GCr15/45#钢润滑工况下的摩擦磨损特性研究
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摘要
本文主要对干态、齿轮油润滑、机油润滑和液压油润滑下的GCr15／45#钢的摩擦系数和磨损特性进行了研究,并以齿轮油为例研究了频率和载荷对摩擦系数和磨损特性的影响。
试验在DELTALAB-NENE DS20型高精度液压式微动试验机上进行,摩擦副采用球-平面接触方式,分别在干态及不同润滑工况下开展了GCr15／45#钢的摩擦磨损试验。对比了频率为1Hz,载荷为200N下,干态和几种油润滑下GCr15／45#钢的摩擦磨损行为,并在频率分别为0.5Hz、1Hz、2Hz、5Hz,载荷分别为100N、200N时,研究了齿轮油润滑下频率和载荷对GCr15／45#钢摩擦磨损行为的影响。利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和电子能谱仪(EDX)等材料表面分析测试设备对45#钢的磨痕表面进行了微观测试分析。
主要结论如下：
(1)稳定期内,干态下的摩擦系数大于油润滑下的摩擦系数；干态下的磨损比油润滑下的磨损严重。
(2)干态下的主要磨损机制为粘着磨损和疲劳磨损,油润滑下的主要磨损机制为疲劳磨损；
(3)润滑油的粘度对摩擦系数和磨损程度影响较大,较大的粘度有助于降低摩擦系数和磨损；稳定期内,粘度大的齿轮油润滑下摩擦系数最小,磨损最轻,其润滑效果最好；粘度小的液压油润滑下的摩擦系数最大,液压油润滑下磨损最严重,其润滑效果最差。
(4)频率和载荷对摩擦磨损特性影响明显。在一定范围内,频率增大,摩擦系数总体呈减小的趋势,磨损面积减小；在一定范围内,载荷增加,摩擦系数减小,磨损面积增大,磨损加重。
In this paper, the friction and wear characteristics of GCr15/45# steels were studied under dry friction, gear oil lubrication, engine oil lubrication and hydraulic oil lubrication. And the effects of different frequency and different loads on friction and wear characteristics of GCr15/45# steels were investigated under gear oil lubrication.
A series of tests were carried out on the DELTALAB-NENE DS20 tester under dry friction and different oil lubrication conditions, with the friction pairs contacted by ball-plane mode. The friction coefficient and wear mechanism are compared under dry friction and lubrication conditions at the frequency of 1Hz and the load of 200N. The effects of different frequency and different loads on friction and wear characteristics of GCrl5/45# steels were investigated under gear oil lubrication at the frequency of 0.5Hz, 1Hz,2Hz and 5Hz and the loads of 100N and 200N. Analyses of 45# steel's worn surfaces and wear debris were carried out by optical microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and EDX.
Main conclusions are drawn as follows:
(1) The coefficient under dry friction is larger than that under oil lubrication conditions in stable period, and the worn surface under dry friction is severer than that under oil lubrication conditions.
(2) The main wear mechanism under dry friction is adhesive wear and fatigue wear, and the main wear mechanism under oil lubrication conditions is fatigue wear.
(3) The friction coefficient and wear behavior are affected a lot by oil viscosity. Gear oil whose viscosity is the highest leads the smallest friction coefficient and the most lightest worn surface. On the contrary, hydraulic oil whose viscosity is the lowest leads the largest friction coefficient and the severest worn surface.
(4) The friction coefficient and wear behavior are affected obviously by frequency and loads. In a certain range, the friction coefficient and the area of wear scars have a tendency of decreasing with the increasing of frequency. And the friction coefficient has a tendency of decreasing with the increasing of load, while the area of wear scars gets larger.
试验在DELTALAB-NENE DS20型高精度液压式微动试验机上进行,摩擦副采用球-平面接触方式,分别在干态及不同润滑工况下开展了GCr15／45#钢的摩擦磨损试验。对比了频率为1Hz,载荷为200N下,干态和几种油润滑下GCr15／45#钢的摩擦磨损行为,并在频率分别为0.5Hz、1Hz、2Hz、5Hz,载荷分别为100N、200N时,研究了齿轮油润滑下频率和载荷对GCr15／45#钢摩擦磨损行为的影响。利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和电子能谱仪(EDX)等材料表面分析测试设备对45#钢的磨痕表面进行了微观测试分析。
主要结论如下：
(1)稳定期内,干态下的摩擦系数大于油润滑下的摩擦系数；干态下的磨损比油润滑下的磨损严重。
(2)干态下的主要磨损机制为粘着磨损和疲劳磨损,油润滑下的主要磨损机制为疲劳磨损；
(3)润滑油的粘度对摩擦系数和磨损程度影响较大,较大的粘度有助于降低摩擦系数和磨损；稳定期内,粘度大的齿轮油润滑下摩擦系数最小,磨损最轻,其润滑效果最好；粘度小的液压油润滑下的摩擦系数最大,液压油润滑下磨损最严重,其润滑效果最差。
(4)频率和载荷对摩擦磨损特性影响明显。在一定范围内,频率增大,摩擦系数总体呈减小的趋势,磨损面积减小；在一定范围内,载荷增加,摩擦系数减小,磨损面积增大,磨损加重。
In this paper, the friction and wear characteristics of GCr15/45# steels were studied under dry friction, gear oil lubrication, engine oil lubrication and hydraulic oil lubrication. And the effects of different frequency and different loads on friction and wear characteristics of GCr15/45# steels were investigated under gear oil lubrication.
A series of tests were carried out on the DELTALAB-NENE DS20 tester under dry friction and different oil lubrication conditions, with the friction pairs contacted by ball-plane mode. The friction coefficient and wear mechanism are compared under dry friction and lubrication conditions at the frequency of 1Hz and the load of 200N. The effects of different frequency and different loads on friction and wear characteristics of GCrl5/45# steels were investigated under gear oil lubrication at the frequency of 0.5Hz, 1Hz,2Hz and 5Hz and the loads of 100N and 200N. Analyses of 45# steel's worn surfaces and wear debris were carried out by optical microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and EDX.
Main conclusions are drawn as follows:
(1) The coefficient under dry friction is larger than that under oil lubrication conditions in stable period, and the worn surface under dry friction is severer than that under oil lubrication conditions.
(2) The main wear mechanism under dry friction is adhesive wear and fatigue wear, and the main wear mechanism under oil lubrication conditions is fatigue wear.
(3) The friction coefficient and wear behavior are affected a lot by oil viscosity. Gear oil whose viscosity is the highest leads the smallest friction coefficient and the most lightest worn surface. On the contrary, hydraulic oil whose viscosity is the lowest leads the largest friction coefficient and the severest worn surface.
(4) The friction coefficient and wear behavior are affected obviously by frequency and loads. In a certain range, the friction coefficient and the area of wear scars have a tendency of decreasing with the increasing of frequency. And the friction coefficient has a tendency of decreasing with the increasing of load, while the area of wear scars gets larger.
引文
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[3]Amontons G.. De la resistance cause dans les Machines.Memoires de l'Acad emie Royale[M],1699:257～282
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[9]H.Ernst and M. E. Merchant. Surface friction between metals-A basic factor in the metal cutting process[J], Proc.Special Summer Conf.Friction and Surface Finish.MIT Press, Cambrige, Mass,1940:76
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[11]И.В.克拉盖尔斯基等著,汪一麟等译.摩擦学原理[M].机械工业出版社,1982
[12]I-Meng Feng. Metal transfer and wear[J].Appl. Phys.,1952 (23):1011
[13]J.T. Burwell and C. D. Strang. On the empirical law of adhesive wear[J]. Appl.Phys.,1952 (23):18
[14]M. Kerridge. Metal transfer and the wear process [M]. Proc. Phys. Soc. B, London,1956(68):400
[15]J. F. Archard.Contact and rubbing of flat surfaces[J].Appl.Phys., 1953(24):24
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[17]J.T. Burwell. Survey of possible wear mechanism[J]. Wear,1957/1958 (1):119
[18]O. Reynolds.On the theory of lubrication and its application to Mr. Beauchamp Tower's experiments[M]. Philos. Trans. R. Soc., London, 1886:177
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[20]孙大成.润滑力学讲义[M].北京：中国友谊出版公司,1991
[21]赵振铎,邵明志,张召铎,王家安.金属塑性成形中的摩擦与润滑[M].化学工业出版社,2004：14～15
[22]P. Jost. Some economic factors of tribology. Proc. JSLE-SLE Internat. Lubr.Conf., Elsevier, Amsterdam,1976
[23]张津,李军,李春天,桑雪梅.金属摩擦表面耐磨自修复技术的研究[J].表面技术.2004,33(5)：7-8
[24]T.曼格,W.德雷泽尔.润滑剂与润滑[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2002
[25]黄平,孟永刚,徐华.摩擦学教程[M].高等教育出版社,2007：31
[26]D.F.摩尔.黄文治,谢振中,杨明安译.摩擦学原理和应用[M].机械工业出版社,1982
[27]温诗铸,黄平.摩擦学原理[M].第三版.北京：清华大学出版社,2008：290～299
[28]梁志杰,谢凤宽.摩擦电喷镀Ni-Al2O3复合镀层工艺与性能研究[J].电镀与精饰,2000(22)：12～14
[29]章志敏.高温高密度等离子体箍缩用钼丝材料研究.硕士学位论文.四川大学,2005
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