the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on Consu mer Rights[R], COM (2008) 614 final, p.22, online available at:http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc. do?type=REPORT&reference=A7-2011-0038&language=EN.
386 See Peter Rott. Harmonising Different Rights of Withdrawal:Can German Law Serve as an Example for EC Consumer Law? [J]. German Law Journal,2006, vol.7:1131.
387 See Judgment of the European Court of Justice of 25/10/2005, Case C-350/03 Elisabeth Schulte and Wolfgang Schulte v. Deutsche Bausparkasse Badenia, ECR [2005] p.Ⅰ-9215.
388 See Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) of 25/10/2005, Case C-229/04 Crailsheimer Volksbank eG v. Klaus Conrads and Others, ECR [2005] p.Ⅰ-9273.
389 See Peter Rott. Renationalisation of Direct Selling--the Impact of the New Consumer Rights Directive on Financial Services [J]. ERA Forum,7 February 2012, p.3-6.
390 See Norbert Reich, Harmonisation of European Contract Law:with Special Emphasis on Consumer Law [J]. China-EU Law,2011, vol.1:65.
391 See Directive 2011/83/EU, article 15.
392 See DCFR article Ⅱ-5:106(1).
393 See Department for Business, Enterprise & Regulatory Reform. Proposed Consumer Rights Directive-a Consultation [R], Crown Copyright,2008, p.31. online available at:http://www.bis.gov.uk/files/file48791.pdf.
394 See Directive 2011/83/EU, article 7(1).
395 See Judgment of the European Court of Justice of 22/4/1999, case C-423/97 Travel Vac SL v. Manuel Jose Antelm Sanchis, ECR [1999] p.Ⅰ-2195.
396由于在美国法上消费者撤回权也不是一个统一的概念,在《冷静期规则》中使用的是Right of Cancellation、Right to Cancel,在《诚实借贷法》中使用的是Right of rescission、Right to Rescind,在本节中涉及法律文本中关于消费者撤回权的表述,基本上尊重原法律文本的表述,不统一使用消费者撤回权这一概念。
397消费者撤回权的立法较为分散,以上判断并不是建立于穷尽所有美国法律文件基础上的一个判断,而是根据中国和美国学者的现有研究成果以及本人已收集资料的一个总体判断。
398 See Joan M. Burda.An Overview of Federal Consumer Law [M]. Chicago:General Practice, Solo and Small Firm Section, American Bar Association,1998:147.
399 See 16 C.F.R. section 429.0.
400 See 15 U.S.C.A. section 1635.
401 See 16 C.F.R. section 429.3.
402参见附录二对该权利的解释。
403在16 C.F.R. section 429.1中该标题使用的是大写"NOTICE OF RIGHT TO CANCEL".
404在16 C.F.R. section 429.1中该标题使用的是大写"NOTICE OF CANCELLATION"
405具体的信息和陈述包括撤回期间(三个工作日)、退货的具体实施、双方未履行退货或取货义务时的责任、撤回通知寄送方式,在此不作具体介绍。
406 See 16 C.F.R. section 429.1.
407 See 16 C.F.R. section 429.1.
408该调查主要目的在于了解《冷静期规则》是否仍有存续的必要。
409《冷静期规则》针对是交易金额在25美元以上的上门交易。由于30多年来持续的通货膨胀,所以,有学者建议提高该规则适用的门槛。
410 See U.S. Census Bureau:2.6 million More Americans Pushed Into Poverty in 2008, Sci. Letter, Sept.222009, online available at:http://www.bread.org/media/releases/us-census-bureau-26.html.
411 Payday Lending,可翻译为“工资日贷款”,有人将其称作高利贷。维基百科对“工资日贷款”的定义如下：工资日贷款是一种小额、短期贷款,用于贷款人下一次发薪之前临时急用所需(因此还款日期也就是 下次发薪之时)。这种贷款额额度往往在100美元到1500美元之间,通常还款期限是2周,通常年利率在390%到780%。也就是说,每贷款100美元,按期还款的时候(一般是两周左右)需要缴付的利息是15到30美元。这种贷款形式往往是那些拥有不良信用记录的消费者唯一的贷款来源,因为他们一般无法得到银行贷款、信用卡或其他方式的低息贷款。
412《冷静期规则》仅规定,上门交易合同中不应包含任何承认判决或放弃消费者依本节享有的权利的内容。
413 See National Consumer Law Center, Consumer for Auto Reliability and Safety, Consumer Federation of America, Consumer Union. Comments Regarding Cooling-off Rule Regulatory Review 16 C.F.R.§429 [R]. Comment Project No.P087109, Sept.25,2009. online available at:http://www.ftc.gov/os/comments/coo lingoffrulereopen/543750-00004.pdf.
414参见杨红灿,张霞.谈美国的消赞者保护法律制度(上).中国工商管理研究,1994(7)：60.
415 See Baum v. Great W. Cities, Inc.,703 F.2d 119 (10th Cir.1985); see also Fulton v. Hecht,580 F.2d 1243 (5th Cir.1978), cert, denied,440 U.S.981 (1979).
416 See FTC Advisory Opinion [EB/OL].:http://www.ftc.gov/ftc/opinions.shtm.
417 See John R. Kennel, Anne Knickerbocker et al. Corpus Juris Secundum:Interest and Usury; Consumer Credit Ml. New York:Thomson Reuters.2012.47 C.J.S. Interest & Usurv § 475.
418 See Beach v. Great Western Bank,670 So.2d 986 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App.4th Dist.1996).
419 See Theresa Leming, Jack K. Levin, Eric Surette, Lisa A. Zakolski. American Jurisprudence:Consumer and Borrower Protection [M]. New York:Thomson Reuters.2012,17 Am. Jur.2d Consumer Protection § 138.
420 See Theresa Leming, Jack K. Levin, Eric Surette, Lisa A. Zakolski. American Jurisprudence:Consumer and Borrower Protection [M]. New York:Thomson Reuters 2012,17 Am. Jur.2d Consumer Protection § 136.
421当事人不可更改原来协议的交易。
422 See John R. Kennel, Anne Knickerbocker et al. Corpus Juris Secundum:Interest and Usury; Consumer Credit [M]. New York:Thomson Reuters 2012,47 C.J.S. Interest & Usury §479.
423 See Suzan L. Smith v. Highland Bank,108 F.3d 1325 (11th Cir.1997).
424 See Veale v. Citibank, F.S.B.,85 F.3d 577 (11th Cir.1996).
425 See Edna JACKSON v. Syd GRANT, Belle G. Grant.876 F.2d 764.57 USLW 2726 No.87-2801.
426 See Consumer Credit Protection subchapter I part B,15 USCA § 1635.
427 See David R. Beach, et ux. v. Ocwen Federal Bank, No.97-5310.523 U.S.410,118 S.Ct.1408.
428 See Diane K. Hefferman v. Bernadette Y. Bitton, Nathan Bitton, Edward F. Reid.882 F.2d 379 (9th Cir.1989).
429 See Larry Meyer, Virginia Badalamente Meyer v. Ameriquest Mortgage Company,342 F.3d 899. (9th Cir. 2003).
430 See In re Ethel J. Dawson.437 B.R.15 (Bkrtcy. D. Dist. Col.,2010).
431 See John R. Kennel, Anne Knickerbocker et al. Corpus Juris Secundum:Interest and Usury; Consumer Credit [M]. New York:Thomson Reuters 2012,47 C.J.S. Interest & Usury § 476.
432 See Westbank v. Maurer,276 Ⅲ. App.3d 553,213 Ⅲ. Dec.360,658 N.E.2d 1381 (2d Dist.1995).
433 See John R. Kennel, Anne Knickerbocker et al. Corpus Juris Secundum:Interest and Usury; Consumer Credit [M]. New York:Thomson Reuters 2012,47 C.J.S. Interest & Usury § 479.
434 See Alberta Taylor v. Domestic Remodeling, Inc.,97 F.3d 96 (5th Cir.1996).
"" See Norfolk Division, Sharon F. Moore v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., Civil Action No.2:08cv413,597 F.Supp.2d 612.
436 See Theresa Leming, Jack K. Levin, Eric Surette, Lisa A. Zakolski. American Jurisprudence:Consumer and Borrower Protection [M]. New York:Thomson Reuters 2012,17 Am. Jur.2d Consumer Protection § 144.
437 See Rowland v. Magna Millikin Bank of Decatur, N.A.,812 F. Supp.875 (C.D. Ⅲ.1992). Borrower Protection [M]. New York:Thomson Reuters 2012,17 Am. Jur.2d Consumer Protection § 146.
438 See Theresa Leming, Jack K. Levin, Eric Surette, Lisa A. Zakolski. American Jurisprudence:Consumer and
439 See Rachbach v. Cogswell,547 F.2d 502 (10th Cir.1976); Brown v. National Permanent Federal Sav. and Loan Assn,683 F.2d 444 (D.C. Cir.1982).
440 Illinois Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business Practice Act, see 815 ILL. COMP. STAT. section 505/1 (West 2004).
441 See Timeshare Rescission Period in US [EB/OL].:http://rcivip.com/timeshare-rescission-period-in-us/.
442 See Vacation And Timeshare Plans, chapter 721 section 10, online available at:http://www.leg.state.fl.u s/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=&URL=Ch0721/SEC10.HTM&Title=->2007-> Ch0721->Section%2010#0721.10
443《统一消费信贷法》与《诚实借贷法》,前者是示范法,后者是联邦法。除此之外,二者最大的区别在于前者是对信用交易条件公示的规制,后者是对交易条件实质性的规则。
444 See Uniform Consumer Credit Code 1974 article 3 part 5, online available at:http://uniformlaws.org/A ct.aspx?title=Consumer Credit Code.
445通过的11个州分别为：Colorado, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Utah, Wisconsin, Wyoming. See Legislative Fact Sheet-Consumer Credit Code, online available at:htt p://uniformlaws.org/LegislativeFactSheet.aspx?title=Consumer Credit Code.
446 See Uniform Consumer Credit Code 1974, article 3 part 5.
447参见何勤华,魏琼.西方商法史[Ml.北京：北京大学出版社,2007：513.
448 See Ala. Code 1975 section 8-19A-14.
449 See N.Y. Gen. Bus. section 218-a, available at http://open.nysenate.gov/legislation/bill/A3010-2011.
450 See Omri Ben-Shahar, Eric A.Posner. The Right to Withdraw in Contract Law [J]. The Journal of Legal Studies, 2011. vol.40:125.
451 See Cal. Civ. Code § 1723.
452 See Cal. Veh. Code section 11709.2.
453 See National Consumer Law Center, Consumer for Auto Reliability and Safety, Consumer Federation of America, Consumer Union. Comments Regarding Cooling-off Rule Regulatory Review 16 C.F.R. § 429 [R]. Comment Project No.P087109, Sept.25,2009, online available at:http://www.ftc.gov/os/comments/coo lingoffrulereopen/543750-00004.pdf.
454 See John R. Kennel, Anne Knickerbocker et al. Corpus Juris Secundum:Interest and Usury; Consumer Credit [M]. New York:Thomson Reuters 2012,47 C.J.S. Interest & Usury § 475.
455 See Jason Scott Johnston. The Return of Bargain:an Economic Theory of How Sandard-form Contracts Enable Cooperative Negotiation between Businesses and Consumers [J]. Michigan Law Review,2006, vol.104:873.
450 See Jason Scott Johnston. The Return of Bargain:an Economic Theory of How Sandard-form Contracts Enable Cooperative Negotiation between Businesses and Consumers [J]. Michigan Law Review,2006, vol.104:874.
457 See Rekaiti P., Van den Bergh R. Cooling-Off Periods in the Consumer Laws of the EC Member States. A Comparative Law and Economics Approach [J]. Journal of Consumer Policy,2000, vol.23:380.
458沃尔玛是美国最大的零售超市,据2009年的数据其在同行业中占有约11%的市场份额。See Wal-Mart celebrates its growing market share [EB/OL].:http://money.cnn.com/2009/06/05/news/companies/wal-mart.sh areholders.meeting.fortune/.
459亚马逊是世界上最大的网上商店。
460 See Walmart Returns FAQ [EB/OL].:http://www.walmart.com/cp/Returns-Policy/538459.
461 See Amazon Product Return Policies [EB/OL].:http://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html/ref =hp_901888_prodland?nodeld= 15015721.
462 See Jason Scott Johnston. The Return of Bargain:an Economic Theory of How Sandard-form Contracts Enable Cooperative Negotiation between Businesses and Consumers [J]. Michigan Law Review,2006, vol.104:873.
463 See Tony Sciarrotta. How Philips Reduced Returns [J]. Supply Chain Mgmt. Review,2003, vol.7:32.
464 See Jason Scott Johnston. The Return of Bargain:an Economic Theory of How Sandard-form Contracts Enable Cooperative Negotiation between Businesses and Consumers [J]. Michigan Law Review,2006, vol.104:874.
465该商家不允许退货的原因是因为打折销售。
466 See Jan M. Smits. The Right to Change Your Mind? Rethinking the Usefulness of Mandatory Rights of Withdrawal in Consumer Contract Law [J]. Penn State International Law Review,2011, vol.29:677.
467美国芝加哥大学法学院教授,法律经济学中心主任。
468美国芝加哥大学法学院教授。
469帕累托改善是一个重要的微观经济学概念,指在某种经济境况下如果可以通过适当的制度安排或交换,至少能提高一部分人的福利或满足程度而不会降低所有其他人的福利或满足程度。如果对某种资源配置状态进行调整,使一些人的境况得到改善,而其他人的状况至少不变坏,符合这一性质的调整被称为帕累托改进。
470 See Omri Ben-Shahar. Eric A.Posner. The Right to Withdraw in Contract Law [J]. The Journal of Legal Studies, 2011. vol.40:143.
471 See Eric A. Posner. Law and Social Norms [M]. Cambridge Mass:Harvard University Press,2000:11.
472参见柳经纬.民法[M].厦门：厦门大学出版社,2003：20.
473参见苏永钦.走入新世纪的私法自治[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,2002：16.
474参见[德]卡尔·拉伦茨.德国民法通论(上册)[M].王晓晔等译.北京：法律出版社,2003：42.
475 See Erin Ann O'Hara, Choice of Law for Internet Transactions:The Uneasy Case for Online Consumer Protection [J]. U. Pa. L. Rev,2005, vol.153:1883.
476 See Horst Eidenmuller. Why Withdrawal Rights? [J]. European Review of Contract Law,2011, vol.7 (1):9.
477 12 C.F.R. § 226.15(e)(1),226.23(e)(1).
478 Baker v. Burlington Coat Factory Warehouse,673 N.Y.S.2d 281,283 (N.Y. City Ct.1998).
479 See Omri Ben-Shahar, Eric A.Posner. The Right to Withdraw in Contract Law [J]. The Journal of Legal Studies, 2011. vol.40:116.
480 See Omri Ben-Shahar, Eric A.Posner. The Right to Withdraw in Contract Law [J]. The Journal of Legal Studies, 2011, vol.40:117.
481参见孙笑侠,郭春镇.美国的法律家长主义理论与实践[J].法律科学,2005(6)：111.
482 See Geraint Howells, Thomas Wilhelmsson. EC and US Approaches to Consumer Protection-Should the Gap Be Bridged? [A]. In:A. Barav, D. A. Wyatt. Yearbook of European Law [M]. Clarendon:Oxford University Press, 1997, vol.17:262.
483 See Norbert Reich, Harmonisation of European Contract Law:with Special Emphasis on Consumer Law [J]. China-EU Law,2011, vol.1:88.
484 See Micklitz Hans-W Stephen. Consumer Policy in the European Community:Before and After Maastricht [J]. Journal of Consumer Policy,1993(16):preface.
485参见付俊伟.欧盟民法典草案之述评[A].见：梁慧星.民商法论丛(43)[M].北京：法律出版社,2009：156.
486 Ewoud Hondius. The Innovative Nature of Consumer Law [J]. Journal of Consumer Policy. Online First,16 February 2012, p.4.
487 See Cristina Poncibo. Some Thoughts on the Methodological Approach to EC Consumer Law Reform [J]. Loy. Consumer L. Rev,2009, vol.21:353.
3参见《辽宁省实施<中华人民共和国消费者权益保护法>规定》第12条。
489参见卢菁菁.冷却期法律制度研究[D].南京：南京理工大学硕士学位论文,2009：6.
490参见《上海市消费者权益保护条例》第28条。
491参见《安徽省消费者权益保护条例》第28条。
492参见《广西壮族自治区消费者权益保护条例》第29条。
493参见国务院《直销管理条例》第25条。
494该办法中的B2C交易方式是指经营者利用互联网与消费者进行的商品交易和交易信息发布活动。
495《关于规范人身保险经营行为有关问题的通知》第3条,参见现行保险核心法规汇编[M].北京：中国法制出版社,2006：569.
496参见浙江省《流通领域食品销售者经营行为规范指引》第11条。
497参见金励.消费者商品交易反悔权之研究[J].重庆交通大学学报(社科版),2007(2)：38.
498参见国美诚久保障[EB/OL].:http://wwwl.gome.com.cn/cjbz/list.jsp?Cid=87502&page=1.
499参见精典二手车服务大升级[EB/OL].:http://news.163.com/09/1027/06/5MK36ASJ000120GR.html.
500参见淘宝推7天无理由退货服务[EB/OL].:http://tech.sina.com.cn/i/2008-03-12/19462073721.shtml.
501 See Omri Ben-Shahar, Eric A.Posner. The Right to Withdraw in Contract Law [J]. The Journal of Legal Studies, 2011, vol.40:143.
502参见张学哲.消费者撤回权制度与合同自由原则——以中国民法法典化为背景[J].比较法研究,2009(6)：72.
503参见肖晴.德国《民法典》中的撤回权制度分析[D].北京：中国政法大学硕士学位论文,2011：23.
504参见刘青文.《消费者合同法》立法建议fJ].中德国法学论坛,第8辑：140-142.
505参见刘佳书.论德国消费者撤回权[D].重庆：西南政法大学硕士学位论文,2011：35-36.
506参见张靖.英国冷却期制度的立法探究及启示[J].长沙理工大学学报(社会科学版),2011(3)：47-48.
507参见迟颖.论德国法上以保护消费者为目的之撤回权[J].政治与法律,2008(6)：78.
508参见张学哲.论消费者撤回权的构成与行使要件[J].华东政法大学学报,2011(1)：42.
509参见张靖.英国冷却期制度的立法探究及启示[J].长沙理工大学学报(社会科学版),2011(3)；周显 志,陈小龙.英美日消费信用合同“冷却期”制度及其借鉴[J].世界经济,2002(8)；赵明非.美国法上的“冷却期”制度及其借鉴意义[J].孝感学院学报,2011(3)；王晓明.我国消费者冷静期制度的构建[J].山西省政法管理干部学院学报.2010(6)；王娟.论冷静期制度在我国《消费者权益保护法》中的构建[J].河北广播电视大学学报,2009(9).
510参见《联合国消费者保护指南》(United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection)第46条,英文文本参见：http://www.un.org/documents/ecosoc/res/1999/eres1999-7.htm.
511沈宗灵先生认为,移植相当于中国国内所讲的对其他国家或地区法律的借鉴或吸收等。但有时,移植的含义似乎又比借鉴等词有稍多的意义,但也没有太大的差别。参见沈宗灵.论法律移植与比较法学[J].外国法译评,1995(1)：1.
512参见何勤华.法的移植与法的本士化[J].中国法学,2002(3)：4.
513转引自孙良国.消费者何以有撤回权[J].当代法学,2011(6)：110.
514 See Jane K. Winn, Brian H. Bix. Diverging Perspectives on Electronic Contracting in the U.S. and EU [J]. Cleveland State Law Review,2006, vol.54:182.
515转引自孙良国.消费者何以有撤回权[J].当代法学,2011(6)：110.
516《德国民法典》第355条,参见陈卫佐译.德国民法典[M].北京：法律出版社,2010：128.
517 See Directive 2011/83/EU, article 12.
518 See Directive 2008/122/EC, article 8(1).
519 See Directive 2011/83/EU, article 12.
520 See DCFR Annex, Study Group on a European Civil Code, Research Group on EC Private Law (Acquis Group), Principles, Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law:Draft Common Frame of Reference [Ml. Munich:Sellier,2009:560.
521参见杜景林,卢谌.德国民法典评注[M].北京：法律出版社,2011：154.
522参见宁踢坡.合同解除溯及力探讨——兼论合同终止[J].当代法学,2003(8)：79.
523参见宁踢坡.合同解除溯及力探讨——兼论合同终止[J].当代法学,2003(8)：78.
524参见刘青文.德国的消费者撤回权制度[J].世界经济政治论坛,2009 (4).
525 See Timeshare Act 1992.
526 See The Consumer Protection (Distance Selling) (amendment) Regulations 2005.
527 See The Cancellation of Contracts made in a Consumer's Home or Place of Work etc. Regulations 2008.
528 See The Financial Services (Distance Marketing) Regulations 2004.
529 See The Consumer Credit (EU Directive) Regulations 2010.
530 See The Supply of Extended Warranties on Domestic Electrical Goods Order 2005, online available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2005/37/contents/made.
531 See Consumer Transactions with Statutory Contract Cancellation Rights, available at www.dca.ca.gov.
532 See Cal. Civ. Code section 1689.6(a).
533 See cal. Business and Professions Code section 17538(a).
534 See cal. Business and Professions Code section 17538(a).
535 See cal. Ins. Code section 786.
See cal. Ins. Code section 10127.7
537 See cal. Business and Professions Code section 11225(a).
538 See cal. Business and Professions Code section 22442(f).
539 See cal. Civ. Code § 1694.6(a).
540 See John Van Alst. Fueling Fair Practices:a Road Map to Improved Public Policy for Used Car Sales and Financing [M]. Boston:National Consumer Law Center,2009:6.
541 Consumer Affairs Victoria, Cooling-off Periods in Victoria:Their Use, Nature, Cost and Implications [R]. Research Paper No.15, Jan.2009, p.82, online available at:http://www.consumer.vic.gov.au/resources-a nd-education/research.
542 See Consumer Affairs Victoria, Cooling-off Periods in Victoria:Their Use, Nature, Cost and Implicatio ns [R]. Research Paper No.15, Jan.2009, p.20, online available at:http://www.consumer.vic.gov.au/resour ces-and-education/research.
543参见附录二、附录三。
544 See Study Group on a European Civil Code, Research Group on EC Private Law (Acquis Group), Principles, Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law:Draft Common Frame of Reference [M]. Munich:Sellier, 2009:375.
545 Ewoud Hondius. The Innovative Nature of Consumer Law [J]. J Consum Policy.16 February 2012, p.4.
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[11]In re Ethel J. Dawson, No.04-00531.437 B. R.15 (Bkrtcy.D.Dist.Col.,2010).
[12]Larry Meyer, Virginia Badalamente Meyer v. Ameriquest Mortgage Company. 342 F.3d 899 (9th Cir.2003).
[13]Margaret Baum, Sid Marco, et al. v. Great W. Cities, Inc.,703 F.2d 1197 (10th Cir. 1985);
[14]Norfolk Division, Sharon F. Moore v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.597 F.Supp.2d 612 (E.D. Va.2009).
[15]Rowland v. Magna Millikin Bank of Decatur, N.A.,812 F. Supp.875 (C.D. Ⅲ. 1992).
[16]Sharon Rachbach v. John M. Cogswell,547 F.2d 502 (10th Cir.1976).
[17]Suzan L. Smith v. Highland Bank,108 F.3d 1325 (11th Cir.1997).
[18]United States v. Union Circulation Co., Inc. et al.,1982 WL 1912 (N. D. Ga. 1982).
[19]Westbank v. Maurer,276 Ⅲ. App.3d 553,213 Ⅲ. Dec.360,658 N.E.2d 1381 (2d Dist.1995).
[1]国务院《直销管理条例》.
[2]商务部《第三方电子商务交易平台服务规范》.
[3]中国保险业监督管理委员会《关于规范人身保险经营行为有关问题的通知》.
[4]《辽宁省实施<中华人民共和国消费者权益保护法>规定》.
[5]《上海市消费者权益保护条例》.
[6]《安徽省消费者权益保护条例》.
[7]《广西壮族自治区消费者权益保护条例》.
[8]《浙江省流通领域食品销售者经营行为规范指引》.
[1]《欧共体委员会1985年12月20日关于非营业地订立合同的消费者保护指令》(Council Directive of 20 December 1985 to Protect the Consumer in Respect of Contracts Negotiated away from Business Premises),英文文本见：http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:1985:372:0031: 0033:EN:PDF.
[2]《欧洲议会及欧盟理事会1994年10月26日关于在某些方面保护不动产部分时段使用权买卖合同的买受人的指令》(Directive 94/47/EC of the Europe an Parliament and the Council of 26 October 1994 on the protection of pu rchasers in respect of certain aspects of contracts relating to the purchase of the right to use immovable properties on a timeshare basis),英文文本参见：http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:1994:280:00 83:0087:EN:PDF.
[3]《欧洲议会和欧盟理事会1997年5月20日关于远程合同消费者保护的第97/7/EC号指令》(Directive 97/7/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 May 1997 on the protection of consumers in respect of dist ance contracts),英文文本参见：http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriSe rv.do?uri=CELEX:31997L0007:EN:NOT.
[4]《欧洲议会和欧盟理事会2002年9月23日关于消费者金融服务远程销售及修正理事会第90/619/EEC号指令、第97/7/EC号指令和第98/27/EC号指令的第2002/65/EC号指令》(Directive 2002/65/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 September 2002 concerning the distance marketi ng of consumer financial services and amending Council Directive 90/619/ EEC and Directives 97/7/EC and 98/27/EC),英文文本参见：http://eur-lex.e uropa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi! celexapi! prod! CELEXnumdoc&numdoc =302L0065&model=guichett&lg=en.
[5]《欧洲议会和欧盟理事会2002年11月5日关于人寿保险的第2002/83/EC号指令》(Directive 2002/83/EC of the European Parliament and of the C ouncil of 5 November 2002 concerning life assurance),英文文本参见：h ttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32002L0083:E N:NOT.
[6]《欧洲议会和欧盟理事会2005年5月11日关于对内部市场消费者商务的不公平商业行为及修正理事会第84/450/EEC号指令、第97/7/EC号指令、第98/27/EC号指令和第2002/65/EC号指令的第2005/29/EC号指令》(Dir ective 2005/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 May 2005 concerning unfair business-to-consumer commercial practices in the internal market and amending Council Directive 84/450/EEC, Directi ves 97/7/EC,98/27/EC and 2002/65/EC of the European Parliament and o f the Council and Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004 of the European Parlia ment and of the Council, "Unfair Commercial Practices Directive"),英文文本参见：http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32 005L0029:EN:NOT.
[7]《欧洲议会和欧盟理事会2008年4月23日关于消费信用合同及废止委员会第87/102/EEC号指令的第2008/48/EC号指令》(Directive 2008/48/EC of th e European Parliament and of the Cuncil of 23 April 2008 on credit agree ments for consumers and repealing Council Directive 87/102/EEC),英文文本参见：hrtp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:133: 0066:0092:EN:PDF.
[8]《欧洲议会和欧盟理事会2009年1月14日关于在某些方面保护分时度假、长期度假产品、转售、互换合同消费者的第2008/122/EC号指令》(Directive 2008/122/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 Januar y 2009 on the protection of consumers in respect of certain aspects of tim eshare, long-term holiday product, resale and exchange contracts),英文文本参见：http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:033:00 10:0030:EN:PDF.
[9]《欧洲议会和欧盟理事会2011年10月25日关于消费者权利及修正理事会第93/13/EEC号指令和第1999/44/EC号指令、废止第85/577/EEC号指令和第97/7/EC号指令的第2011/83/EU号指令》(Directive 2011/83/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2011 on consumer ri ghts, amending Council Directive 93/13/EEC and Directive 1999/44/EC of t he European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Council Directive 85/577/EEC and Directive of the European Parliament and of the Counci1),英文文本参见：http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ: L:2011:304:0064:0088:EN:PDF.
[1]《联合国消费者保护指南》(United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protec tion)第46条,英文文本参见：http://www.un.org/documents/ecosoc/res/1999/ eres1999-7.htm。
[2]《租赁买卖法1964》(Hire Purchase Act 1964),英文文本参见：http://www. legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1964/53/pdfs/ukpga_19640053_en.pdf.
[3]《远程销售消费者保护规则2000》(The Consumer Protection (Distance Sell ing) Regulations 2000),英文文本参见：http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/20 00/2334/pdfs/uksi_20002334_en.pdf.
[4]《金融服务远程销售规则2004》(The Financial Services (Distance Marketin g) Regulations 2004),英文文本参见：http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/200 4/2095/pdfs/uksi_20042095_en.pdf.
[5]《关于取消在家中或工作场所等地订立的合同的规则2008》(The Cancellati on of Contracts made in a Consumer's Home or Place of Work etc. Regu lations 2008),英文文本参见：http://www.legislation.gov.Uk/uksi/2008/1816/c ontents/made.
[6]《消费信用规则2010》(The Consumer Credit (EU Directive) Regulations 2010),英文文本参见：http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2010/1010/contents/ made.
[7]《分时度假、度假产品买卖、转售、交换合同规则2010》(The Timeshare, Holiday Products, Resale and Exchange Contracts Regulations 2010),英文文本参见：http://www.timeshare.org.uk/law.html.
[8]《消费者保护条例1987》(The Consumer Protection (Cancellation of Contra cts Concluded away from Business Premises) Regulations 1987),英文文本参见：http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1987/2117/contents/made.
[9]《土地买卖法1962》(Sale of Land Act 1962 (Vic.)),英文文本参见：http: //corrigan.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/consol_act/sola1962100/.
[10]《汽车交易商法1986》(Motor Car Traders Acts 1986(Vic.)),英文文本参见：http://corrigan.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/consol_act/mcta1986194/.
[11]《诚实借贷法1968》(Truth in Lending Act 1968),英文文本参见：http:// www.llsdc.org/attachments/wysiwyg/544/TILA-LH_PL90-321.pdf.
[12]《关于在家中或其他特定场所交易的冷静期规则》(Rule Concerning Coolin g-Off Period for Sales Made at Homes or at Certain Other Locations),英文文本参见：http://www.ftc.gov/os/fedreg/2009/july/090727coolingoffsales.pdf.
[13]《统一消费信贷法》(Uniform Consumer Credit Code),英文文本参见：http://uniformlaws.org/Act.aspx?title=Consumer Credit Code.
2参见[加]乔尔·巴肯.公司：对利润与权力的病态追求[M].朱近野译.上海：上海人民出版社,2008：7.
0参见张学哲.消费者撤回权制度与合同自由原则——以中国民法法典化为背景[J].比较法研究,2009(6)：70.
4 See Research Group on the Existing EC Private Law (Acquis Group). Principles of the Existing EC Contract Law (Acquis Principles) [M]. Munich:Sellier,2009:240.
5 See Study Group on a European Civil Code, Research Group on EC Private Law (Acquis Group). Principles, Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law:Draft Common Frame of Reference [M]. Munich:Sellier, 2009.
6荷兰乌特勒支大学(Utrecht University)私法教授,欧盟民法典研究小组领导小组成员之一,主要从事消费者保护法、欧盟私法、合同法研究。20世纪80年代,他开始对欧盟范围内消费者权益的保护进行调查,调查显示法律对消费者法的介入已经刻不容缓。之后,在他的倡导下,欧盟逐步颁布了保护消费者和其它弱势群体的一些相关“指令”。参见付俊伟.欧盟民法典草案之述评[A].见：梁慧星.民商法论丛(43)[M].北京：法律出版社,2009：156.
7荷兰阿姆斯特丹大学(Amsterdam University)私法教授,欧盟民法典研究小组关于销售、服务和远期合同工作小组成员之一,主要从事私法研究,特别是欧盟消费者保护法研究。
8 See Ewoud Hondius. The Innovative Nature of Consumer Law [J]. Journal of Consumer Policy, Online First,16 February 2012, p.1-9.
9 See Madeleine de Cock Buning, Ewoud Hondius et al. Consumer@Protection.EU. an Analysis of European Consumer Legislation in the Information Society [J]. Journal of Consumer Policy,2001, vol.24:287-338.
10 See Marco B.M. Loos. Review of the European consumer acquis [M]. Munich:Sellier,2008:12-13.
11 See Marco B.M. Loos. Rights of Withdrawal [EB/OL]. Center for the Study of European Contract Law Working Paper Series, No.2009/04, p2. online available at:http://ssrn.com/abstract=13 50224.
12德国奥斯纳布吕克大学(Osnabruck University)法学院教授,欧盟及德国私法专家,欧盟现行私法研究小组协调人、欧盟契约法起草专家委员会委员,欧盟18位起草专家委员会唯一的德国学者。
13 See Hans Schulte-Nolke, Christian Twigg-Flesner, Martin Ebers. EC Consumer Law Compendium—Comparative Analysis [M]. Munich:sellier,2008:167-759.
14德国不来梅大学(University of Bremen)荣誉教授。
15德国慕尼黑大学(Ludwig Maximilian Muenchen Unitversitaet)法学教授,2009年起牛津大学永久客座教授,2010年至2011年哈佛大学客座教授,主要从事私法,德国、欧盟和国际公司法研究。
16荷兰蒂尔堡大学(Universiteit van Tilburg)法学院欧洲私法、比较法学教授,蒂尔堡国际比较法研究中心主任。
17 See John R. Kennel, Anne Knickerbocker et al. Corpus Juris Secundum:Interest and Usury; Consumer Credit [M]. New York:Thomson Reuters,2012.
18 See Theresa Leming, Jack K. Levin, Eric Surette, Lisa A. Zakolski. American Jurisprudence:Consumer and Borrower Protection [M]. New York:Thomson Reuters,2012.
19 See Joan M. Burda. An Overview of Federal Consumer Law [M]. Chicago:General Practice, Solo and Small Firm Section, American Bar Association,1998.
20 See National Consumer Law Center, Consumer for Auto Reliability and Safety, Consumer Federation o f America, Consumer Union. Comments Regarding Cooling-off Rule Regulatory Review 16 C.F.R. § 429 [R]. Comment Project No. P087109, Sept.25 2009. online available at:http://www.ftc.gov/os/comments/c oolingoffrulereopen/543750-00004.pdf.
21美国芝加哥大学(University of Chicago)法学院教授、法律经济学研究所所长。
22美国芝加哥大学法学院教授,美国法学研究杂志(Journal of Legal Studies)主编。
23美国加利福利亚大学洛杉矶分校(University of California at Los Angeles)法学院教授,主要从事合同、谈判及法和行为科学研究。
24来自美国伊利诺伊大学的著名法学家托马斯·S·尤伦(Thomas S.Ulen)教授。
25 See Russell B. Korobkin, Thomas S. Ulen. Law and Behavioral Science:Removing the Rationality Assumption from Law and Economics [J]. California Law Review,2000, vol.88:1051-1144.
26参见[法]勒内·达维德.当代世界主要法律体系[M].漆竹生译.上海：上海译文出版社,1986：7.
27参见张文显.二十世纪西方法哲学思潮研究[M].北京：法律出版社,2006：65.
28参见葛洪义.法律方法讲义[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2009：151.
29参见北京大学法学百科全书编委会.北京大学法学百科全书：法理学·立法学·法律社会学[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2010：510.
30参见于大水,张鹏,尹雪萍.法学之门[M].济南：山东大学出版社,2009：234.
31 See Christian von Bar, Eric Clive, Hans Schulte-Nocke. Principles, Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law:Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) Interim Outline Edition [M]. Munich:Sellier,2008:37.
32 See Bryan A. Garner. Black's Law Dictionary[M]. New York:Thomson West,1999:311.
33[英]沃克.牛津法律大辞典[Ml.李双元等译.北京：法律出版社,2003：255.
34转引自孙虹.消费者保护法[Ml.北京：清华大学出版社,2008：2.
35 See Brussels Convention on Jurisdiction and the Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters article 13, online available at:http://curia.europa.eu/common/recdoc/convention/en/c-textes/brux-idx.htm.
36 See Council Directive 87/557/EEC of 20 December 1985 to Protect the Consumer in Respect of Contr acts Negotiated away from Business Premises, online available at:http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexU riServ.do?uri=CELEX:31985L0577:EN:NOT.
37参见《欧洲议会和欧盟理事会2011年10月25日关于消费者权利及修正理事会第93/13/EEC号指令和第1999/44/EC号指令、废止第85/577/EEC号指令和第97/7/EC号指令的第2011/83/EU号指令》(Directive 2011/83/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 201 Ion consumer rights, amending Council Directive 93/13/EEC and Directive 1999/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Council Directive 85/577/EEC and Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council),英文文本参见：http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:304:0064:0088:EN:PDF.
38 "They all share a common core, as they all provide that a consumer is:(1) a natural person;(2) who is acting for purposes which are outside some kind of business, commercial or trade activity." See Hans Schulte-Nolke, Christian Twigg-Flesner, Martin Ebers. EC Consumer Law Compendium—Comparative Analysis [M]. Munich: sellier,2008:715.
39参见王利明.消费者的概念及消费者权益保护法的调整范围[J].政治与法律,2002(2)：4.
40在指令中一般都表述为"any natural person who, in contracts covered by this Directive,......"。
41 See Hans Schulte-Nolke, Christian Twigg-Flesner, Martin Ebers. EC Consumer Law Compendium—Co mparative Analysis [M]. Munich:sellier,2008:721.
42 See Judgment of the European Court of Justice of 22/11/2001, joined cases C-541/99 and C-542/99 Cape Snc v. Idealservice Sri and Idealservice MN RE Sas v. Omai Srl, ECR [2001] p.Ⅰ-9049.
43 See Hans Schulte-Nolke, Christian Twigg-Flesner, Martin Ebers. EC Consumer Law Compendium—Co mparative Analysis [M]. Munich:sellier,2008:726.
44 See Judgment of the European Court of Justice of 20/1/2005, C-464/01 Johann Gruber v. Bay Wa AG, ECR [20051 p.Ⅰ-00439.
45欧盟现行私法研究小组在《欧洲现行私法原则》中关于消费者的界定。See Norbert Reich. Harmonisation of European contract law:with special emphasis on consumer law [J]. China-EU Law,2011, vol.1:85.
46 See Hans Schulte-Nolke, Christian Twigg-Flesner, Martin Ebers. EC Consumer Law Compendium—Co mparative Analysis [M]. Munich:sellier,2008:724.
47 See Study Group on a European Civil Code, Research Group on EC Private Law (Acquis Group). Principles Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law:Draft Common Frame of Reference [M]. Munich:Sellier, 2009:345.
48参见杜景林,卢谌.德国债法改革：《德国民法典》最新进展[M].北京：法律出版社,2003：179.
49如在《上门交易指令》(art.5 para.l)中表述为"the right to renounce the effects of the contract"在《第二人身保险指令》(art.15 para.1)中表述为‘'the right to cancel the contract";在《分时度假指令》(art.5 para.1)、《远程交易指令》(art.6para.1)、《远程金融服务指令》(atr.6 para.1)中表述为"the right to withdraw from the contract", See Marco B.M. Loos. Rights of Withdrawal [EB/OL]. Center for the Study of European Contract Law Working Paper Series, No.2009/04, p.3, online available at:http://ssrn.com/abstract=1350224.
50围绕德国法、欧盟法研究的学者,大多使用了“撤回权”这一名称,如迟颖(《论德国法上以保护消费者为目的之撤回权迟颖》)、张学哲(《消费者撤回权制度与合同自由原则——以中国民法法典化为背景》、《论消费者撤回权的构成与行使要件》)、刘青文(《德国的消费者撤回权制度》)、彭玉旺(《论消费者撤回权及其制度重构》)、王洪亮(《消费者撤回权的正当性基础》)、杜景林和卢谌(《德国债法改革：<德国民法典>最新进展》、《德国新债法研究》、《德国民法典债法总则评注》几部著作中均使用了“撤回权”这一概念)、陈卫佐(《德国民法总论》,该著作中也将此权利定义为“撤回权”)。
51使用“冷静期”这一名称主要有孙颖(《消费者保护法律体系研究》)、马忠法(《论金融理财活动中实施“冷静期规则”的可行性》)、王晓明(《我国消费者冷静期制度的构建》)、苏佳(《消费者保护法中的冷静期制度研究》)、任晓玲(《论消费冷静期法律制度在我国的构建》)等：使用“冷却期”这一名称的学者主要有周显志(《试论消费信用合同的“冷却期”制度》)、张靖(《冷却期制度的作用探析》、《英国冷却期制度的立法探究及启示》)、卢菁菁(《冷却期法律制度研究》)、赵明丰(《美国法上的“冷却期”制度及其借鉴意义》)。
52使用“反悔权”这一表述的主要有张严方(《消费者保护法研究》)、魏振禄(《论消费者“反悔权”的生.成》)、钱玉文等(《略论我国消费者反悔权的确立》)、闫金(《消费者反悔权法律制度研究》)、雷妮(《消费者反悔权分析》)、姜旭(《消费者反悔权研究》)、金励(《消费者商品交易反悔权之研究》)：使用“后悔权”这一表述的主要有侯先锋(《后悔权制度的法学思考》)、吴惠国(《消费者“后悔权”制度研究》)、周子凡(《消费者后悔权的冷思考》)。
53使用“退货权”概念的学者有曹智(《电子商务中消费者退货权之法律探要》)、王倩瑜(《商品销售中消费者无条件退货权研究》)等。
54 See Hire-purchase Act (1964), section 4-9. online available at:http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1964/53.
55 See Hire-purchase Act (1964), section 4 (4) (a).
56 See Hire-purchase Act (1964), section 4 (4) (b).
57 See The Timeshare, Holiday Products, Resale and Exchange Contracts Regulations 2010, section 20-24, online available at:http://www.timeshare.org.uk/law.html.
58参见《德国民法典》第355、357-360条,陈卫佐译.德国民法典[M].北京：法律出版社,2010：128-131.
59 Directive 85/577/EEC, article 4参见《欧共体委员会1985年12月20日关于非营业地订立合同的消费者保护指令》(Council Directive of 20 December 1985 to Protect the Consumer in Respect of Contracts Negotiated away from Business Premises),英文文本见：http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do? uri=OJ:L:1985:372:0031:0033:EN:PDF.
60 See Directive 97/7/EC, Directive 2008/122/EC, Directive 2011/83/EU.
61 See Truth in Lending Act (1968), section 125 (a)&(b), online available at:http://www.llsdc.org/TILA-LH/.
62 See Truth in Lending Act (1968), section 125; Rule Concerning Cooling-Off Period for Sales Made at Homes or at Certain Other Locations,16 C.F.R. Part 429.0, online available at:http://www.ftc.gov/os/2009 /04/P087109coolingoffrulefrnotice.pdf.
6'See Rule Concerning Cooling-Off Period for Sales Made at Homes or at Certain Other Locations,16 C.F.R. Part 429.0-1.
4参见彭玉旺.论消费者撤回权及其制度重构[J].北华航天工业学院学报,2009(2)：26.
65虽然从国外立法来看,消费者撤回权撤回的是消费者订立合同的意思表示,这可能是针对的是一个合同,也可能针对的只是一个要约。但从消费者撤回权制度整体设计来看,实质上都是针对一个已成立的合同,所以,为了全文统一,这里笔者仍使用了“撤回合同”的表述。
66《德国民法典》第355条,参见陈卫佐译.德国民法典[M].北京：法律出版社,2010：128.
67《德国民法典》第310条,参见陈卫佐译.德国民法典[M].北京：法律出版社,2010：108.
68 See Rule Concerning Cooling-Off Period for Sales Made at Homes or at Certain Other Locations,16 C.F.R. Part 429.0(a).
69 See Rule Concerning Cooling-Off Period for Sales Made at Homes or at Certain Other Locations,16 C.F.R. Part 429.0(a)&(b).
70因为在许多国家无因退货权在许多领域已经成为一种商业惯例,而且其与“退货权”这一名称也存在类似问题,故使用“无因退货权”来表述这一制度也显得不妥。
71该法中原文表述为,"When an obligor exercises his right to rescind under subsection (a), he is not liable for any finance or other charge, and any security interest given by the obligor becomes void upon such a rescission "■参见Truth in Lending Act, section 125(b)。
72该法中原文表述为" You may CANCEL this transaction, without any Penalty or Obligation......"。 See Rule Concerning Cooling-Off Period for Sales Made at Homes or at Certain Other Locations,16 C.F.R. Part 429. 1(b).
73全称为《欧洲议会和欧盟理事会2009年1月14日关于在某些方面保护分时度假、长期度假产品、转售、互换合同消费者的第2008/122/EC号指令》(简称第2008/122/EC号指令),英文文本参见：http://eur-lex.eu ropa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:033:0010:0030:EN:PDF.
74如第2011/83/EU号指令第9条规定,"Save where the exceptions provided for in Article 16 apply, the consumer shall have a period of 14 days to withdraw from a distance or off-premises contract, without giving any reason, and without incurring any costs other than those provided for in Article 13(2) and Article 14 "。英文文本参见：http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:304:0064:0088:EN:PDF.
75对于撤回期间的问题比较复杂,而且各国规定多不一致,笔者将在后文详述。
76《德国民法典》第355条,参见陈卫佐译.德国民法典[M].北京：法律出版社,2010：128.
77 See Directive 2008/122/EC article 8(1).
78 See Directive 2011/83/EU, article 12.
79参见[德]卡尔·拉伦茨,曼弗瑞德·沃尔夫.德国民法中的形成权[J].孙宪忠译.环球法律评论,2006(4)：491.
80参见迟颖.论德国法上以保护消费者为目的之撤回权[J].政治与法律,2008(6)：80.
81参见刘青文.德国的消费者撤回权制度[J].世界经济政治论坛,2009(4)：116.
82参见王洪亮.消费者撤回权的正当性基础[J].法学,2010(12)：106.
83 See Hire-purchase Act (1964),section 4(4), online available at http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1964/53.
84《德国民法典》第355条,参见陈卫佐译.德国民法典[M].北京：法律出版社,2010：128.
85 See Directive 2011/83/EU. article 12.
86 See Directive 2008/122/EC, article 8(1).
87该草案是在欧盟委员会(European Commission)2003年颁布的官方文件倡导下,由欧盟民法典研究小组和欧盟现行私法研究小组历时四年起草而成的,起草小组汇集了欧洲顶尖的民法学专家,可谓是当今国际最为先进的民法典之一。它实质上就是欧洲民法典草案,由于法国等欧盟一些国家不愿意采用欧洲统一民法典,所以出于政治上的考虑并未采用“欧洲民法典”这一名称。国内也有学者将其译为《欧盟民法典草案》。
88 See DCFR, Part 5:105.
89 See Peter Rott. Harmonising Different Rights of Withdrawal:Can German Law Serve as an Example for EC Consumer Law? [J]. German Law Journal,2006, vol.7:1114.
90参见刘青文.德国的消费者撤回权制度[J].世界经济与政治论坛,2009(4)：114.
91参见Eisenhardt, Einfuhrung in das Burgerliche Recht,4.Aufl.2004,S.29转引自肖晴.德国《民法典》中的撤回权制度分析[D].北京：中国政法大学硕士学位论文,2011：10-11.
92 See Truth in Lending Act (1968), section 125(b).
93 See Draft Common Frame of Reference, Part 5:101.
94 See The Timeshare, Holiday Products, Resale and Exchange Contracts Regulations 2010, section 22(2), online available at http://www.timeshare.org.uk/law.html.
95参见刘青文.德国的消费者撤回权制度[J].世界经济与政治论坛,2009(4)：115.
96 See Peter Rott. Harmonising Different Rights of Withdrawal:Can German Law Serve as an Example for EC Consumer Law? [J]. German Law Journal,2006, vol.7:1110.
97 See Hire-purchase Act (1964), section 8(1).
98参见《关于取消在家中或工作场所等地订立的合同的规则》(The Cancellation of Contracts made in a Consumer's Home or Place of Work etc. Regulations 2008),英文文本参见：http://www.legislation.gov.u k/uksi/2008/1816/contents/made.
99参见《消费信用规则》(The Consumer Credit (EU Directive) Regulations 2010),英文文本参见：http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2010/1010/contents/made.
100 See Directive 2011/83/EU article 12.
101 DCFR Annex, see Study Group on a European Civil Code, Research Group on EC Private Law (Acquis Group). Principles, Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law:Draft Common Frame of Reference [M]. Munich:Sellier,2009:560.
102《德国民法典》第355条,参见陈卫佐译.德国民法典[M].北京：法律出版社,2010：129.
103《德国民法典》第356条,参见陈卫佐译.德国民法典[M].北京：法律出版社,2010：129.
104参见王洪亮.消费者撤回权的正当性基础[J].法学,2010(12)：100.
105参见Fuchs, AcP 196 (1996),313,330 ff,转引自刘青文.德国的消费者撤回权制度[J].世界经济与政治论坛,2009(4)：112.
106 See Omri Ben-Shahar, Eric A. Posner. The Right to Withdraw in Contract Law [J].The Journal of Legal Studies, 2011. vol.40:116.
107 Consumer Affairs Victoria, Cooling-off Periods in Victoria:Their Use, Nature, Cost and Implications [R]. Research Paper No.15, Jan.2009. online available at:http://www.consumer.vic.gov.au/resources-and-ed ucation/research.
108 See Horst Eidenmuller. Why Withdrawal Rights? [EB/OL].:http://ssrn.com/abstract=1660535, p19.
10920世纪60年代,消费者撤回权制度主要存在于消费信用领域；20世纪70、80年代,消费者撤回权制度开始全面地被引入上门交易领域；20世纪90年代到21世纪初,消费者撤回权制度开始广泛地被引入分时度假产品交易、远程交易等新型交易类型或交易方式中。
110参见[古罗马]优士丁尼.买卖契约[M].刘家安译.北京：中国政法大学出版社,2001：161.
111 See Marco B.M. Loos. Rights of Withdrawal. Center for the Study of European Contract Law Working Paper Series, No.2009/04 p.2. online available at:http://ssrn.com/abstract=1350224.
112参见李凌燕.消费信用法律研究[M].北京：法律出版社,2000：8.
113 See the proposal by Heck, published in the proceeding of the 21st German Lawyers day of 1891, Volume 2nd.,p.180-182.转引自Marco B.M. Loos. Rights of Withdrawal, Center for the Study of European Contract Law Working Paper Series, No.2009/04 p.2, online available at:http://ssrn.com/abstract=1350224.
114参见王洪亮.消费者撤回权的正当性基础[J].法学,2010(12)：97.
115由于世界各国和地区的政治体制和立法体制的差异性和复杂性,穷尽各个国家或地区不同层级的立法难度非常大,本文总体以国家、国家间的组织立法为基础进行研究,所以,这里对于消费者撤回权最早立法的判断没有考虑州立法或更低层次的立法。从已掌握的资料来看,关于消费者撤回权的立法,最早见于澳大利亚维多利亚州的立法,该州于1962年颁布了《土地买卖法》(Sale of Land Act 1962),该法第31条规定,在土地买卖合同签订后的3个工作日内,买方可以通知销售者终止合同。买方依据本条款终止合同的,除销售者可以保留100元或购买价格的0.2%(以数额高的为准)之外,买方有权要求销售者退还其所支付的所有价款。(See Sale of Land Act 1962(Vic), section 31)
116 See R. M. Goode. Consumer Credit Law [M]. London:Butterworths,1989:427.
117该法中消费者撤回权表述为"right of cancellation",具体条款中还使用了还有" withdraw from the transaction"、"rescind agreement"。
118 See Hire-purchase Act (1964), section 4-9.
119 See Ross Richard R. the Illinois Cooling-Off Provision:Three Days to Do What [J]. Southern Illinois University Law Journal,1977, vol.2:421-425.
120 See S.1740, Truth in Lending Act, introduced by Sen. Douglas, D-IL, April 27 1961, online availabl e at:http://www.llsdc.org/I'ILA-LH/.
121 See 106 C.R.10932-33, Congressional Record-Senate, May 24 1960, online available at:http://www.lls dc.org/TILA-LH/.
122TILA后被纳入《消费信用保护法》(Consumer Credit Protection Act),作为其第一部分,所以有人将TILA直接称为《消费信用保护法》。
123该法中撤回权表述为"right of rescission "。
124 Truth in Lending Act (1968), section 125,英文文本参见：http://www.llsdc.org/attachments/wysiwyg/54 4/TILA-LH_PL90-321.pdf.
125该委员会起源于美国19世纪末的法律统一运动,在1892年“促进美国法律统一性的各州委员会会议”上成立,该委员会设立的目的在于向各州推荐其拟制的示范法律文本。
126 See Uniform Consumer Credit Code 1968 article 5.204, online available at:http://uniformlaws.org/Act.a spx?title=Consumer Credit Code.
127参见刘青文.德国的消费者撤回权制度[J].世界经济政治论坛,2009(4)：113.
128这个上门交易的概念是作了扩充解释的,主要因为上门交易是当时非营业地交易最典型的形式。See 16C.F.R.Part 429。
129 See National Consumer Law Center, Consumer for Auto Reliability and Safety, Consumer Federation of America, Consumer Union. Comments Regarding Cooling-off Rule Regulatory Review 16 C.F.R. § 429 [R], Comment Project No. P087109, Sept.25 2009, p3. online available at:http://www.ftc.gov/os/comme nts/coolingoffrulereopen/543750-00004.pdf.
130 See Mchael R. Mattioli. Cooling-off and Secondary Markets:Consumer Choice in the Digital Domain [J]. Virginia Journal of Law and Technology,2010, vol.15:229.
131 See Rule Concerning Cooling-Off Period for Sales Made at Homes or at Certain Other Locations,16 C.F.R. Part 429.0-1.
132 See Rule Concerning Cooling-Off Period for Sales Made at Homes or at Certain Other Locations,16 C.F.R. Part 429.1.
133即上门销售,类似美国法上的" door-to-door sale "
134参见《日本访问销售法》(1976)第6条,谢次昌译.日本关于访问销售等法律[J].国外法学,1986(4)：75.
135参见迟颖.论德国法上以保护消费者为目的之撤回权[J].政治与法律,2008(6)：79.
136参见Lorenz:《在非所愿合同面前的保护》,1997年,第123页以下,第203页；Berens：《消费者在合同接触中受到误导而导致发生的他人决定》,1998年,第206页。转引自张学哲.消费者撤回权制度与合同自由原则——以中国民法法典化为背景[J].比较法研究,2009(6)：63.
137参见迟颖.论德国法上以保护消费者为目的之撤回权[J].政治与法律,2008(6)：80.
138为实现单一市场目标,统一消费者保护,并为消费者提供最低限度的保护水平,欧盟立法者在实践中逐步制定了统一的保护消费者指令以约束成员国。
139 See Directive 2011/83/EU, article 6(1).
140参见《欧洲议会和欧盟理事会1997年5月20日关于远程合同消费者保护的第97/7/EC号指令》(Direct ive 97/7/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 May 1997 on the protection of consu mers in respect of distance contracts),英文文本参见：http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?ur i=CELEX:31997L0007:EN:NOT.
141参见《欧洲议会和欧盟理事会2002年9月23日关于消费者金融服务远程销售及修正理事会第90/619/EEC号指令、第97/7/EC号指令和第98/27/EC号指令的第2002/65/EC号指令》(Directive 2002/65/EC of t he European Parliament and of the Council of 23 September 2002 concerning the distance marketing of consumer financial services and amending Council Directive 90/619/EEC and Directives 97/7/EC and 98/2 7/EC),英文文本参见：http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexapi!prod!CELEXnumdoc&n umdoc=302L0065&model=guichett&lg=en.
142 See Directive 2011/83/EU, article 6(1).
143参见《远程销售消费者保护规则》(The Consumer Protection (Distance Selling) Regulations 2000),英文文本参见：http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2000/2334/contents/made.
144参见陈卫佐译.德国民法典[M].北京：法律出版社,2010：142.
145参见《欧洲议会和欧盟理事会2009年1月14日关于在某些方面保护分时度假、长期度假产品、转售、互换合同消费者的第2008/122/EC号指令》(Directive 2008/122/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 January 2009 on the protection of consumers in respect of certain aspects of timeshare, lo ng-term holiday product, resale and exchange contracts)第二条,英文文本参见：http://eur-lex.europa.eu/Le xUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:033:0010:0030:EN:PDF.
146该法前言部分是这样描述的,"An act to provide for rights to cancel certain agreements about timeshare accommodation",充分显示了立法者对分时度假领域消费者撤回权的重视。
147参见《分时度假法》(Timeshare Act 1992),英文文本参见：http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1992/35/contents.
148参见《欧洲议会及欧盟理事会1994年10月26日关于在某些方面保护不动产部分时段使用权买卖合同的买受人的指令》(Directive 94/47/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 26 October 1994 o n the protection of purchasers in respect of certain aspects of contracts relating to the purchase of the ri ght to use immovable properties on a timeshare basis),英文文本参见：http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/ LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:1994:280:0083:0087:EN:PDF.
149 See Directive 94/47/EC, article 5 (6).
150 See Directive 2008/122/EC, article 6(1).
151参见Reiner.意思表示法中的消费者保护撤回权.民法实务档案,2003(203)：8：转引自张学哲.消费者撤回权制度与合同自由原则——以中国民法法典化为背景[J].比较法研究,2009(6)：67.
152参见张学哲.消费者撤回权制度与合同自由原则——以中国民法法典化为背景[J].比较法研究,2009(6)；王洪亮.消费者撤回权的正当性基础[J].法学,2010(12).
153 See Marco B.M. Loos. Rights of Withdrawal [EB/OL]. Center for the Study of European Contract Law Working Paper Series, No.2009/04, p.4. online available at:http://ssrn.com/abstract=1350224.
154 See Consumer Affairs Victoria. Cooling-off Periods in Victoria:Their Use, Nature, Cost and Implicatio ns [R]. Research Paper No.15, Jan.2009, p.10, online available at:http://www.consumer.vic.gov.au/resourc es-and-education/research.
155 See Claire Souren. the Efficiency of a Cooling off Period [D]. Erasmus Progamme, European Master in Law and Economics. Year 2005-2006:20.
156 See Luke Garrod et al. Competition Remedies in Consumer Marktes [J]. Loyola Consumer Law Review, vol. 21 (4):439-495.
157 See The Right of Withdrawal in the DCFR-Overview, online available at:http://www.jura.uni-muenst er.de/index.cfm?objectid=13B7CD3C-A5AB-CA84-317B5ED46D162E8E&did=11688.33.
158参见《欧洲议会和欧盟理事会2005年5月11日关于对内部市场消费者商务的不公平商业行为及修正理事会第84/450/EEC号指令、第97/7/EC号指令、第98/27/EC号指令和第2002/65/EC号指令的第2005/29/EC号指令》(Directive 2005/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 May 2005 concerning unfair business-to-consumer commercial practices in the internal market and amending Council Directive 84/450/EEC, Directives 97/7/EC,98/27/EC and 2002/65/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council,'Unfair Commercial Practices Directive'),英文文本参见：http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32005L0029:EN:NOT.
159 See Directive 2005/29/EC, article 8.
160西方有学者将这种情况称为“情境垄断”。
161 See Consumer Affairs Victoria. Cooling-off Periods in Victoria:Their Use, Nature, Cost and Implicatio ns [R]. Research Paper No.15, Jan.2009, p.10, online available at:http://www.consumer.vic.gov.au/resourc es-and-education/research.
162 See Peter Rott. Harmonising Different Rights of Withdrawal:Can German Law Serve as an Example for EC Consumer Law? [J]. German Law Journal,2006, vol.7:1109-1136.
163 See United States v. Union Circulation Co., Inc. et al.,1982 WL 1912 (N. D. Ga.1982).
164 See Directive 2005/29/EC. article 6.
165 See Directive 2005/29/EC, article 7.
166 See Pete Garey. The Harsh Side of the Housing Boom [N]. San Jose Mercury News,2007,3(16).
167参见孙良国.消费者何以有撤回权[J].当代法学,2011(6)：110.
168参见迟颖.论德国法上以保护消费者为目的之撤回权[J].政治与法律,2008(6)：81.
169参见王洪亮.消费者撤回权的正当性基础[J].法学,2010(12)：99.
170公序良俗主要涉及合同价款的合理性以及对所提供的给付是否有个人需要的问题。
171根据缔约过失制度,在合同谈判时,一方当事人有过错地违反咨询和解释义务的情况下,相对人可以请求损害赔偿。
172参见王洪亮.消费者撤回权的正当性基础[J].法学,2010(12)：99.
173参见王洪亮.消费者撤回权的正当性基础[J].法学,2010(12)：99.
174 See Gillian K. Hadfield, Robert Howse, Michael J. Trebilcock. Information-Based Principles for Rethinking Consumer Protection Policy [J]. Journal of Consumer Policy,1998, vol.21(2):140.
175 See Consumer Affairs Victoria. Cooling-off Periods in Victoria:Their Use, Nature, Cost and Implicatio ns [R]. Research Paper No.15, Jan.2009, p.9, online available at:http://www.consumer.vic.gov.au/resources-and-education/research.
176参见迟颖.论德国法上以保护消费者为目的之撤回权[J].政治与法律,2008(6)：81.
177因为当时德国没有相关的消费者撤回权制度,所以他们解除合同的主张并没有得到法院支持。参见迟颖.论德国法上以保护消费者为目的之撤回权[J].政治与法律,2008(6)：79.
178 See Directive.85/577/EEC.
179 See Report on the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on Consu mer Rights [R], COM (2008) 614 final, p.14, online available at:http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDo c.do?type=REPORT&reference=A7-2011-0038&language=EN.
180参见周林彬,黄健梅.行为法经济学与法律经济学：聚焦经济理性[J].学术研究,2004(12)：64.
181参见王光宗.民法上的人及其人性透析[J].时代法学,2008(1)：44.
182参见李树.行为法经济学的勃兴与法经济学的发展[J].社会科学战线,2008(9)：76.
183参见魏建.法经济学：分析基础与分析范式[M].北京：人民出版社,2007：217.
184参见李树.行为法经济学的勃兴与法经济学的发展》J].社会科学战线,2008(9)：79；周林彬,黄健梅.行为法经济学与法律经济学：聚焦经济理性[J].学术研究,2004(12)：64.
185 See Sendhil Mullainathan, Richard H. Thaler, Behavioral Economics (September 2000), MIT Dept. of Economics Working Paper No.00-27 [EB/OL].:http://ssrn.com/abstract=245828 or doi:10.2139/ssrn.245828.
186 See Russell B. Korobkin, Thomas S. Ulen. Law and Behavioral Science:Removing the Rationality Assumption from Law and Economics [J]. California Law Review,2000, vol.88:1113-1123.
187参见徐国栋.民法私法说还能维持多久——行为经济学对时下民法学的潜在影响[J].法学,2006(5)7.
188 See Sendhil Mullainathan, Richard H. Thaler, Behavioral Economics (September 2000), MIT Dept. of Economics Working Paper No.00-27 [EB/OL].:http://ssrn.com/abstract=245828 or doi:10.2139/ssrn.245828.
189 See Thomas Wilhelmsson, Geraint Howells, HansW. Micklitz. European Consumer Law, in European Private LawA Handbook [M]. Berne:Stampfli Publishers Ltd,2009:273.
190 See Claire Souren. the Efficiency of a Cooling off Period [D]. Erasmus Progamme, European Master in Law and Economics Year 2005-2006:32.
191 See Consumer Affairs Victoria. Cooling-off Periods in Victoria:Their Use, Nature, Cost and Implicatio ns [R]. Research Paper No.15, Jan.2009, p.13, online available at:http://www.consumer.vic.gov.au/resourc es-and-education/research.
192 See Sharon Oster, Fiona Scott Morton. Does the Endowment Effect Exist in a Real Market? [EB/OL].: http://else.econ.ucl.ac.uk/conferences/consumer-behaviour/scottmorton.pdf.
193 See Motor Car Traders Acts 1986 (Vic), Section 43, online available at:http://corrigan.austlii.edu.au/au /legis/vic/consol_act/mcta 1986194/.
194 See Hamish G.W. Seaward, Simon Kemp. Optimism Bias and Student Debt [J]. New Zealand Journal of Psychology,2000, vol.29:17.
195 See the proposal by Heck, published in the proceeding of the 21st German Lawyers day of 1891,2nd. Volume, p.180-182.
196参见迟颖.论德国法上以保护消费者为目的之撤回权[J].政治与法律,2008(6)：79-80.
197消费者是理论上的强者,是基于消费者主权理论。消费者是现实中的弱者,是基于消费者在现实中的弱势地位,如经济地位、信息等方面的弱势。
198参见梁慧星.从近代民法到现代民法——二十世纪民法回顾[J].中外法学,1997(2)：21.
199参见[德]迪特尔·梅迪库斯.德国民法总论[M].邵建东译,北京：法律出版社,2001：364.
200参见梁慧星.从近代民法到现代民法——二十世纪民法回顾[J].中外法学,1997(2)：21.
201参见林诚二.民法理论与问题研究[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,2000：413.
202参见张学哲.消费者撤回权制度与合同自由原则——以中国民法法典化为背景[J].比较法研究,2009(6)：70.
203参见蒋志兵.消费理论综述与消费资本化理论[J].商业研究,2008(3)：111.
204参见[英]阿弗里德·马歇尔.经济学原理(上)[M].朱志泰译.北京：商务印书馆,1981：111.
205参见[英]约翰·梅纳德·凯恩斯.就业、利息和货币通论[M].高鸿业译.北京：商务印书馆,2009：90.
206参见杨俊一等.制度哲学导论[M].上海：上海大学出版社,2007：229.
207参见赖德胜,李哲.消费者主权的现实与实现[J].经济问题探索,1996(1)：36.
208参见北京大学马克思理论教育中心.当代西方思潮评介[M].北京：北京大学出版社,1989：213.
209参见张雄等.新编现代西方社会思潮[M].上海：上海社会科学院出版社,1999：256.
210参见《联合国消费者保护指南》(United Nations guidelines for consumer protection)第13条,英文文本参见：http://www.un.org/documents/ecosoc/res/1999/eres1999-7.htm。
211参见李昌麒,许明月.消费者保护法[M].北京：法律出版社,2005：62.
212参见孙明贵.流通前线——现代流通理念、方法与技术[M].北京：民族出版社,2002：133.
213参见陈富良.我国经济转轨时期的政府规制[M].北京：中国财政经济出版社,2000：196.
214参见[英]约翰·密尔.论自由[M].许宝骙译.北京：商务印书馆,2008：10.
215参见徐国栋.民法是私法吗?[J].江苏行政学院学报,2009(3)：119-120.
216参见徐国栋.民法私法说还能维持多久——行为经济学对时下民法学的潜在影响[J].法学,2006(5)：12.
217参见徐国栋.民法私法说还能维持多久——行为经济学对时下民法学的潜在影响[J].法学,2006(5)：12.
218参见梁慧星.从近代民法到现代民法——二十世纪民法回顾[J].中外法学,1997(2)：21.
219参见孙笑侠,郭春镇.美国的法律家长主义理论与实践[J].法律科学,2005(6)：110.
220参见吴元元.法律父爱主义与侵权法之失[J].华东政法大学学报,2010(3)：134.
221参见孙笑侠,郭春镇.法律父爱主义在中国的适用[J].中国社会科学,2006(1)：49.
222 See Claire Souren. the Efficiency of a Cooling off Period [Dl. Erasmus Progarnme, European Master in Law and Economics, Year 2005-2006:19.
223 See Judgment of the Court (First chamber) of 26/10/2006, Case C-168/05 Elisa Maria Mostaza Claro v. Centro Movil Milenium SL, ECR [2006] p.I-10421.
224 See Judgment of the Court of 27/6/2000, Joint cases C-240/98 to C-244/98 Oceano Grupo Editorial, S.A. and Salvat Editores, S.A. v. Rocio Murciano Quintero et al. ECR [20001 p.I-04941.
225参见孙笑侠,郭春镇.法律父爱主义在中国的适用[Jl.中国社会科学,2006(1)：48.
226张文显在《二十世纪西方法哲学思潮研究》中把法律家长主义分为两种：纯粹的和非纯粹的。在纯粹的家长式法律强制中,其自由受到限制的人同时也是利益受到保护的人。在非纯粹的家长式法律强制中,除了限制受益者的自由外,还包括限制其他人的自由。参见张文显.二十世纪西方法哲学思潮研究[M].北京：法律出版社,1996：551.
227 See Christian Twigg-Flesner. Innovation and EU Consumer Law [J]. Journal of Consumer Policy,2005, vol.28: 419.
228 See Claire Souren. the Efficiency of a Cooling off Period [D]. Erasmus Progamme, European Master in Law and Economics, Year 2005-2006:20.
229 See Claire Souren. the Efficiency of a Cooling off Period [D]. Erasmus Progamme, European Master in Law
230 See Eirik G. Furubotn, R. Richter. Institutions and Economic Theory:The Contribution of the New Institutional and Economics, Year 2005-2006:36. Economics (Economics, Cognition and Society) [M]. Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press,2000:186.
231 See Omri Ben-Shahar, Eric A.Posner. The Right to Withdraw in Contract Law [J]. The Journal of Legal Studies, 2011, vol.40:127.
232 See Consumer Affairs Victoria. Cooling-off Periods in Victoria:Their Use, Nature, Cost and Implicatio ns [R]. Research Paper No.15, Jan.2009, p.20, online available at:http://www.consumer.vic.gov.au/resourc es-and-education/research.
233 See Rekaiti P., Van den Bergh R. Cooling-Off Periods in the Consumer Laws of the EC Member States. A Comparative Law and Economics Approach [J]. Journal of Consumer Policy,2000, vol.23:382.
234 See Enkeleda Olldashi, Zamira Xhaferri. Cooling-off Periods from a Law and Economics Perspective[J]. Revista Shqiptare per Studime Ligjore,2011, vol.2:157.
235 See Marco B.M. Loos, Right of Withdrawal, Center for the Study of European Contract Law Working Pape Series, No.2009/04, p.17, online available at:http://ssrn.com/abstract=1350224.
236 See Directive 97/7/EC. article 6.
237 See Directive 2011/83/EU, article 13 (1).
238 See Directive 2011/83/EU, article 16.
239 See Omri Sen-Shahar, Eric A.Posner. The Right to Withdraw in Contract Law [J]. The Journal of Legal Studies, 2011, vol.40:122.
240 See Directive 2002/65/EC, article 6 (2).
241欧盟指令是欧洲共同理事会和欧洲共同体委员会依据《欧洲共同体条约》的授权所制定的立法性文件之一。目的是为了实现各个成员国立法的协调或使各成员国的立法趋于一致。欧洲共同体在建设统一大市场中的大多数措施都是以指令形式发布的。
242参见《欧共体委员会1985年12月20日关于非营业地订立合同的消费者保护指令》(Council Directive of 20 December 1985 to Protect the Consumer in Respect of Contracts Negotiated away from Business Premises)。
243该指令的全称为Directive 94/47/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 26 October 1994 on the protection of purchasers in respect of certain aspects of contracts relating to the purchase of the right to use immovable properties on a timeshare basis。
244该指令全称为Directive 97/7/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 May 1997 on the protection of consumers in respect of distance contracts。
245该指令全称为Directive 2002/65/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 September 2002 concerning the distance marketing of consumer financial services and amending Council Directive 90/619/EEC and Directives 97/7/EC and 98/27/EC。
246参见《欧洲议会和欧盟理事会2002年11月5日关于人寿保险的第2002/83/EC号指令》(Directive 2002/83/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 November 2002 concerning life assurance),英文文本参见：http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32002L0083:EN:NOT.
247参见《欧洲议会和欧盟理事会2008年4月23日关于消费者信贷合同及废止委员会第87/102/EEC号指令的第2008/48/EC号指令》(Directive 2008/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Cuncil of 23 April 2008 on credit agreements for consumers and repealing Council Directive 87/102/EEC),英文文本参见：http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:133:0066:0092:EN:PDF.
248该指令全称为Directive 2008/122/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 January 2009 on the protection of consumers in respect of certain aspects of timeshare, long-term holiday product, resale and exchange contracts.
249该指令全称为Directive 2011/83/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2011on consumer rights, amending Council Directive 93/13/EEC and Directive 1999/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Council Directive 85/577/EEC and Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council.
250这个文本对撤回权使用了多种表述,如" right of cancellation"、" right of renunciation "
251 See Directive 85/577/EEC. article 4.
252 See Directive 85/577/EEC, article 5.
253如撤回期间的起算时间就和英国《租赁买卖法》的规定比较类似。
254该指令中关于撤回权的表述为"right of withdrawal".
255与85/577/EEC指令的7天(seven days)不同,这里的撤回期间是7个工作日(seven working days)。
256 See Directive 97/7/EC, article 6(1), article 7(3).
257 See Directive 97/7/EC, article 6, article 7.
258 See Report on the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on Consu mer Rights [R]. COM (2008) 614 final, p.12, online available at:http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDo c.do?type=REPORT&reference=A7-2011-0038&language=EN.
259该指令中对消费者撤回权的表述是"right of withdrawal "。
260 See Directive 2011/83/EU. article 9(1）.
261 See Directive 2011/83/EU. article 10.
262 See Directive 2011/83/EU. article 12.
263 See Directive 2011/83/EU, article 13,14.
264 See Directive 2011/83/EU, article 9.
265对于撤回权的表述,在94/47/EC中使用不统一,相关的有"withdraw without giving any reason"、 "withdrawal period"、"the right to cancel",而在2008/122/EC中概念比较统一,如" right of withdrawal"、 "withdrawal form"、"withdrawal period"
266 See Directive 2008/122/EC. article 9.
267 See Directive 94/47/EC. article 6.
268 See Directive 2008/122/EC. article 11.
269 See Directive 94/47/EC, article 7.
270该指令明确规定这一费用必须是在合同中明确列明的。
271 Directive 2002/65/EC、Directive 2002/83/EC和Directive 2008/48/EC三个指令中对撤回权的表述分别为"right of withdrawal"、"right of cancellation'和" right of withdrawal"。
272 See Directive 2002/65/EC, article 2 (a).
273 See Directive 97/7/EC, article 2.
274 See Directive 2008/48/EC, article 14,15.
275参见迟颖.论德国法上以保护消费者为目的之撤回权[J].政治和法律,2008(6)：80.
276参见吴越.德国民法典之债法改革对我国的启示[J].法学家,2003(2)：111.
277参见《德国民法典》第312条第1款。
278参见《德国民法典》第312d条第1款。
279参见《德国民法典》第312e条第3款。
280参见《德国民法典》第485条第1款。
281参见《德国民法典》第495条第1款。
282参见《德国民法典》第499条。
283参见《德国民法典》第500条。
284参见《德国民法典》第501条。
285参见《德国民法典》第505条第l款。
286参见刘青文.德国的消费者撤回权[J].世界经济与政治论坛,2009(4)：114.
287参见杜景林,卢谌.德国民法典评注M].北京：法律出版社,2011：172.
288参见《德国民法典》第357条第1款。
289参见《德国民法典》第355条第2款。
290参见杜景林,卢谌.德国债法改革：《德国民法典》最新进展[M].北京：法律出版社,2003：179-182.
291由于欧盟的规定晚于《德国民法典》,《德国民法典》尚未对此作出修订。
292 See Directive 85/577/EEC. article 1.
293 See Directive 85/577/EEC, article 3(3).
294 See DCFR article Ⅱ-5:201 (1).
295 See Directive,2011/83/EU article 2(9).
296 See Directive,2011/83/EU article 2(8).原文表述为：‘'Off-premises contract means any contract between the trader and the consumer:(a) concluded in the simultaneous physical presence of the trader and the consumer, in a place which is not the business premises of the trader; (b) for which an offer was made by the consumer in the same circumstances as referred to in point (a); (c) concluded on the business premises of the trader or through any means of distance communication immediately after the consumer was personally and individually addressed in a place which is not the business premises of the trader in the simultaneous physical presence of the trader and the consumer; or (d) concluded during an excursion organised by the trader with the aim or effect of promoting and selling goods or services to the consumer". See Directive 2011/83/EU, article2(8).
297 See Peter Rott. Renationalisation of direct selling—the impact of the new Consumer Rights Directive on financial services [J]. ERA Forum,7 February 2012, p.1-10.
298即欧洲货币单位(Eutopean Currency Unit,简称ECU),是欧洲共同体国家共同用于内部计价结算的一种货币单位,是推行欧元的先导,欧洲货币体系的关键一环。
299 See Directive 85/577/EEC, article 3(1).
300参见《消费者保护条例》(The Consumer Protection (Cancellation of Contracts Concluded away from B usiness Premises) Regulations 1987), section 3(2) (f),英文文本参见：http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/19 87/2117/contents/made。
301 See Directive 97/7/EC, article 2(1).
302 See Directive 97/7/EC, article 2(4).
303 See Directive 97/7/EC, annex 1.
304 See Directive 2011/83/EU, article 6 (1).原文表述为："distance contract" means any contract concluded between the trader and the consumer under an organised distance sales or service-provision scheme without the simultaneous physical presence of the trader and the consumer, with the exclusive use of one or more means of distance communication up to and including the time at which the contract is concluded.
305 See Directive 97/7/EC (20).
306 See Directive 85/577/EEC, article 3(2).
307 See Directive 97/7/EC. article 3.
308 See Directive 2011/83/EU, article 3(3).
309 See Directive 2011/83/EU, article 16.
310 See Judgment of the European Court of Justice of 25/4/2005, Case C-350/03 Elisabeth Schulte, Wolfgang Schulte v. Deutsche Bausparkasse Badenia AG, ECR [2005] p.Ⅰ-9215.
311 See Judgment of the European Court of Justice of 25/4/2005, Case C-229/04 Crailsheimer Volksbank eG v. Klaus Conrads, Frank Schulzke und Petra Schulzke-Losche, Joachim Nitschke, ECR [2005] p.Ⅰ-9273.
312 See Judgment of the European Court of Justice of 10/4/2008, Case C-412/06 Annelore Hamilton v. Volksbank Filder eG, ECR [2008] p.Ⅰ-2383.
313 See Peter Rott. Renationalisation of direct selling—the impact of the new Consumer Rights Directive on financial services [J]. ERA Forum,7 February 2012, p.1-10.
314 See Study Group on a European Civil Code, Research Group on EC Private Law (Acquis Group), Principles, Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law:Draft Common Frame of Reference [M]. Munich:Sellier, 2009:391.
315 See Directive 94/47/EC. article 2.
316 See Directive 2008/122/EC. article 2.
317 See Directive 2002/65/EC. article 2(a).
318 See Directive 97/7/EC. article 2.
319 See Directive 2002/65/EC, article 6(2).
320 See Directive 2002/83/EC, article 2(1)(a).
321 See Directive 2002/83/EC. article 35(1).
322 See Directive 2002/83/EC, article 35(2).
323 See Directive 2008/48/EC, article 3(c).
324 See Directive 2008/48/EC. article 2.
325 See Report on the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on Consu mer Rights[R], COM (2008) 614 final, p.14, online available at:http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc. do?type=REPORT&reference=A7-2011-0038&language=EN.
326 See Judgment of the European Court of Justice of 22/4/1999, case C-423/97 Travel Vac SL v. Manuel Jose Antelm Sanchis, ECR [1999] p.Ⅰ-2195.
327 See Marco B.M. Loos. Review of the European consumer acquis [M]. Munich:Sellier,2008:10.
328 See Marco B.M. Loos. Rights of Withdrawal [EB/OL]. Centre for the Study of European Contract Law, Working Paper Series, No.2009/04 p.5, online available at:http://ssrn.com/abstract=1350224.
329 See Review of Consumer Acquis Document, p.8 [EB/OL].:http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/cons int/safe_shop/dist_sell/sum_responses_ consultations_en.pdf.
330 See Luke Garrod et al. Competition Remedies in Consumer Marktes [J]. Loyola Consumer Law Review, vol. 21 (4):475.
331 See Directive 2002/65/EC,article 6(2).
332 See Directive 2002/83/EC, article 35(1).
333 See Directive 2011/83/EU, article 6(2).
334 See Directive 2011/83/EU, article 9(2).
335 See Judgment of the European Court of Justice of 13/12/2001, case C-481/99 Georg Heininger and Helga Heininger v. Bayerische Hypo-und Vereinsbank AG, ECR [2001] p.Ⅰ-09945.
336 See Judgment of the European Court of Justice of 17/12/2009, Case C 227/08 Martin Martin v. EDP Editores, SL, ECR [2009] p.Ⅰ-11939.
337 See Judgment of the European Court of Justice of 10/4/2008, case C-412/06 Annelore Hamilton v. Volksbank Filder eG, ECR [2008] p.Ⅰ-02383.
338 See Consumer Affairs Victoria, Cooling-off Periods in Victoria:Their Use, Nature, Cost and Implicatio ns [R]. Research Paper No.15, Jan.2009, p20, online available at:http://www.consumer.vic.gov.au/resourc es-and-education/research.
339 See Geraint Howells, Norbert Reich.The current limits of European harmonization in consumer contract law [J]. ERA Forum,2011, vol.12:53-54.
340 See Report on the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on Consu mer Rights[R], COM (2008) 614 final, p.15, online available at:http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc. do?type=REPORT&reference=A7-2011-0038&language=EN.
341 See Directive 2008/122/EC, article 6(3).
342 See Directive 2008/122/EC, article 6(4).
343 See Directive 2008/48/EC, article 14(7).
344 See Directive 2011/83/EU, article 9(3).
345 See Directive 2008/122/EC, article 9.
346 See Directive 85/577/EEC, article 4.
347 See Directive 2011/83/EU, article 6(h) (i) (j).
348 See Directive 2011/83/EU, article 6, annex I.
349 See Directive 2008/122/EC, article 5(4).
350 See Directive 2011/83/EU, article 6(4).
3512011/83/EU指令对持久介质的表述："'durable medium'means any instrument which enables the consumer or the trader to store information addressed personally to him in a way accessible for future reference for a period of time adequate for the purposes of the information and which allows the unchanged reproduction of the information stored "。
352 See Directive 2011/83/EU, article 7(1).
353 See Directive 2011/83/EU, article 8(1), (4).
354 See Directive 2008/122/EC, article 4.
355 See Directive 85/577/EEC, article 4.
355 See Directive 85/577/EEC, article 1. article 4.
357 See Directive 2011/83/EU, article 6(1).
358 See Directive 2002/65/EC, article 5(1), (2).
359 See Directive 85/577/EEC. article 5(1):Directive 2011/83/EU. article 11(1) (b).
360 See Directive 85/577/EEC,Article 5.
361 See Judgment of the European Court of Justice of 22/4/1999, case C-423/97 Travel Vac SL v. Anselm Sanchis, ECR[1999]p.I-2195.
362 See Evelyne Terryn. The Right of Withdrawal [A]. In:Reiner Schulze, Common Frame of Reference and Existing EC Contract Law [M]. Munich:Sellier,2008:163.
363 See Study Group on a European Civil Code, Research Group on EC Private Law (Acquis Group), Principles, Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law:Draft Common Frame of Reference [M]. Munich:Sellier, 2009:368.
364 See Directive 2011/83/EU, article 11.
365 Acquis Principles article 5:102, See Research Group on the Existing EC Private Law (Acquis Group). Principles of the Existing EC Contract Law (Acquis Principles) [M]. Munich:Sellier,2009:240.
366 See Directive 2008/122/EC, article 7.
367 See Directive 85/577/EEC, article 5(2), article 7.
368 See Judgment of the European Court of Justice of 22/4/1999, Case C-423/97 Travel Vac SL v. Anselm Sanchi ECR[1999]p.Ⅰ-2195.
369 See Directive 2011/83/EU. article 12.
370 See DCFR Annex, Christian von Bar, Eric Clive, Hans Schulte-Nocke. Principles, Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law:Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) Interim Outline Edition [M]. Munich: Sellier.2008:560.
371 See Evelyne Terryn. The Right of Withdrawal [A]. In:Reiner Schulze, Common Frame of Reference and Existing EC Contract Law [M]. Munich:Sellier,2008:164.
372 See Directive 2011/83/EU. article 13.
373 See Judgment of the Court (Fourth Chamber) of 15/4/2010,Case C-511/08 Handelsgesellschaft Heinrich Heine GmbH v. Verbraucherzentrale Nordrhein-Westfalen eV, ECR [2010] p.Ⅰ-03047.
374 See Study Group on a European Civil Code, Research Group on EC Private Law (Acquis Group). Principles, Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law:Draft Common Frame of Reference [M]. Munich:Sellier, 2009:375.
375 See Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 3/9/2009, C-489/07 Pia Messner v. Firma Stefan Kriiger, ECR [2009] Ⅰ-07315.
376 See Marco B.M. Loos. Review of the European consumer acauis [M]. Munich:Sellier.2008:12-13. http://ssrn.com/abstract=1350224.
377 See Marco B.M. Loos. Rights of Withdrawal, p.23-24, [EB/OL].:
378 See Acquis Principles Article 5:106, Research Group on the Existing EC Private Law (Acquis Group). Principles of the Existing EC Contract Law (Acquis Principles) [M]. Munich:Sellier,2009:266.
379 See DCFR article Ⅱ-5:106 (2).
380 See Peter Rott. Harmonising Different Rights of Withdrawal:Can German Law Serve as an Example for EC Consumer Law? [J]. German Law Journal,2006, vol.7:1131.
381参见杜景林,卢谌.德国民法典评注[M].北京：法律出版社,2011：176.
382参见原野.德国(消费信贷)关联合同制度及其对我国的借鉴意义[D].北京：中国政法大学硕士学位论文,2009：8-9.
383 See DCFR article Ⅱ-5:106 (2).
384 See Directive 2008/48/EC.3(n).
385 See Report on the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on Consu mer Rights[R], COM (2008) 614 final, p.22, online available at:http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc. do?type=REPORT&reference=A7-2011-0038&language=EN.
386 See Peter Rott. Harmonising Different Rights of Withdrawal:Can German Law Serve as an Example for EC Consumer Law? [J]. German Law Journal,2006, vol.7:1131.
387 See Judgment of the European Court of Justice of 25/10/2005, Case C-350/03 Elisabeth Schulte and Wolfgang Schulte v. Deutsche Bausparkasse Badenia, ECR [2005] p.Ⅰ-9215.
388 See Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) of 25/10/2005, Case C-229/04 Crailsheimer Volksbank eG v. Klaus Conrads and Others, ECR [2005] p.Ⅰ-9273.
389 See Peter Rott. Renationalisation of Direct Selling--the Impact of the New Consumer Rights Directive on Financial Services [J]. ERA Forum,7 February 2012, p.3-6.
390 See Norbert Reich, Harmonisation of European Contract Law:with Special Emphasis on Consumer Law [J]. China-EU Law,2011, vol.1:65.
391 See Directive 2011/83/EU, article 15.
392 See DCFR article Ⅱ-5:106(1).
393 See Department for Business, Enterprise & Regulatory Reform. Proposed Consumer Rights Directive-a Consultation [R], Crown Copyright,2008, p.31. online available at:http://www.bis.gov.uk/files/file48791.pdf.
394 See Directive 2011/83/EU, article 7(1).
395 See Judgment of the European Court of Justice of 22/4/1999, case C-423/97 Travel Vac SL v. Manuel Jose Antelm Sanchis, ECR [1999] p.Ⅰ-2195.
396由于在美国法上消费者撤回权也不是一个统一的概念,在《冷静期规则》中使用的是Right of Cancellation、Right to Cancel,在《诚实借贷法》中使用的是Right of rescission、Right to Rescind,在本节中涉及法律文本中关于消费者撤回权的表述,基本上尊重原法律文本的表述,不统一使用消费者撤回权这一概念。
397消费者撤回权的立法较为分散,以上判断并不是建立于穷尽所有美国法律文件基础上的一个判断,而是根据中国和美国学者的现有研究成果以及本人已收集资料的一个总体判断。
398 See Joan M. Burda.An Overview of Federal Consumer Law [M]. Chicago:General Practice, Solo and Small Firm Section, American Bar Association,1998:147.
399 See 16 C.F.R. section 429.0.
400 See 15 U.S.C.A. section 1635.
401 See 16 C.F.R. section 429.3.
402参见附录二对该权利的解释。
403在16 C.F.R. section 429.1中该标题使用的是大写"NOTICE OF RIGHT TO CANCEL".
404在16 C.F.R. section 429.1中该标题使用的是大写"NOTICE OF CANCELLATION"
405具体的信息和陈述包括撤回期间(三个工作日)、退货的具体实施、双方未履行退货或取货义务时的责任、撤回通知寄送方式,在此不作具体介绍。
406 See 16 C.F.R. section 429.1.
407 See 16 C.F.R. section 429.1.
408该调查主要目的在于了解《冷静期规则》是否仍有存续的必要。
409《冷静期规则》针对是交易金额在25美元以上的上门交易。由于30多年来持续的通货膨胀,所以,有学者建议提高该规则适用的门槛。
410 See U.S. Census Bureau:2.6 million More Americans Pushed Into Poverty in 2008, Sci. Letter, Sept.222009, online available at:http://www.bread.org/media/releases/us-census-bureau-26.html.
411 Payday Lending,可翻译为“工资日贷款”,有人将其称作高利贷。维基百科对“工资日贷款”的定义如下：工资日贷款是一种小额、短期贷款,用于贷款人下一次发薪之前临时急用所需(因此还款日期也就是 下次发薪之时)。这种贷款额额度往往在100美元到1500美元之间,通常还款期限是2周,通常年利率在390%到780%。也就是说,每贷款100美元,按期还款的时候(一般是两周左右)需要缴付的利息是15到30美元。这种贷款形式往往是那些拥有不良信用记录的消费者唯一的贷款来源,因为他们一般无法得到银行贷款、信用卡或其他方式的低息贷款。
412《冷静期规则》仅规定,上门交易合同中不应包含任何承认判决或放弃消费者依本节享有的权利的内容。
413 See National Consumer Law Center, Consumer for Auto Reliability and Safety, Consumer Federation of America, Consumer Union. Comments Regarding Cooling-off Rule Regulatory Review 16 C.F.R.§429 [R]. Comment Project No.P087109, Sept.25,2009. online available at:http://www.ftc.gov/os/comments/coo lingoffrulereopen/543750-00004.pdf.
414参见杨红灿,张霞.谈美国的消赞者保护法律制度(上).中国工商管理研究,1994(7)：60.
415 See Baum v. Great W. Cities, Inc.,703 F.2d 119 (10th Cir.1985); see also Fulton v. Hecht,580 F.2d 1243 (5th Cir.1978), cert, denied,440 U.S.981 (1979).
416 See FTC Advisory Opinion [EB/OL].:http://www.ftc.gov/ftc/opinions.shtm.
417 See John R. Kennel, Anne Knickerbocker et al. Corpus Juris Secundum:Interest and Usury; Consumer Credit Ml. New York:Thomson Reuters.2012.47 C.J.S. Interest & Usurv § 475.
418 See Beach v. Great Western Bank,670 So.2d 986 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App.4th Dist.1996).
419 See Theresa Leming, Jack K. Levin, Eric Surette, Lisa A. Zakolski. American Jurisprudence:Consumer and Borrower Protection [M]. New York:Thomson Reuters.2012,17 Am. Jur.2d Consumer Protection § 138.
420 See Theresa Leming, Jack K. Levin, Eric Surette, Lisa A. Zakolski. American Jurisprudence:Consumer and Borrower Protection [M]. New York:Thomson Reuters 2012,17 Am. Jur.2d Consumer Protection § 136.
421当事人不可更改原来协议的交易。
422 See John R. Kennel, Anne Knickerbocker et al. Corpus Juris Secundum:Interest and Usury; Consumer Credit [M]. New York:Thomson Reuters 2012,47 C.J.S. Interest & Usury §479.
423 See Suzan L. Smith v. Highland Bank,108 F.3d 1325 (11th Cir.1997).
424 See Veale v. Citibank, F.S.B.,85 F.3d 577 (11th Cir.1996).
425 See Edna JACKSON v. Syd GRANT, Belle G. Grant.876 F.2d 764.57 USLW 2726 No.87-2801.
426 See Consumer Credit Protection subchapter I part B,15 USCA § 1635.
427 See David R. Beach, et ux. v. Ocwen Federal Bank, No.97-5310.523 U.S.410,118 S.Ct.1408.
428 See Diane K. Hefferman v. Bernadette Y. Bitton, Nathan Bitton, Edward F. Reid.882 F.2d 379 (9th Cir.1989).
429 See Larry Meyer, Virginia Badalamente Meyer v. Ameriquest Mortgage Company,342 F.3d 899. (9th Cir. 2003).
430 See In re Ethel J. Dawson.437 B.R.15 (Bkrtcy. D. Dist. Col.,2010).
431 See John R. Kennel, Anne Knickerbocker et al. Corpus Juris Secundum:Interest and Usury; Consumer Credit [M]. New York:Thomson Reuters 2012,47 C.J.S. Interest & Usury § 476.
432 See Westbank v. Maurer,276 Ⅲ. App.3d 553,213 Ⅲ. Dec.360,658 N.E.2d 1381 (2d Dist.1995).
433 See John R. Kennel, Anne Knickerbocker et al. Corpus Juris Secundum:Interest and Usury; Consumer Credit [M]. New York:Thomson Reuters 2012,47 C.J.S. Interest & Usury § 479.
434 See Alberta Taylor v. Domestic Remodeling, Inc.,97 F.3d 96 (5th Cir.1996).
"" See Norfolk Division, Sharon F. Moore v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., Civil Action No.2:08cv413,597 F.Supp.2d 612.
436 See Theresa Leming, Jack K. Levin, Eric Surette, Lisa A. Zakolski. American Jurisprudence:Consumer and Borrower Protection [M]. New York:Thomson Reuters 2012,17 Am. Jur.2d Consumer Protection § 144.
437 See Rowland v. Magna Millikin Bank of Decatur, N.A.,812 F. Supp.875 (C.D. Ⅲ.1992). Borrower Protection [M]. New York:Thomson Reuters 2012,17 Am. Jur.2d Consumer Protection § 146.
438 See Theresa Leming, Jack K. Levin, Eric Surette, Lisa A. Zakolski. American Jurisprudence:Consumer and
439 See Rachbach v. Cogswell,547 F.2d 502 (10th Cir.1976); Brown v. National Permanent Federal Sav. and Loan Assn,683 F.2d 444 (D.C. Cir.1982).
440 Illinois Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business Practice Act, see 815 ILL. COMP. STAT. section 505/1 (West 2004).
441 See Timeshare Rescission Period in US [EB/OL].:http://rcivip.com/timeshare-rescission-period-in-us/.
442 See Vacation And Timeshare Plans, chapter 721 section 10, online available at:http://www.leg.state.fl.u s/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=&URL=Ch0721/SEC10.HTM&Title=->2007-> Ch0721->Section%2010#0721.10
443《统一消费信贷法》与《诚实借贷法》,前者是示范法,后者是联邦法。除此之外,二者最大的区别在于前者是对信用交易条件公示的规制,后者是对交易条件实质性的规则。
444 See Uniform Consumer Credit Code 1974 article 3 part 5, online available at:http://uniformlaws.org/A ct.aspx?title=Consumer Credit Code.
445通过的11个州分别为：Colorado, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Utah, Wisconsin, Wyoming. See Legislative Fact Sheet-Consumer Credit Code, online available at:htt p://uniformlaws.org/LegislativeFactSheet.aspx?title=Consumer Credit Code.
446 See Uniform Consumer Credit Code 1974, article 3 part 5.
447参见何勤华,魏琼.西方商法史[Ml.北京：北京大学出版社,2007：513.
448 See Ala. Code 1975 section 8-19A-14.
449 See N.Y. Gen. Bus. section 218-a, available at http://open.nysenate.gov/legislation/bill/A3010-2011.
450 See Omri Ben-Shahar, Eric A.Posner. The Right to Withdraw in Contract Law [J]. The Journal of Legal Studies, 2011. vol.40:125.
451 See Cal. Civ. Code § 1723.
452 See Cal. Veh. Code section 11709.2.
453 See National Consumer Law Center, Consumer for Auto Reliability and Safety, Consumer Federation of America, Consumer Union. Comments Regarding Cooling-off Rule Regulatory Review 16 C.F.R. § 429 [R]. Comment Project No.P087109, Sept.25,2009, online available at:http://www.ftc.gov/os/comments/coo lingoffrulereopen/543750-00004.pdf.
454 See John R. Kennel, Anne Knickerbocker et al. Corpus Juris Secundum:Interest and Usury; Consumer Credit [M]. New York:Thomson Reuters 2012,47 C.J.S. Interest & Usury § 475.
455 See Jason Scott Johnston. The Return of Bargain:an Economic Theory of How Sandard-form Contracts Enable Cooperative Negotiation between Businesses and Consumers [J]. Michigan Law Review,2006, vol.104:873.
450 See Jason Scott Johnston. The Return of Bargain:an Economic Theory of How Sandard-form Contracts Enable Cooperative Negotiation between Businesses and Consumers [J]. Michigan Law Review,2006, vol.104:874.
457 See Rekaiti P., Van den Bergh R. Cooling-Off Periods in the Consumer Laws of the EC Member States. A Comparative Law and Economics Approach [J]. Journal of Consumer Policy,2000, vol.23:380.
458沃尔玛是美国最大的零售超市,据2009年的数据其在同行业中占有约11%的市场份额。See Wal-Mart celebrates its growing market share [EB/OL].:http://money.cnn.com/2009/06/05/news/companies/wal-mart.sh areholders.meeting.fortune/.
459亚马逊是世界上最大的网上商店。
460 See Walmart Returns FAQ [EB/OL].:http://www.walmart.com/cp/Returns-Policy/538459.
461 See Amazon Product Return Policies [EB/OL].:http://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html/ref =hp_901888_prodland?nodeld= 15015721.
462 See Jason Scott Johnston. The Return of Bargain:an Economic Theory of How Sandard-form Contracts Enable Cooperative Negotiation between Businesses and Consumers [J]. Michigan Law Review,2006, vol.104:873.
463 See Tony Sciarrotta. How Philips Reduced Returns [J]. Supply Chain Mgmt. Review,2003, vol.7:32.
464 See Jason Scott Johnston. The Return of Bargain:an Economic Theory of How Sandard-form Contracts Enable Cooperative Negotiation between Businesses and Consumers [J]. Michigan Law Review,2006, vol.104:874.
465该商家不允许退货的原因是因为打折销售。
466 See Jan M. Smits. The Right to Change Your Mind? Rethinking the Usefulness of Mandatory Rights of Withdrawal in Consumer Contract Law [J]. Penn State International Law Review,2011, vol.29:677.
467美国芝加哥大学法学院教授,法律经济学中心主任。
468美国芝加哥大学法学院教授。
469帕累托改善是一个重要的微观经济学概念,指在某种经济境况下如果可以通过适当的制度安排或交换,至少能提高一部分人的福利或满足程度而不会降低所有其他人的福利或满足程度。如果对某种资源配置状态进行调整,使一些人的境况得到改善,而其他人的状况至少不变坏,符合这一性质的调整被称为帕累托改进。
470 See Omri Ben-Shahar. Eric A.Posner. The Right to Withdraw in Contract Law [J]. The Journal of Legal Studies, 2011. vol.40:143.
471 See Eric A. Posner. Law and Social Norms [M]. Cambridge Mass:Harvard University Press,2000:11.
472参见柳经纬.民法[M].厦门：厦门大学出版社,2003：20.
473参见苏永钦.走入新世纪的私法自治[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,2002：16.
474参见[德]卡尔·拉伦茨.德国民法通论(上册)[M].王晓晔等译.北京：法律出版社,2003：42.
475 See Erin Ann O'Hara, Choice of Law for Internet Transactions:The Uneasy Case for Online Consumer Protection [J]. U. Pa. L. Rev,2005, vol.153:1883.
476 See Horst Eidenmuller. Why Withdrawal Rights? [J]. European Review of Contract Law,2011, vol.7 (1):9.
477 12 C.F.R. § 226.15(e)(1),226.23(e)(1).
478 Baker v. Burlington Coat Factory Warehouse,673 N.Y.S.2d 281,283 (N.Y. City Ct.1998).
479 See Omri Ben-Shahar, Eric A.Posner. The Right to Withdraw in Contract Law [J]. The Journal of Legal Studies, 2011. vol.40:116.
480 See Omri Ben-Shahar, Eric A.Posner. The Right to Withdraw in Contract Law [J]. The Journal of Legal Studies, 2011, vol.40:117.
481参见孙笑侠,郭春镇.美国的法律家长主义理论与实践[J].法律科学,2005(6)：111.
482 See Geraint Howells, Thomas Wilhelmsson. EC and US Approaches to Consumer Protection-Should the Gap Be Bridged? [A]. In:A. Barav, D. A. Wyatt. Yearbook of European Law [M]. Clarendon:Oxford University Press, 1997, vol.17:262.
483 See Norbert Reich, Harmonisation of European Contract Law:with Special Emphasis on Consumer Law [J]. China-EU Law,2011, vol.1:88.
484 See Micklitz Hans-W Stephen. Consumer Policy in the European Community:Before and After Maastricht [J]. Journal of Consumer Policy,1993(16):preface.
485参见付俊伟.欧盟民法典草案之述评[A].见：梁慧星.民商法论丛(43)[M].北京：法律出版社,2009：156.
486 Ewoud Hondius. The Innovative Nature of Consumer Law [J]. Journal of Consumer Policy. Online First,16 February 2012, p.4.
487 See Cristina Poncibo. Some Thoughts on the Methodological Approach to EC Consumer Law Reform [J]. Loy. Consumer L. Rev,2009, vol.21:353.
3参见《辽宁省实施<中华人民共和国消费者权益保护法>规定》第12条。
489参见卢菁菁.冷却期法律制度研究[D].南京：南京理工大学硕士学位论文,2009：6.
490参见《上海市消费者权益保护条例》第28条。
491参见《安徽省消费者权益保护条例》第28条。
492参见《广西壮族自治区消费者权益保护条例》第29条。
493参见国务院《直销管理条例》第25条。
494该办法中的B2C交易方式是指经营者利用互联网与消费者进行的商品交易和交易信息发布活动。
495《关于规范人身保险经营行为有关问题的通知》第3条,参见现行保险核心法规汇编[M].北京：中国法制出版社,2006：569.
496参见浙江省《流通领域食品销售者经营行为规范指引》第11条。
497参见金励.消费者商品交易反悔权之研究[J].重庆交通大学学报(社科版),2007(2)：38.
498参见国美诚久保障[EB/OL].:http://wwwl.gome.com.cn/cjbz/list.jsp?Cid=87502&page=1.
499参见精典二手车服务大升级[EB/OL].:http://news.163.com/09/1027/06/5MK36ASJ000120GR.html.
500参见淘宝推7天无理由退货服务[EB/OL].:http://tech.sina.com.cn/i/2008-03-12/19462073721.shtml.
501 See Omri Ben-Shahar, Eric A.Posner. The Right to Withdraw in Contract Law [J]. The Journal of Legal Studies, 2011, vol.40:143.
502参见张学哲.消费者撤回权制度与合同自由原则——以中国民法法典化为背景[J].比较法研究,2009(6)：72.
503参见肖晴.德国《民法典》中的撤回权制度分析[D].北京：中国政法大学硕士学位论文,2011：23.
504参见刘青文.《消费者合同法》立法建议fJ].中德国法学论坛,第8辑：140-142.
505参见刘佳书.论德国消费者撤回权[D].重庆：西南政法大学硕士学位论文,2011：35-36.
506参见张靖.英国冷却期制度的立法探究及启示[J].长沙理工大学学报(社会科学版),2011(3)：47-48.
507参见迟颖.论德国法上以保护消费者为目的之撤回权[J].政治与法律,2008(6)：78.
508参见张学哲.论消费者撤回权的构成与行使要件[J].华东政法大学学报,2011(1)：42.
509参见张靖.英国冷却期制度的立法探究及启示[J].长沙理工大学学报(社会科学版),2011(3)；周显 志,陈小龙.英美日消费信用合同“冷却期”制度及其借鉴[J].世界经济,2002(8)；赵明非.美国法上的“冷却期”制度及其借鉴意义[J].孝感学院学报,2011(3)；王晓明.我国消费者冷静期制度的构建[J].山西省政法管理干部学院学报.2010(6)；王娟.论冷静期制度在我国《消费者权益保护法》中的构建[J].河北广播电视大学学报,2009(9).
510参见《联合国消费者保护指南》(United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection)第46条,英文文本参见：http://www.un.org/documents/ecosoc/res/1999/eres1999-7.htm.
511沈宗灵先生认为,移植相当于中国国内所讲的对其他国家或地区法律的借鉴或吸收等。但有时,移植的含义似乎又比借鉴等词有稍多的意义,但也没有太大的差别。参见沈宗灵.论法律移植与比较法学[J].外国法译评,1995(1)：1.
512参见何勤华.法的移植与法的本士化[J].中国法学,2002(3)：4.
513转引自孙良国.消费者何以有撤回权[J].当代法学,2011(6)：110.
514 See Jane K. Winn, Brian H. Bix. Diverging Perspectives on Electronic Contracting in the U.S. and EU [J]. Cleveland State Law Review,2006, vol.54:182.
515转引自孙良国.消费者何以有撤回权[J].当代法学,2011(6)：110.
516《德国民法典》第355条,参见陈卫佐译.德国民法典[M].北京：法律出版社,2010：128.
517 See Directive 2011/83/EU, article 12.
518 See Directive 2008/122/EC, article 8(1).
519 See Directive 2011/83/EU, article 12.
520 See DCFR Annex, Study Group on a European Civil Code, Research Group on EC Private Law (Acquis Group), Principles, Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law:Draft Common Frame of Reference [Ml. Munich:Sellier,2009:560.
521参见杜景林,卢谌.德国民法典评注[M].北京：法律出版社,2011：154.
522参见宁踢坡.合同解除溯及力探讨——兼论合同终止[J].当代法学,2003(8)：79.
523参见宁踢坡.合同解除溯及力探讨——兼论合同终止[J].当代法学,2003(8)：78.
524参见刘青文.德国的消费者撤回权制度[J].世界经济政治论坛,2009 (4).
525 See Timeshare Act 1992.
526 See The Consumer Protection (Distance Selling) (amendment) Regulations 2005.
527 See The Cancellation of Contracts made in a Consumer's Home or Place of Work etc. Regulations 2008.
528 See The Financial Services (Distance Marketing) Regulations 2004.
529 See The Consumer Credit (EU Directive) Regulations 2010.
530 See The Supply of Extended Warranties on Domestic Electrical Goods Order 2005, online available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2005/37/contents/made.
531 See Consumer Transactions with Statutory Contract Cancellation Rights, available at www.dca.ca.gov.
532 See Cal. Civ. Code section 1689.6(a).
533 See cal. Business and Professions Code section 17538(a).
534 See cal. Business and Professions Code section 17538(a).
535 See cal. Ins. Code section 786.
See cal. Ins. Code section 10127.7
537 See cal. Business and Professions Code section 11225(a).
538 See cal. Business and Professions Code section 22442(f).
539 See cal. Civ. Code § 1694.6(a).
540 See John Van Alst. Fueling Fair Practices:a Road Map to Improved Public Policy for Used Car Sales and Financing [M]. Boston:National Consumer Law Center,2009:6.
541 Consumer Affairs Victoria, Cooling-off Periods in Victoria:Their Use, Nature, Cost and Implications [R]. Research Paper No.15, Jan.2009, p.82, online available at:http://www.consumer.vic.gov.au/resources-a nd-education/research.
542 See Consumer Affairs Victoria, Cooling-off Periods in Victoria:Their Use, Nature, Cost and Implicatio ns [R]. Research Paper No.15, Jan.2009, p.20, online available at:http://www.consumer.vic.gov.au/resour ces-and-education/research.
543参见附录二、附录三。
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[1]Consumer Affairs Victoria, Cooling-off Periods in Victoria:Their Use, Nature, Cost and Implications [R]. Research Paper No.15, Jan.2009, online available at: http://www.consumer.vic.gov.au/resources-and-education/research,2012-02-08:
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[1]106 C.R.10932-33, Congressional Record-Senate [EB/OL].:http://www.llsdc. org/TILA-LH/,2012-02-08:
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[1]Judgment of the European Court of Justice of 22/4/1999, Case C-423/97 Travel Vac SL v. Manuel Jose Antelm Sanchis, ECR [1999] p.Ⅰ-2195.
[2]Judgment of the Court of 27/6/2000, Joint cases C-240/98 to C-244/98 Oceano Grupo Editorial, S.A. and Sal vat Editores, S.A. v. Rocio Murciano Quintero et al. ECR [2000] p.Ⅰ-04941.
[3]Judgment of the European Court of Justice of 22/11/2001, Joined cases C-541/99 and C-542/99 Cape Snc v Idealservice Srl and Idealservice MN RE Sas v. Omai Srl, ECR [2001] p.Ⅰ-9049.
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[5]Judgment of the European Court of Justice of 20/1/2005, Case C-464/01 Johann Gruber v. Bay Wa AG, ECR [2005] p.Ⅰ-00439.
[6]Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) of 25/10/2005, Case C-229/04 Crailsheimer Volksbank eG v. Klaus Conrads and Others, ECR [2005] p.Ⅰ-9273.
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[8]Judgment of the Court (First chamber) of 26/10/2006, Case C-168/05 Elisa Maria Mostaza Claro v. Centro Movil Milenium SL, ECR [2006] pⅠ-10421.
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[11]Judgment of the Court (Fourth Chamber) of 15/4/2010, Case C-511/08 Handelsgesellschaft Heinrich Heine GmbH v. Verbraucherzentrale Nordrhein-Westfalen eV, ECR [2010] p.Ⅰ-03047.
[1]Alberta Taylor v. Domestic Remodeling, Inc.,97 F.3d 96 (5th Cir.1996).
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[5]David R. Beach, et ux. v. Ocwen Federal Bank, No.97-5310.523 U.S.410 (1998).
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[8]Elizabeth Brown v. National Permanent Federal Sav. and Loan Ass'n,683 F.2d 444 (D.C. Cir.1982).
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[10]George J. Fulton v. Isadore Hecht et al.,580 F.2d 1243 (5th Cir.1978), cert. denied,440 U.S.981(1979).
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[13]Margaret Baum, Sid Marco, et al. v. Great W. Cities, Inc.,703 F.2d 1197 (10th Cir. 1985);
[14]Norfolk Division, Sharon F. Moore v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.597 F.Supp.2d 612 (E.D. Va.2009).
[15]Rowland v. Magna Millikin Bank of Decatur, N.A.,812 F. Supp.875 (C.D. Ⅲ. 1992).
[16]Sharon Rachbach v. John M. Cogswell,547 F.2d 502 (10th Cir.1976).
[17]Suzan L. Smith v. Highland Bank,108 F.3d 1325 (11th Cir.1997).
[18]United States v. Union Circulation Co., Inc. et al.,1982 WL 1912 (N. D. Ga. 1982).
[19]Westbank v. Maurer,276 Ⅲ. App.3d 553,213 Ⅲ. Dec.360,658 N.E.2d 1381 (2d Dist.1995).
[1]国务院《直销管理条例》.
[2]商务部《第三方电子商务交易平台服务规范》.
[3]中国保险业监督管理委员会《关于规范人身保险经营行为有关问题的通知》.
[4]《辽宁省实施<中华人民共和国消费者权益保护法>规定》.
[5]《上海市消费者权益保护条例》.
[6]《安徽省消费者权益保护条例》.
[7]《广西壮族自治区消费者权益保护条例》.
[8]《浙江省流通领域食品销售者经营行为规范指引》.
[1]《欧共体委员会1985年12月20日关于非营业地订立合同的消费者保护指令》(Council Directive of 20 December 1985 to Protect the Consumer in Respect of Contracts Negotiated away from Business Premises),英文文本见：http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:1985:372:0031: 0033:EN:PDF.
[2]《欧洲议会及欧盟理事会1994年10月26日关于在某些方面保护不动产部分时段使用权买卖合同的买受人的指令》(Directive 94/47/EC of the Europe an Parliament and the Council of 26 October 1994 on the protection of pu rchasers in respect of certain aspects of contracts relating to the purchase of the right to use immovable properties on a timeshare basis),英文文本参见：http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:1994:280:00 83:0087:EN:PDF.
[3]《欧洲议会和欧盟理事会1997年5月20日关于远程合同消费者保护的第97/7/EC号指令》(Directive 97/7/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 May 1997 on the protection of consumers in respect of dist ance contracts),英文文本参见：http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriSe rv.do?uri=CELEX:31997L0007:EN:NOT.
[4]《欧洲议会和欧盟理事会2002年9月23日关于消费者金融服务远程销售及修正理事会第90/619/EEC号指令、第97/7/EC号指令和第98/27/EC号指令的第2002/65/EC号指令》(Directive 2002/65/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 September 2002 concerning the distance marketi ng of consumer financial services and amending Council Directive 90/619/ EEC and Directives 97/7/EC and 98/27/EC),英文文本参见：http://eur-lex.e uropa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi! celexapi! prod! CELEXnumdoc&numdoc =302L0065&model=guichett&lg=en.
[5]《欧洲议会和欧盟理事会2002年11月5日关于人寿保险的第2002/83/EC号指令》(Directive 2002/83/EC of the European Parliament and of the C ouncil of 5 November 2002 concerning life assurance),英文文本参见：h ttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32002L0083:E N:NOT.
[6]《欧洲议会和欧盟理事会2005年5月11日关于对内部市场消费者商务的不公平商业行为及修正理事会第84/450/EEC号指令、第97/7/EC号指令、第98/27/EC号指令和第2002/65/EC号指令的第2005/29/EC号指令》(Dir ective 2005/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 May 2005 concerning unfair business-to-consumer commercial practices in the internal market and amending Council Directive 84/450/EEC, Directi ves 97/7/EC,98/27/EC and 2002/65/EC of the European Parliament and o f the Council and Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004 of the European Parlia ment and of the Council, "Unfair Commercial Practices Directive"),英文文本参见：http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32 005L0029:EN:NOT.
[7]《欧洲议会和欧盟理事会2008年4月23日关于消费信用合同及废止委员会第87/102/EEC号指令的第2008/48/EC号指令》(Directive 2008/48/EC of th e European Parliament and of the Cuncil of 23 April 2008 on credit agree ments for consumers and repealing Council Directive 87/102/EEC),英文文本参见：hrtp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:133: 0066:0092:EN:PDF.
[8]《欧洲议会和欧盟理事会2009年1月14日关于在某些方面保护分时度假、长期度假产品、转售、互换合同消费者的第2008/122/EC号指令》(Directive 2008/122/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 Januar y 2009 on the protection of consumers in respect of certain aspects of tim eshare, long-term holiday product, resale and exchange contracts),英文文本参见：http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:033:00 10:0030:EN:PDF.
[9]《欧洲议会和欧盟理事会2011年10月25日关于消费者权利及修正理事会第93/13/EEC号指令和第1999/44/EC号指令、废止第85/577/EEC号指令和第97/7/EC号指令的第2011/83/EU号指令》(Directive 2011/83/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2011 on consumer ri ghts, amending Council Directive 93/13/EEC and Directive 1999/44/EC of t he European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Council Directive 85/577/EEC and Directive of the European Parliament and of the Counci1),英文文本参见：http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ: L:2011:304:0064:0088:EN:PDF.
[1]《联合国消费者保护指南》(United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protec tion)第46条,英文文本参见：http://www.un.org/documents/ecosoc/res/1999/ eres1999-7.htm。
[2]《租赁买卖法1964》(Hire Purchase Act 1964),英文文本参见：http://www. legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1964/53/pdfs/ukpga_19640053_en.pdf.
[3]《远程销售消费者保护规则2000》(The Consumer Protection (Distance Sell ing) Regulations 2000),英文文本参见：http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/20 00/2334/pdfs/uksi_20002334_en.pdf.
[4]《金融服务远程销售规则2004》(The Financial Services (Distance Marketin g) Regulations 2004),英文文本参见：http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/200 4/2095/pdfs/uksi_20042095_en.pdf.
[5]《关于取消在家中或工作场所等地订立的合同的规则2008》(The Cancellati on of Contracts made in a Consumer's Home or Place of Work etc. Regu lations 2008),英文文本参见：http://www.legislation.gov.Uk/uksi/2008/1816/c ontents/made.
[6]《消费信用规则2010》(The Consumer Credit (EU Directive) Regulations 2010),英文文本参见：http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2010/1010/contents/ made.
[7]《分时度假、度假产品买卖、转售、交换合同规则2010》(The Timeshare, Holiday Products, Resale and Exchange Contracts Regulations 2010),英文文本参见：http://www.timeshare.org.uk/law.html.
[8]《消费者保护条例1987》(The Consumer Protection (Cancellation of Contra cts Concluded away from Business Premises) Regulations 1987),英文文本参见：http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1987/2117/contents/made.
[9]《土地买卖法1962》(Sale of Land Act 1962 (Vic.)),英文文本参见：http: //corrigan.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/consol_act/sola1962100/.
[10]《汽车交易商法1986》(Motor Car Traders Acts 1986(Vic.)),英文文本参见：http://corrigan.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/consol_act/mcta1986194/.
[11]《诚实借贷法1968》(Truth in Lending Act 1968),英文文本参见：http:// www.llsdc.org/attachments/wysiwyg/544/TILA-LH_PL90-321.pdf.
[12]《关于在家中或其他特定场所交易的冷静期规则》(Rule Concerning Coolin g-Off Period for Sales Made at Homes or at Certain Other Locations),英文文本参见：http://www.ftc.gov/os/fedreg/2009/july/090727coolingoffsales.pdf.
[13]《统一消费信贷法》(Uniform Consumer Credit Code),英文文本参见：http://uniformlaws.org/Act.aspx?title=Consumer Credit Code.