滨海湿地生态恢复成效评估研究
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摘要
随着社会经济的迅速发展，海岸带地区人类活动日益频繁，使滨海湿地退化逐渐成为世界各国普遍面临的问题。滨海湿地生态恢复也由此成为全球举世瞩目的焦点和生态学研究领域的热点。因此，研究滨海湿地生态恢复成效的评估方法，及时了解生态系统状态，指导生态系统管理，进一步为生态恢复服务，为其他生态恢复提供实践的成败经验及科学指导，对更有效地完成生态恢复具有重要的现实意义。
本文在深入分析和总结国内外生态恢复成效评估相关研究的基础上，结合滨海湿地生态系统的特征，总结了滨海湿地生态恢复的主要目标，应用环境科学、景观生态学和海洋生态学等相关理论，根据恢复目标从多方面选取评价指标，确定评估方法，系统构建滨海湿地生态恢复成效评估体系，并结合五缘湾滨海湿地作为实例进行验证。论文的主要成果包括：
（1）通过对生态恢复目标的总结分析，同时结合滨海湿地生态系统的特征，确定滨海湿地生态恢复的主要目标；综合考虑多方面因素，对滨海湿地生态恢复成效评估的时间和空间范围进行了界定。
（2）从滨海湿地生态恢复的目标入手，综合考虑滨海湿地的结构和功能特征，构建了一套涵盖水文条件、环境质量、生物群落和景观格局四个方面的滨海湿地生态恢复成效评估指标体系，详细剖析了具体指标的内涵，采用以时间序列对比为基础的综合指数法，对各指标分级赋分，最后通过计算滨海湿地生态恢复成效指数（REI），对生态恢复成效做出评估。
（3）将滨海湿地生态恢复成效评估体系应用于五缘湾。评价结果表明，五缘湾生态恢复成效指数（REI）为78，生态恢复总体成效较显著。其中，水文动力条件有了明显改善；水体中无机氮、活性磷酸盐含量相比恢复前降低了70%以上，沉积物中的各类污染物含量均有较大幅度的降低，均符合沉积物一类标准；底栖生物的多样性和植被覆盖率均得到明显提高，但浮游植物和水鸟的生物多样性相比恢复前有所降低；景观格局方面恢复成效不明显，主要是由于人工景观面积大幅增加，使景观多样性和均匀度下降。
With the rapid development of economy and intense human activities in coastalareas, the degradation and restoration of coastal wetland have attracted more attentionall around the world. Therefore, it’s meaningful to study the methodology forassessing restoration of coastal wetland, which can provide useful experience forfuture restoration programs and improve restoration effects.
Based on the summaries of related researches on restoration assessment, themain restoration goal was identified, with the characteristics of coastal wetlandecosystem taken account of. Then, a series of indicators were selected and the methodfor assessing restoration assessment for coastal wetland was put forward on the basisof theories of environmental science, landscape ecology and marine ecology. Finally,this method was applied to Wuyuan Bay, which is a pioneer practice of urban coastalwetland restoration in China. The main contents and results are as follows:
(1) By synthetically considering the goals of ecological restoration and thecharacteristics of coastal wetlands, this study identified the main goals of coastalwetland ecological restrotation. By considering multiple factors, the temporal andspatial scale for accessment of ecological restoration were defined.
(2) According to restoration goal, characteristics of structure and function ofcoastal wetland, a series of indicators for assessing restoration effectiveness of coastalwetland were selected in terms of hydrological conditions, environmental quality,bio-ecology and landscape patterns. And then, comprehensive index of restorationeffetiveness of coastal wetland, namely restoration effect index (REI), was calculatedbased on time series comparision methods.
(3) The assessment method was applied to Wuyuan Bay. The result showed thatthe REI of Wuyuan Bay was78, indicating that the restoration effectiveness inWuyuan Bay was significant. Compared with state before restoration, it was foundthat hydrological conditions improved significantly, and also biodiversity index ofbenthos and the ratio of vegetation coverage increased greatly. The concentrations ofthe following indicators, the dissolved inorganic nitrogen and active phosphate in seawater, pollutions in sediment were found to decrease. However, some indictorsshowed deteriorating, including biodiversity of phytoplankton and water bird. Thediversity index as well as evenness index of landscape decreased, which led to the factthat the effect of restoration is not significant, because of greatly increase of area ofartificial landscape.
本文在深入分析和总结国内外生态恢复成效评估相关研究的基础上，结合滨海湿地生态系统的特征，总结了滨海湿地生态恢复的主要目标，应用环境科学、景观生态学和海洋生态学等相关理论，根据恢复目标从多方面选取评价指标，确定评估方法，系统构建滨海湿地生态恢复成效评估体系，并结合五缘湾滨海湿地作为实例进行验证。论文的主要成果包括：
（1）通过对生态恢复目标的总结分析，同时结合滨海湿地生态系统的特征，确定滨海湿地生态恢复的主要目标；综合考虑多方面因素，对滨海湿地生态恢复成效评估的时间和空间范围进行了界定。
（2）从滨海湿地生态恢复的目标入手，综合考虑滨海湿地的结构和功能特征，构建了一套涵盖水文条件、环境质量、生物群落和景观格局四个方面的滨海湿地生态恢复成效评估指标体系，详细剖析了具体指标的内涵，采用以时间序列对比为基础的综合指数法，对各指标分级赋分，最后通过计算滨海湿地生态恢复成效指数（REI），对生态恢复成效做出评估。
（3）将滨海湿地生态恢复成效评估体系应用于五缘湾。评价结果表明，五缘湾生态恢复成效指数（REI）为78，生态恢复总体成效较显著。其中，水文动力条件有了明显改善；水体中无机氮、活性磷酸盐含量相比恢复前降低了70%以上，沉积物中的各类污染物含量均有较大幅度的降低，均符合沉积物一类标准；底栖生物的多样性和植被覆盖率均得到明显提高，但浮游植物和水鸟的生物多样性相比恢复前有所降低；景观格局方面恢复成效不明显，主要是由于人工景观面积大幅增加，使景观多样性和均匀度下降。
With the rapid development of economy and intense human activities in coastalareas, the degradation and restoration of coastal wetland have attracted more attentionall around the world. Therefore, it’s meaningful to study the methodology forassessing restoration of coastal wetland, which can provide useful experience forfuture restoration programs and improve restoration effects.
Based on the summaries of related researches on restoration assessment, themain restoration goal was identified, with the characteristics of coastal wetlandecosystem taken account of. Then, a series of indicators were selected and the methodfor assessing restoration assessment for coastal wetland was put forward on the basisof theories of environmental science, landscape ecology and marine ecology. Finally,this method was applied to Wuyuan Bay, which is a pioneer practice of urban coastalwetland restoration in China. The main contents and results are as follows:
(1) By synthetically considering the goals of ecological restoration and thecharacteristics of coastal wetlands, this study identified the main goals of coastalwetland ecological restrotation. By considering multiple factors, the temporal andspatial scale for accessment of ecological restoration were defined.
(2) According to restoration goal, characteristics of structure and function ofcoastal wetland, a series of indicators for assessing restoration effectiveness of coastalwetland were selected in terms of hydrological conditions, environmental quality,bio-ecology and landscape patterns. And then, comprehensive index of restorationeffetiveness of coastal wetland, namely restoration effect index (REI), was calculatedbased on time series comparision methods.
(3) The assessment method was applied to Wuyuan Bay. The result showed thatthe REI of Wuyuan Bay was78, indicating that the restoration effectiveness inWuyuan Bay was significant. Compared with state before restoration, it was foundthat hydrological conditions improved significantly, and also biodiversity index ofbenthos and the ratio of vegetation coverage increased greatly. The concentrations ofthe following indicators, the dissolved inorganic nitrogen and active phosphate in seawater, pollutions in sediment were found to decrease. However, some indictorsshowed deteriorating, including biodiversity of phytoplankton and water bird. Thediversity index as well as evenness index of landscape decreased, which led to the factthat the effect of restoration is not significant, because of greatly increase of area ofartificial landscape.
引文
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