基于降解—渗流—压缩耦合模型的填埋场垃圾固液气相互作用分析及工程应用
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摘要
国内已建成和正在运行的城市生活垃圾填埋场主要存在四大环境土工问题,即填埋气泄露和爆炸、渗滤液的泄露和扩散、垃圾堆体的沉降变形以及失稳问题。与一般的土工构筑物相比,垃圾填埋场的物质组成、结构、性状及环境要复杂得多,填埋场的渗流、扩散、变形及稳定更是相互影响或耦合的。导致填埋场垃圾工程特性及变形、稳定、渗流与扩散机理复杂性的根本原因是填埋场垃圾固、液、气三相之间的相互作用。深入认识垃圾填埋场固液气相互作用机理及规律成为控制与解决目前填埋场环境土工问题的关键。
本文以国家自然科学基金-国际(地区)合作与交流项目“城市垃圾填埋场水气产生、运移及系统化工程控制”(51010008)、国家自然科学基金-面上项目“固体废弃物力学中生化相变效应及应用”(10972195)及国家自然科学基金-重点资助项目“城市生活垃圾填埋场固、液、气相互作用及土力学机理”(50538080)为依托,结合“苏州七子山垃圾填埋场特殊土工测试”、“上海老港垃圾填埋场示范工程综合监测”等工程项目,针对城市生活垃圾填埋场降解、渗流和变形的耦合问题(BHM Coupling),通过模型试验、现场试验和数值模拟等手段开展了填埋场垃圾降解-渗流-压缩耦合模型研究及填埋场垃圾固液气相互作用分析,主要研究内容和研究成果包括：
(1)基于室内试验数据和(C+H)/L比值与总产气量的线性相关性,提出以可降解固相的质量损失程度作为表征生活垃圾降解程度的简化指标。基于一阶动力学水解模型,建立了考虑含水量等因素影响的生化降解模型,该模型能够计算固相质量损失及降解产气,并能直接应用于生化降解程度的表征。基于所建立的生化降解模型,对垃圾组分和生化降解速率进行了参数敏感性分析,对于国内典型组分新鲜垃圾的研究表明：国内垃圾的产气潜力较大,每吨垃圾(湿基)的理论总产气量约为西方发达国家垃圾的1.32倍；国内垃圾易降解组分含量高,提高易降解组分的生化降解速率能够使得产气潜力在短时间内得到高效释放。
(2)室内和现场试验数据的研究表明：垃圾的持水特性同时受到垃圾组分、降解程度和压实程度的影响。由于有机物含有大量固有水,而国内垃圾的有机物含量较高,导致国内垃圾的初始含水量相对国外要大很多。分析表明van-Genuchten模型能够很好的模拟国内垃圾的持水曲线。国内垃圾nvG值分布在1.35-1.68之间,新鲜垃圾nvG值并未显示与压实程度相关,但填埋场垃圾nvG值随着埋深和龄期的增加而有所减小；国内垃圾的αvG值分布范围较大,在1.3-25.6之间,新鲜垃圾的avG值与压实程度无明显相关性,而填埋场垃圾αvG值随着埋深与龄期的增加有增大的趋势。
(3)基于Kozeny-Carmen模型对国内垃圾渗透性能室内试验数据的研究表明：垃圾的饱和渗透性能主要受到颗粒结构特性(反映在降解程度,即比表面积或颗粒级配)和孔隙结构特性(反映在压实程度,即孔隙比或孔隙率)的影响；随着填埋场垃圾埋深的增加,初始固有渗透系数k0逐渐减小,其值同时受到压实程度和降解程度的影响；基于气相渗透性能试验分析得到的k0值比基于液相饱和渗透性能试验分析得到的k0值约大一个数量级。在固液气相互作用分析中建议取根据气相渗透系数分析得到的k0值来代表垃圾的初始固有渗透系数。
(4)基于van-Genuchten模型、Kozeny-Carmen模型和van-Genuchten-Mualem模型对国内垃圾渗透性能室内试验数据的研究表明:van-Genuchten-Mualem模型能够较好的模拟国内垃圾的水气非饱和渗透性能,模型参数yvG取值受渗流路径曲折性的影响,θe反映的是饱和度对水气非饱和渗透性能的影响,孔隙率对水气非饱和渗透性能的影响由饱和渗透系数ks来反映。基于以上垃圾水气运移特性的分析,结合多孔介质流体力学,建立了填埋场垃圾水气耦合运移模型。
(5)国内外试验数据的研究表明,国内垃圾的主压缩性和降解次压缩性相对西方发达国家垃圾的均要高,国内垃圾填埋场的沉降变形潜力较大。基于国外室内降解压缩试验数据,分析了次压缩与降解产气的相关性,研究发现次压缩完成程度与降解产气程度的关系可以通过幂函数关系式描述。对应力-龄期耦合压缩进行了完善,对压缩模型参数的取值方法进行了研究分析。基于次压缩与降解产气相关性的研究,提出次压缩速率系数的取值方法；在固液气相互作用分析中可以采用可降解固相质量损失程度表征次压缩完成程度,以反映生化降解对次压缩的影响。提出根据新鲜垃圾的主压缩曲线确定初始应力水平,对压缩模型的其余参数取值给出了建议值。最终基于国外室内降解压缩试验数据对应力-龄期耦合压缩模型进行了验证分析,结果表明应力-龄期耦合压缩模型能够较好的模拟分级加载条件下垃圾的压缩变形。
(6)基于所提出的生化降解模型、水气耦合运移模型及压缩模型,建立了降解-渗流-压缩耦合模型,对耦合模型所描述的填埋场垃圾固液气相互作用框架进行了分析,指出耦合模型的关键耦合变量包括固相质量损失量、水气源项、孔压、饱和度及孔隙率。采用有限差分法和Gauss-Newton法对耦合模型进行了数值求解。开展了室内降解压缩试验和现场示范工程监测,利用测试数据对降解-渗流-压缩耦合模型进行了验证。实测数据及模拟分析表明：渗滤液导排会造成产气潜力的流失；有利垃圾生化降解的环境条件是逐步建立的,它会推迟垃圾降解产气高峰的出现；渗滤液水位以下垃圾体的气压受到渗滤液水位高度的影响,气压随着渗滤液水位的升高而增大。
(7)基于降解-渗流-压缩耦合模型,对新鲜垃圾的组分、含水量、压实程度及饱和度进行了参数敏感性分析,结果表明垃圾组分和含水量是影响填埋场垃圾固液气相互作用的最重要因素。有机质含量的提高和含水量的提高都会增大垃圾体的产气速率和沉降速率;含水量W,w(湿基)增加至37.5%(对应干基基础上的含水量wd为60%)的区间,产气速率和沉降速率提升最为明显。分析表明,液相饱和度的增加会使垃圾的气相渗透系数降低,使得垃圾体中的气压逐渐增加,在接近饱和时这种影响更为明显；如果垃圾降解产生的填埋气一直滞留在垃圾体中,气压可高达2.2×104kPa以上。而次压缩除了受生化降解影响外,还受到应力水平的影响,上覆应力的增加会增大次压缩的速率。此外,垃圾体孔隙率的变化规律同时受到生化降解和压缩变形的影响；国内垃圾填埋后孔隙率首先有所减小,但随后随着时间逐渐增大,这表示生化降解引起的孔隙率增加量大于压缩引起的孔隙率减小量,垃圾体后期一直趋于更加疏松,可能出现突然的次压缩。最终,根据本文研究所揭示的固液气相互作用规律,针对国内垃圾填埋场,对生物反应器填埋场的应用、水气控制、不均匀沉降控制及填埋场增容进行了分析研究,并提出了相应的工程建议。
Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill is a new form of infrastructure resulted from urbanization. A municipal solid waste landfill in China is concerned with four main geoenvironmental problems including landfill gas emission or explosion, leachate emission, settlement and instability. Engineered landfill differs from the conventional earth structures in that its waste body, environment and design are more complex. Furthermore, fluid flow, settlement and stability are highly coupled with each other in a landfill. An improved understanding of the solid-liquid-gas interactions in MSW landfill will help to obtain a better prediction and controlling measures for the four main geoenvironmental problems.
The research works in this paper are funded by the major international joint research project "Generation, transport and systems engineering control of leachate and gas in municipal solid waste landfill", the general project "'Biochemical phase transition in solid waste mechanics and its application" and the key program "Solid-liquid-gas interactions in municipal solid waste landfill" from the National Science Foundation of China. Based on laboratory experiments, field tests and numerical simulations, bio-hydro-mechanical coupled analysis of solid-liquid-gas interactions in landfilled MSW were carried out. The main research works and conclusions are as follows:
(1) Linear relationship between (C+H)/L and landfill gas production was found based on available biodegradation testing results. The degree of biodegradable solid matter loss was brought up as an indicator representing the degree of biodegradation. A biodegradation model which can take the effect of water content was proposed based on the first-order kinetics. This model is able to analyze solid mass loss and landfill gas generation during biodegradation process, and can be applied to represent the degree of biodegradation directly. Parametric sensitivity analyses of this model showed that landfill gas production per wet ton for Chinese MSW is about 1.3 times the value for the MSW in western developed countries. Landfill gas generation and utilization can be enhanced efficiently for Chinese MSW as it contains a very high content of easily biodegradable matter.
(2)The water retention characteristic of MSW was found to be dependent on waste composition, biodegradation and compression processes based on available testing results. As Chinese MSW has a very high content of organics which contain much water in intraparticle voids, initial water content of Chinese MSW is much greater than that of western developed countries. Simulation results showed that van-Genuchten model (van Genuchten,1980) could satisfactorily model the water retention curve of Chinese MSW. For Chinese MSW, the value of parameter nvc ranges between 1.35 and 1.68. There is no clear relationship between nvG and void ratio for fresh Chinese MSW. However, a decrease of nvG with depth was found for borehole waste samples. The value of ovG has a wide range from 1.3 to 25.6, and doesn't show any correlation to void ratio for fresh Chinese MSW. However, it tends to increase with depth for borehole waste samples.
(3) Based on Kozeny-Carmen model (Kozeny,1927; Carmen,1938,1956) and available hydraulic conductivity testing results, hydraulic conductivity of Chinese MSW was found to be mainly affected by particle structural properties (i.e. specific area and particle size distribution) and pore structural properties (void ratio or porosity). Simulation results show that the value of initial intrinsic permeability k0 tends to decrease with depth in Chinese landfills, and it is influenced by both biodegradation and compression processes. For Chinese MSW, the value of ko obtained from gas permeability tests was found to be an order larger than that analyzed from hydraulic tests. It was suggested to assess the intrinsic permeability of Chinese MSW by means of gas permeability tests.
(4) Based on simulation results of the water retention curve and intrinsic permeability for Chinese MSW from van-Genuchten model and Kozeny-Carmen model, van-Genuchten-Mualem model (van Genuchten,1980) was found to give a good simulation of unsaturated liquid and gas permeabilities of Chinese MSW. yvG can reflect the effect of tortuosity of the MSW porous media,θe represents the effect of liquid saturation on unsaturated permeability, and the effect of porosity is considered through saturated permeability ks. Finally, an unsaturated-saturated fluid flow model was established for landfilled MSW based on above studies.
(5) Based on analyses of available compression testing results, it was found that fresh Chinese MSW, which has a very large content of organics, has a much higher potential of both primary and secondary compression than that of MSW in western developed countries. Correlativity analysis was carried out between secondary compression and gas production through available testing results. Results show that power function can describe the relationship between the degrees of secondary compression and gas generation. The degree of secondary compression can be simplified as the degree of biodegradable solid matter loss when considering the direct effect of biodegradation on secondary compression. Based on above correlativity analysis, the determination method of secondary compression rate constant c in the stress-age coupled compression model (Chen et al.2010a) was proposed. Determination of the values of other parameters in the compression model was also discussed. The stress-age coupled model was tested using published compression data from two laboratory long-term compression tests. Results show that this model can give a satisfactory simulation of MSW under staged long-term compression.
(6) Based on the proposed biodegradation model, unsaturated-saturated fluid flow model and compression model, a bio-hydro-mechanical coupled model was established for landfilled MSW. The frame of solid-liquid-gas interactions in landfilled MSW was proposed based on the coupled model. Key coupled model parameters include solid mass loss, liquid/gas source terms, pore pressure, saturation and porosity. Finite difference method and Gauss-Newton method were used to numerically solve the coupled model. The bio-hydro-mechanical coupled model was tested through simulations of a laboratory biodegradation test under compression and a field-scale pilot project. Monitoring and simulation results show that part of landfill gas generation potential might be lost through leachate drainage. Building up of the optimum biodegradation conditions can postpone the onset of peak landfill gas generation period. Landfill gas pressure will increase during leachate elevation process.
(7) It was found that waste composition and water content are the most important factors affecting biodegradation, fluid flow and compression behaviors of landfilled MSW. Increase of organic content and water content will enhance both landfill gas generation and settlement. It was found that an increase of ww to 37.5% can result in the most significant enhancement. Inrease of liquid saturation will lower gas permeability so that landfill gas pressure builds up within waste body, especially near fully saturated. Landfill gas pressure can grow up to more than 2.2×104kPa if landfill gas is trapped. Besides, secondary compression behavior of MSW is affected by both biodegradation process and above stress. An increase of above stress will increase secondary compression rate. Furthermore, porosity change behavior is affected by both biodegradation and compression processes. For Chinese MSW, a gradual increase of porosity was found after a certain period of porosity decrease, which indicates that waste body tends to be softened continuously and a sudden collapse might happen. Finally, the findings of solid-liquid-gas interactions through above researches were summarized for practical applications in Chinese MSW landfill. It includes three main topics invoving the application of bioreactor landfill, control of liquid/gas, control of differential settlement and increase of landfill capacity. Corresponding controlling measures were proposed.
本文以国家自然科学基金-国际(地区)合作与交流项目“城市垃圾填埋场水气产生、运移及系统化工程控制”(51010008)、国家自然科学基金-面上项目“固体废弃物力学中生化相变效应及应用”(10972195)及国家自然科学基金-重点资助项目“城市生活垃圾填埋场固、液、气相互作用及土力学机理”(50538080)为依托,结合“苏州七子山垃圾填埋场特殊土工测试”、“上海老港垃圾填埋场示范工程综合监测”等工程项目,针对城市生活垃圾填埋场降解、渗流和变形的耦合问题(BHM Coupling),通过模型试验、现场试验和数值模拟等手段开展了填埋场垃圾降解-渗流-压缩耦合模型研究及填埋场垃圾固液气相互作用分析,主要研究内容和研究成果包括：
(1)基于室内试验数据和(C+H)/L比值与总产气量的线性相关性,提出以可降解固相的质量损失程度作为表征生活垃圾降解程度的简化指标。基于一阶动力学水解模型,建立了考虑含水量等因素影响的生化降解模型,该模型能够计算固相质量损失及降解产气,并能直接应用于生化降解程度的表征。基于所建立的生化降解模型,对垃圾组分和生化降解速率进行了参数敏感性分析,对于国内典型组分新鲜垃圾的研究表明：国内垃圾的产气潜力较大,每吨垃圾(湿基)的理论总产气量约为西方发达国家垃圾的1.32倍；国内垃圾易降解组分含量高,提高易降解组分的生化降解速率能够使得产气潜力在短时间内得到高效释放。
(2)室内和现场试验数据的研究表明：垃圾的持水特性同时受到垃圾组分、降解程度和压实程度的影响。由于有机物含有大量固有水,而国内垃圾的有机物含量较高,导致国内垃圾的初始含水量相对国外要大很多。分析表明van-Genuchten模型能够很好的模拟国内垃圾的持水曲线。国内垃圾nvG值分布在1.35-1.68之间,新鲜垃圾nvG值并未显示与压实程度相关,但填埋场垃圾nvG值随着埋深和龄期的增加而有所减小；国内垃圾的αvG值分布范围较大,在1.3-25.6之间,新鲜垃圾的avG值与压实程度无明显相关性,而填埋场垃圾αvG值随着埋深与龄期的增加有增大的趋势。
(3)基于Kozeny-Carmen模型对国内垃圾渗透性能室内试验数据的研究表明：垃圾的饱和渗透性能主要受到颗粒结构特性(反映在降解程度,即比表面积或颗粒级配)和孔隙结构特性(反映在压实程度,即孔隙比或孔隙率)的影响；随着填埋场垃圾埋深的增加,初始固有渗透系数k0逐渐减小,其值同时受到压实程度和降解程度的影响；基于气相渗透性能试验分析得到的k0值比基于液相饱和渗透性能试验分析得到的k0值约大一个数量级。在固液气相互作用分析中建议取根据气相渗透系数分析得到的k0值来代表垃圾的初始固有渗透系数。
(4)基于van-Genuchten模型、Kozeny-Carmen模型和van-Genuchten-Mualem模型对国内垃圾渗透性能室内试验数据的研究表明:van-Genuchten-Mualem模型能够较好的模拟国内垃圾的水气非饱和渗透性能,模型参数yvG取值受渗流路径曲折性的影响,θe反映的是饱和度对水气非饱和渗透性能的影响,孔隙率对水气非饱和渗透性能的影响由饱和渗透系数ks来反映。基于以上垃圾水气运移特性的分析,结合多孔介质流体力学,建立了填埋场垃圾水气耦合运移模型。
(5)国内外试验数据的研究表明,国内垃圾的主压缩性和降解次压缩性相对西方发达国家垃圾的均要高,国内垃圾填埋场的沉降变形潜力较大。基于国外室内降解压缩试验数据,分析了次压缩与降解产气的相关性,研究发现次压缩完成程度与降解产气程度的关系可以通过幂函数关系式描述。对应力-龄期耦合压缩进行了完善,对压缩模型参数的取值方法进行了研究分析。基于次压缩与降解产气相关性的研究,提出次压缩速率系数的取值方法；在固液气相互作用分析中可以采用可降解固相质量损失程度表征次压缩完成程度,以反映生化降解对次压缩的影响。提出根据新鲜垃圾的主压缩曲线确定初始应力水平,对压缩模型的其余参数取值给出了建议值。最终基于国外室内降解压缩试验数据对应力-龄期耦合压缩模型进行了验证分析,结果表明应力-龄期耦合压缩模型能够较好的模拟分级加载条件下垃圾的压缩变形。
(6)基于所提出的生化降解模型、水气耦合运移模型及压缩模型,建立了降解-渗流-压缩耦合模型,对耦合模型所描述的填埋场垃圾固液气相互作用框架进行了分析,指出耦合模型的关键耦合变量包括固相质量损失量、水气源项、孔压、饱和度及孔隙率。采用有限差分法和Gauss-Newton法对耦合模型进行了数值求解。开展了室内降解压缩试验和现场示范工程监测,利用测试数据对降解-渗流-压缩耦合模型进行了验证。实测数据及模拟分析表明：渗滤液导排会造成产气潜力的流失；有利垃圾生化降解的环境条件是逐步建立的,它会推迟垃圾降解产气高峰的出现；渗滤液水位以下垃圾体的气压受到渗滤液水位高度的影响,气压随着渗滤液水位的升高而增大。
(7)基于降解-渗流-压缩耦合模型,对新鲜垃圾的组分、含水量、压实程度及饱和度进行了参数敏感性分析,结果表明垃圾组分和含水量是影响填埋场垃圾固液气相互作用的最重要因素。有机质含量的提高和含水量的提高都会增大垃圾体的产气速率和沉降速率;含水量W,w(湿基)增加至37.5%(对应干基基础上的含水量wd为60%)的区间,产气速率和沉降速率提升最为明显。分析表明,液相饱和度的增加会使垃圾的气相渗透系数降低,使得垃圾体中的气压逐渐增加,在接近饱和时这种影响更为明显；如果垃圾降解产生的填埋气一直滞留在垃圾体中,气压可高达2.2×104kPa以上。而次压缩除了受生化降解影响外,还受到应力水平的影响,上覆应力的增加会增大次压缩的速率。此外,垃圾体孔隙率的变化规律同时受到生化降解和压缩变形的影响；国内垃圾填埋后孔隙率首先有所减小,但随后随着时间逐渐增大,这表示生化降解引起的孔隙率增加量大于压缩引起的孔隙率减小量,垃圾体后期一直趋于更加疏松,可能出现突然的次压缩。最终,根据本文研究所揭示的固液气相互作用规律,针对国内垃圾填埋场,对生物反应器填埋场的应用、水气控制、不均匀沉降控制及填埋场增容进行了分析研究,并提出了相应的工程建议。
Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill is a new form of infrastructure resulted from urbanization. A municipal solid waste landfill in China is concerned with four main geoenvironmental problems including landfill gas emission or explosion, leachate emission, settlement and instability. Engineered landfill differs from the conventional earth structures in that its waste body, environment and design are more complex. Furthermore, fluid flow, settlement and stability are highly coupled with each other in a landfill. An improved understanding of the solid-liquid-gas interactions in MSW landfill will help to obtain a better prediction and controlling measures for the four main geoenvironmental problems.
The research works in this paper are funded by the major international joint research project "Generation, transport and systems engineering control of leachate and gas in municipal solid waste landfill", the general project "'Biochemical phase transition in solid waste mechanics and its application" and the key program "Solid-liquid-gas interactions in municipal solid waste landfill" from the National Science Foundation of China. Based on laboratory experiments, field tests and numerical simulations, bio-hydro-mechanical coupled analysis of solid-liquid-gas interactions in landfilled MSW were carried out. The main research works and conclusions are as follows:
(1) Linear relationship between (C+H)/L and landfill gas production was found based on available biodegradation testing results. The degree of biodegradable solid matter loss was brought up as an indicator representing the degree of biodegradation. A biodegradation model which can take the effect of water content was proposed based on the first-order kinetics. This model is able to analyze solid mass loss and landfill gas generation during biodegradation process, and can be applied to represent the degree of biodegradation directly. Parametric sensitivity analyses of this model showed that landfill gas production per wet ton for Chinese MSW is about 1.3 times the value for the MSW in western developed countries. Landfill gas generation and utilization can be enhanced efficiently for Chinese MSW as it contains a very high content of easily biodegradable matter.
(2)The water retention characteristic of MSW was found to be dependent on waste composition, biodegradation and compression processes based on available testing results. As Chinese MSW has a very high content of organics which contain much water in intraparticle voids, initial water content of Chinese MSW is much greater than that of western developed countries. Simulation results showed that van-Genuchten model (van Genuchten,1980) could satisfactorily model the water retention curve of Chinese MSW. For Chinese MSW, the value of parameter nvc ranges between 1.35 and 1.68. There is no clear relationship between nvG and void ratio for fresh Chinese MSW. However, a decrease of nvG with depth was found for borehole waste samples. The value of ovG has a wide range from 1.3 to 25.6, and doesn't show any correlation to void ratio for fresh Chinese MSW. However, it tends to increase with depth for borehole waste samples.
(3) Based on Kozeny-Carmen model (Kozeny,1927; Carmen,1938,1956) and available hydraulic conductivity testing results, hydraulic conductivity of Chinese MSW was found to be mainly affected by particle structural properties (i.e. specific area and particle size distribution) and pore structural properties (void ratio or porosity). Simulation results show that the value of initial intrinsic permeability k0 tends to decrease with depth in Chinese landfills, and it is influenced by both biodegradation and compression processes. For Chinese MSW, the value of ko obtained from gas permeability tests was found to be an order larger than that analyzed from hydraulic tests. It was suggested to assess the intrinsic permeability of Chinese MSW by means of gas permeability tests.
(4) Based on simulation results of the water retention curve and intrinsic permeability for Chinese MSW from van-Genuchten model and Kozeny-Carmen model, van-Genuchten-Mualem model (van Genuchten,1980) was found to give a good simulation of unsaturated liquid and gas permeabilities of Chinese MSW. yvG can reflect the effect of tortuosity of the MSW porous media,θe represents the effect of liquid saturation on unsaturated permeability, and the effect of porosity is considered through saturated permeability ks. Finally, an unsaturated-saturated fluid flow model was established for landfilled MSW based on above studies.
(5) Based on analyses of available compression testing results, it was found that fresh Chinese MSW, which has a very large content of organics, has a much higher potential of both primary and secondary compression than that of MSW in western developed countries. Correlativity analysis was carried out between secondary compression and gas production through available testing results. Results show that power function can describe the relationship between the degrees of secondary compression and gas generation. The degree of secondary compression can be simplified as the degree of biodegradable solid matter loss when considering the direct effect of biodegradation on secondary compression. Based on above correlativity analysis, the determination method of secondary compression rate constant c in the stress-age coupled compression model (Chen et al.2010a) was proposed. Determination of the values of other parameters in the compression model was also discussed. The stress-age coupled model was tested using published compression data from two laboratory long-term compression tests. Results show that this model can give a satisfactory simulation of MSW under staged long-term compression.
(6) Based on the proposed biodegradation model, unsaturated-saturated fluid flow model and compression model, a bio-hydro-mechanical coupled model was established for landfilled MSW. The frame of solid-liquid-gas interactions in landfilled MSW was proposed based on the coupled model. Key coupled model parameters include solid mass loss, liquid/gas source terms, pore pressure, saturation and porosity. Finite difference method and Gauss-Newton method were used to numerically solve the coupled model. The bio-hydro-mechanical coupled model was tested through simulations of a laboratory biodegradation test under compression and a field-scale pilot project. Monitoring and simulation results show that part of landfill gas generation potential might be lost through leachate drainage. Building up of the optimum biodegradation conditions can postpone the onset of peak landfill gas generation period. Landfill gas pressure will increase during leachate elevation process.
(7) It was found that waste composition and water content are the most important factors affecting biodegradation, fluid flow and compression behaviors of landfilled MSW. Increase of organic content and water content will enhance both landfill gas generation and settlement. It was found that an increase of ww to 37.5% can result in the most significant enhancement. Inrease of liquid saturation will lower gas permeability so that landfill gas pressure builds up within waste body, especially near fully saturated. Landfill gas pressure can grow up to more than 2.2×104kPa if landfill gas is trapped. Besides, secondary compression behavior of MSW is affected by both biodegradation process and above stress. An increase of above stress will increase secondary compression rate. Furthermore, porosity change behavior is affected by both biodegradation and compression processes. For Chinese MSW, a gradual increase of porosity was found after a certain period of porosity decrease, which indicates that waste body tends to be softened continuously and a sudden collapse might happen. Finally, the findings of solid-liquid-gas interactions through above researches were summarized for practical applications in Chinese MSW landfill. It includes three main topics invoving the application of bioreactor landfill, control of liquid/gas, control of differential settlement and increase of landfill capacity. Corresponding controlling measures were proposed.
引文
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