胸腺内注射异基因抗原诱导鼠异体组织移植免疫耐受的实验研究
|
摘要
目的:应用大鼠胸腺内注射不同剂量异基因抗原(MHC)的方法,来诱导大鼠对同种异体坐骨神经移植物产生不同完全度的特异性免疫耐受,从剂量学上,研究诱导免疫耐受的量效关系。
方法:选用清洁级雄性SD大鼠50只为受体,雄性Wistar大鼠20只为供体,随机分为5组,每组10只:A:新鲜白体神经移植组;B:新鲜异体神经移植组;C:低剂量异基因抗原注射异体神经移植组;D:中剂量异基因抗原注射异体神经移植组;E:高剂量异基因抗原注射异体神经移植组。取供体清洁级雄性Wistar大鼠脾,提取脾细胞悬液,并进行异基因抗原的制备。采用BD针,分别把异体抗原注射受体SD大鼠胸腺内,剂量分别采用C组1.5mg/只,D组3mg/只,E组6mg/只。注射后2周做迟发性超敏反应(DTH)检查,进行同种异体新鲜坐骨神经移植,术后2周分别进行运动神经传导速度检查、病理学检查、透射电镜检查、混合淋巴细胞培养(MLC)和血清sIL—2R检查。
结果:运动神经传导速度检测E组(25.56±4.67)m/s与A组接近(p＞0.05),E组优于C组(p＜0.05)。病理学及透射电镜观察E组接近于A组(p＞0.05)优于D组、C组;C组、D组显著优于B组。混合淋巴细胞培养E组(0.392±0.096)优于C组(p＜0.05);A组、C组、D组、E组与B组有显著性差异(p＜0.05)。sIL—2R水平E组(0.117±0.050)、迟发性超敏反应E组(1.34±0.478)mm检查结果优于C组(p＜0.05);A组、C组、D组、E组与B组有显著性差异(p＜0.05)。
结论:胸腺内注射异基因抗原可以诱导大鼠对异体坐骨神经移植的免疫耐受,并且注射异基因抗原剂量与诱导的免疫耐受完全度呈正线性关系。
目的:探讨胸腺内注射异基因抗原在建立特异性骨移植免疫耐受中的作用。
方法:自供体SD大鼠脾细胞中提取MHC抗原,注入受体Wistar大鼠胸腺内,二周后移植供体鼠骨。同时另设四组对照组,即自体骨移植组、异体骨移植组、冷冻后异体骨移植组、应用免疫抑制剂异体骨移植组,术后一.二.四.六周观察切口症状,移植段的X线表现后各组杀死两只鼠取移植段股骨及周围软组织行大体及光镜下检查;及术后四周移植骨超微结构、可溶性白细胞介素—2受体、混合淋巴细胞培养和迟发性超敏反应的检测。
结果:实验组优于冷冻组及异体骨移植组,接近于自体骨移植组与应用免疫抑制剂组。
结论:胸腺内注射异基因抗原可诱导对异体骨移植的免疫耐受。
Objective:To investigate the influence of intrathymical injection with different dose allogenic antigen in induction of sciatic allograft immunotolerance in rats.
Methods:Male Sprague Dawley(SD) rats were idvided into 5 groups(ten rats in each group):nerve autograft group,nerve allograft group,low-dose、medial-dose and high-dose MHC antigen injection groups and male Wistar rats(20 rats) were used as transplant donors.Different dose MHC antigen(1.5mg、3mg、6mg/per group) was extracted from Wistar rats splenocytes through destruction,ultrafugation,dialysis and was intrathymically injected into SD recipients rats,a week after the injection,Wistar rats' scaric transplantation was performed.Two weeks after the surgery,lab-tests were examined:nerve electrophysiology,pathology,sIL-2R,mixed lymphocyte culture and delayed type hypersensitivity.
Results:Motor nerve conduction velocity in group E was(25.56±4.67)m/s and there was no significant difference compared with group A(p＞0.05),but better than group C(p＜0.05).The detections in pathology and electron microscope confirmed that group E and A were similar(p＞0.05)and better than group C、D and group C、D better than B(p＜0.05).The mixed lymphocyte culture in group E was(0.392±0.096). sIL-2R levels of group E was(0.117±0.050).The delayed type hypersensitivity in group E was(1.34±0.478)mm.
Conclusions:Induce specific immunotolerance's effect of intrathymical injection of donor MHC antigen could be improved come up with disparate dose used.
Objective:To study the effects of inthathymic inoculation allogenic antigen on the establishment of donor specific bone allograft immunotolerance.
Methods:MHC antigens extracted from splenic cells of donor SD mice were intrathymically inoculated to recipients Wistar mice,donor bone was transplanted after 2 weeks.Simultaneous-ly,four control groups were used,such as bone autograft group,bone allograft group,bone freeze thawing allograft group and bone allograft in use of immunosuppres- sant group.At 1,2,4,6 weeks postoperatively,2 animals were sacrificed respectively and the femur and its peripheral tissue was harvested for gross and microscopy observation after symptom and X—ray examination.The ultra microstruc- ture of graft.soluble interleukin-2 receptor,mixed lymphocyte culture and delayed-type hypersensitivity were also detected 4 weeks after the procedure.
Results:The test group surpassed bone freeze thawing graft group and bone allograft group and approached to bone autograft group and bone allograft in use of immunosuppressant group.
Conclusions:The inthathymic inoculation of donor MHC antigen could induce specific immunotolerance of bone allograft.
方法:选用清洁级雄性SD大鼠50只为受体,雄性Wistar大鼠20只为供体,随机分为5组,每组10只:A:新鲜白体神经移植组;B:新鲜异体神经移植组;C:低剂量异基因抗原注射异体神经移植组;D:中剂量异基因抗原注射异体神经移植组;E:高剂量异基因抗原注射异体神经移植组。取供体清洁级雄性Wistar大鼠脾,提取脾细胞悬液,并进行异基因抗原的制备。采用BD针,分别把异体抗原注射受体SD大鼠胸腺内,剂量分别采用C组1.5mg/只,D组3mg/只,E组6mg/只。注射后2周做迟发性超敏反应(DTH)检查,进行同种异体新鲜坐骨神经移植,术后2周分别进行运动神经传导速度检查、病理学检查、透射电镜检查、混合淋巴细胞培养(MLC)和血清sIL—2R检查。
结果:运动神经传导速度检测E组(25.56±4.67)m/s与A组接近(p＞0.05),E组优于C组(p＜0.05)。病理学及透射电镜观察E组接近于A组(p＞0.05)优于D组、C组;C组、D组显著优于B组。混合淋巴细胞培养E组(0.392±0.096)优于C组(p＜0.05);A组、C组、D组、E组与B组有显著性差异(p＜0.05)。sIL—2R水平E组(0.117±0.050)、迟发性超敏反应E组(1.34±0.478)mm检查结果优于C组(p＜0.05);A组、C组、D组、E组与B组有显著性差异(p＜0.05)。
结论:胸腺内注射异基因抗原可以诱导大鼠对异体坐骨神经移植的免疫耐受,并且注射异基因抗原剂量与诱导的免疫耐受完全度呈正线性关系。
目的:探讨胸腺内注射异基因抗原在建立特异性骨移植免疫耐受中的作用。
方法:自供体SD大鼠脾细胞中提取MHC抗原,注入受体Wistar大鼠胸腺内,二周后移植供体鼠骨。同时另设四组对照组,即自体骨移植组、异体骨移植组、冷冻后异体骨移植组、应用免疫抑制剂异体骨移植组,术后一.二.四.六周观察切口症状,移植段的X线表现后各组杀死两只鼠取移植段股骨及周围软组织行大体及光镜下检查;及术后四周移植骨超微结构、可溶性白细胞介素—2受体、混合淋巴细胞培养和迟发性超敏反应的检测。
结果:实验组优于冷冻组及异体骨移植组,接近于自体骨移植组与应用免疫抑制剂组。
结论:胸腺内注射异基因抗原可诱导对异体骨移植的免疫耐受。
Objective:To investigate the influence of intrathymical injection with different dose allogenic antigen in induction of sciatic allograft immunotolerance in rats.
Methods:Male Sprague Dawley(SD) rats were idvided into 5 groups(ten rats in each group):nerve autograft group,nerve allograft group,low-dose、medial-dose and high-dose MHC antigen injection groups and male Wistar rats(20 rats) were used as transplant donors.Different dose MHC antigen(1.5mg、3mg、6mg/per group) was extracted from Wistar rats splenocytes through destruction,ultrafugation,dialysis and was intrathymically injected into SD recipients rats,a week after the injection,Wistar rats' scaric transplantation was performed.Two weeks after the surgery,lab-tests were examined:nerve electrophysiology,pathology,sIL-2R,mixed lymphocyte culture and delayed type hypersensitivity.
Results:Motor nerve conduction velocity in group E was(25.56±4.67)m/s and there was no significant difference compared with group A(p＞0.05),but better than group C(p＜0.05).The detections in pathology and electron microscope confirmed that group E and A were similar(p＞0.05)and better than group C、D and group C、D better than B(p＜0.05).The mixed lymphocyte culture in group E was(0.392±0.096). sIL-2R levels of group E was(0.117±0.050).The delayed type hypersensitivity in group E was(1.34±0.478)mm.
Conclusions:Induce specific immunotolerance's effect of intrathymical injection of donor MHC antigen could be improved come up with disparate dose used.
Objective:To study the effects of inthathymic inoculation allogenic antigen on the establishment of donor specific bone allograft immunotolerance.
Methods:MHC antigens extracted from splenic cells of donor SD mice were intrathymically inoculated to recipients Wistar mice,donor bone was transplanted after 2 weeks.Simultaneous-ly,four control groups were used,such as bone autograft group,bone allograft group,bone freeze thawing allograft group and bone allograft in use of immunosuppres- sant group.At 1,2,4,6 weeks postoperatively,2 animals were sacrificed respectively and the femur and its peripheral tissue was harvested for gross and microscopy observation after symptom and X—ray examination.The ultra microstruc- ture of graft.soluble interleukin-2 receptor,mixed lymphocyte culture and delayed-type hypersensitivity were also detected 4 weeks after the procedure.
Results:The test group surpassed bone freeze thawing graft group and bone allograft group and approached to bone autograft group and bone allograft in use of immunosuppressant group.
Conclusions:The inthathymic inoculation of donor MHC antigen could induce specific immunotolerance of bone allograft.
引文
1 Bilingham R E,Brent L,Medawar P B.Actively acquired tolerance of foreign cells.Nature.1953;172:603-606.
2 Oluwole SF,et al.Induction of donor-specific unresponsiveness to rat cardiac allografts by intrathymic injection of UV-B-irradiated donor spleen cells.Transplantation.1993;55:1389-1395.
3 Knechtle SJ,Fechner J H,Dong Y,et al.Surge.1998;12(4):438.
4 Jonker M,Ringers J,Ossevoo MA,et al.Transplantation.2002;73(6) 874-80.
5 Mackey M F,Barth R J,Noelle R J.The role of CD40/CD154 interactions in the priming differentiation and effector function and cytotoxic T cells.J Leukoc Biol,1998;63:418.
6 Kirk A D,Blair P J,Tadaki D K,et al.The role of CD154 in organ transplant rejection and acceptance.Philos Trans R SocLond Biol Sci.2001;356:691.
7 Stegmann S,Muller A,Zavazava N.Synthetic HLA-2 derived peptides are recognized and presented in renal graft recipients[J].Hum Immun-0.200 0;61:1363.
8 Krensky A M.HLA2 derived peptides as novel immunosuppressives Ped- iatr Res.1995;38:275.
9 Krensky A M,Clayberger C.HLA derived peptides as novel immunoth- erapetics[J].Clin Immunol Immuno patho.1995;75:112.
10 Nossner E,Goldberg J E,Naftzger C,et al.HLA derived peptides which inhibit T cell function into members of the heat shock protein family[J].J Exp Med.1996;183:339.
11 李蓁,李树浓,徐鸿绪等.H-2Kb 基因转移诱导小鼠心肌移植免疫耐受.免疫学杂志,2000;16:41.
12 Sharabi Y,Sachs DH.J Exp Med.1989;169:493-502.
13 Spitzer T R,Delmonico F,Tolkoff Rubin N,et al.Transplantatio-n.1999;68:480.
14 Cosimi A B,Sachs D H.Transplantation.2004;77(6):943-6.
15 Colson Y L,Schuchert M J,Ildstad S T.The abrogation of allosensit ization following the induction of mixed allogeneic chimerism.J Immunol.2000;165:637-44.
16 Ohdan H,Swenson KG,Kitamura H,Yang YG,et al.Tolerization of Gaalpha 1,3 Galreactive B cells inpresensitize alphal,3-galactosy transfer as edeficient micebynon myeloabative induction of mixechimeris.Xe- notransplantation.2001;8(4):227-38.
17 Wu Z,Bensinger S J,Zhang J,et al.Homeostatic proliferationisabarrie to transplantation tolerance.Nat Med.2004,;10(1):87-92.
18 Touraine J L, Betuel H, Souillet G, et al. Combined immunodeficiency diseases associated with absence of cell surface HLA-A and -B antigens. J pediat.1978;93(1): 47-51.
19 Jones N D, Fluck N C, Mellor A L, et al. The induction of transplantation tolerance by intrathymic delivery of alloantigen:a critical relati onship between i. t. deletion, thymic export of new T cells and the timing of transplantation[J]. Int Irnmunol.1998, 10(11): 1637-1646.
20 Hailer GW, Esnaola N, Yamada K, et al. Thymic tansplantation Across an MHC class I barrier in swine[J]. J Immunol, 1999, 163(7): 3785-3792.
21 Yamada K, Shimizu A, Ierino FL, et al. Thyic transplantation in mniature swine Development and function of the "thymokidney". Transplantation. 1999;68(11): 1684-1692.
22 Yamada K, Shimizu A, Uts LIgi R, et al. Thymic transplantation miniature swine. II. Induction of tolerance by transplantation of conposite thymokidneys to thymeetomized recipients. J Irnrnunol.2000; 164(6): 3079-86.
23 Iamattina JC, Kumagal N, Barth R N, et al. Vascularized thymiclobe transplantation in miniature swine: I. Vascularized thymiclobe allof- ts support thymopoiesis. Transplantation.2002;73(5): 826-831.
24 Zhao Y, Rodriguex Baborsa J I, Swenson k, et al. Highly disparate xenogeneic skin tolerance induction fetal pig thymus inthymetomized mice: conditioning requirements and the role of coimplantation off etal pig liver. Transplantation.2001;72(10): 1608-1615.
25 Barth R N, Yamamoto S, LaMattina J C, et al. Xenogeneic thymokidney and thymic tissue transplantation in a pig to baboon model: I. evidence for pig specific T-cell urtrespo nsiveness. Transplantation. 2003; 75(10): 1615-1624.
26 Wu A, Yamada K, Neville DM, et al. Xenogeneic thymus trailsplantation in a pig to baboon model. Transplantation.2003;75(3): 282-291.
27 Douarin N, Corbel C, BandeiraA, et al. Evidencefor athyntis dependent form of tolerance that is not base on elimi nation or anergy of reactive T cells. Inununol Rev. 1996; 149(2): 35-53.
28 Beehomer W E, Yao X, Divic J. Recruitment of semiaUogeneic dendritic cells to the thymus during post-cyclospor inethymic regeneratio n. Transplantation.1995;60(11): 1326-1330.
29 Tuch BE, Doran TJ,Messel N ,et al. Typing of human fetal organs for the histocompatibility antigens A, B and DR[J]. J Pathdlogy, 1985, 17(1): 57-61.
30 Yan Y, Devos T, Yu L, et al. Pathogenesis of autoimmunity after xenogeneic thymus transplantation. J Immunol. 2003;170(12): 5936-5946.
31 Posselt A M,Barker C F,Tomaszewski J E, et al.Induction of donor specif ic unresponsiveness by intrathymic islet transplantation.Science.19 90;249(4974): 1293-1295.
32 Oluwole S F,Jin M X,Chowdhury N C,et al.Induction of peripheral tolera nce by intrathymic inoculation of soluble alloantigens: evidence for the role of hostantigen-presenting cells and suppressor cell mechan- ism. Cell Immunol.1995; 162(1):33-41.
33 Garrovillo M, Ali A, Oluwole S F. Indirect allorecognition in acquired thymic tolerance induction of donor-specific tolerance to rat cardiac silografts by allopeptide-pulsed host, dendri tic cells. Transplantat ion.1999;68(12):1827-1834.
34 Knechtle S J, Wang J, Jiao S,et al. Induction of specific tolerance by intrathymic with donor class Iinjection of recipient muscle cells major histocompatibility complex. Transplantation.1994;57(7):990- 996.
35 Knechtle S J, Wang J, Graeb C, et al. Direct MHC class I complementary DNA transfer to thymus induces donor-specific unresponsiveness,which involves multiple immunologic mechanisms.J Immunol.1997;159(1):152-158.
36 Oluwole SF,et al.Induction of donor-specific unresponsiveness to rat cardiac allografts by intrathymic injection of UV-B-irradiated donor spleen cells.Transplantation.1993;55:1389-1395.
37 Odorico J S,et al.Examination of the mechanisms responsible for tolerance induction after intrathymic inoculation of allogeneic bone marrow.AnnSurg.1993;218:525-533.
38 Takeuchi T,et al.Heart allografts in mouse systems:the efferential activation of TH2-like effector cells in peripheral tolerance.Transplantation.1992;53:1281-1294.
39 Thai N L,et al.Cytokine mRNA profiles in mouse orthotopic liver trans-plantation:graft rejection is assosiated with augmented TH1 fuction.Transplantation.1995;59:274-281.
40 Gao E K,et al.Strong T cell tolerance in parent-F1 bone marrow chimeras prepared with supralethal irradiation.Evidence for clonal deletion and anergy.J Exp Med.1990;171:1101-1107.
41 Starzl T E,Demetris A J,Liver transplantation:A 31-year perspective PartⅢ.Curr Proble Surg.April 1990:183-240.
42 Starzl T E,et al.Cell migration and chimerism after whole-organ trans plantation:the basis of graft acceptance.Hepatology.1993;17(6):1127-1152.
43 Uchikoshi F,et al.Restoration of immune abnormalities in diabetic BB rats after pancreas transplantation.Microchimerism of donor graft derived RT6+T cells responsible for restoration of immune responsi veness and suppression of autoimmune reaction.Transplantation.1996;61:1629-1636.
44 Didlake R,Kim EK,Kanan BD.Ability of 3M KCl-extracted histocompati-bility antigen to potentiate the immuneosuppressive effect of cyclosporine to prolong of heterotopic rat cardiac allografts.Transplantation.1988;46:743-747.
45 Bradford M M.Anal Biochem.1976;72:248-254.
46 Sambrook J.Molecular cloning a laboratory manual 2nded cold spring Harbour Laboratory Press.1989;880.
47 史伟,钟晓祝,张仕光等.胸腺内注射可溶性异基因主要组织相容性复合物抗原诱 导皮肤移植特异性耐受.中华器官移植杂志,1998;19(3):140-142.
48 Cuevas P,Carceller F,Dujovny M,et al.Peripheral nerve regeneration by bone marrow stromal cells.Neurological Research.2002;24(7):634-638.
49 王秋根,鲁树荣,应明等.不同温度时间保存异体神经移植后电生理观察 伤残医学杂志,1997;5(3):6-9.
50 Sayegh MH.Transplantation.1991;51:296-304.
51 Mayumi H.Transplatation.1985;169:147-161.
52 Didlake R,Kim E K,Kanan B D.Ability of 3M KCl-extracted histocmpa-tiblity antigen to potentiate the immuneosuppressive effect of cyclosporine to prolong of heterotopic rat cardiac allografts.Transplantation.1988;46:743-747.
53 Wahoff D C,Papalois B E,Nelson LA,et al.Allograft tolerance by intrathymic donor splenocyte transfer:an age-dependent,species specific phenomenon.Transpl Int.1996;9:3681.
54 Hartne C,Markees J,De Fazio R,et al.The effect of antilymphocyte serum,fractionated donor bone marrow,and cyclosporine on renal allog raft survival in mongrel dogs.Transplantation.1991;52:7841.
55 孟庆刚,洪光祥,钱贵宾等.胸腺内注射异基因抗原诱导鼠神经移植免疫耐受的实验研究,中华手外科杂志,2006;32(1):47-49.
56 Morgan A.Selective in vitro growth of T lymphocytes from Normal Human Bone Marrows Science,1976;193B:1008.
57 Rogers E A,et al.Lympholcine requirements for the development of specific cytotoxic T cells from single precusor.Eur J immunal.1991;24:1069.
58 罗开.细胞因子基因表达与移植排斥反应.中华器官移植杂志,1996;17B2.
59 Stockenhuber F,Steininger R,Appperl A,et al.Soluble interleukin-2 receptor:A novel parameter of renal graft rejection.T ransp lant Pro c.1990;22(1):165-166.
60 Noronha IL,Daniel V,Rambausek M,et al.Soluble interleukin-2 recep tor(Sil-2R)and Tumor N ecrosis Factor plasma levels in renal allgraft recipients.Transplant Proc.1990;22(4):1859.
1 黄志强,金锡御.外科手术学,第3版.一北京:人民卫生出版社,2005,4:214
2 刘勇,黄焱.器官移植发展简史与现状.中华医史杂志,2001,31(1):57-59.
3 Billingham RE,Brent L,Medawar PB,et al.Activity acquired tolerance of foreign cells[J].Nature,1953;172:603-615
4 Starzl TE,Demetris AJ,Murase N,et al.Cell migration,chimerism,and graft acceptance[J]Lancet,1992;339:1579-1582
5 Schwartz RH.T cell anergy[J].Scientific American,1993;8:48-54
6 Ali A,Garrovillo M,Oluwole 00,et al.Mechanisms of acquired thymic tolerance:induction of transplant by adoptive transfer of in vivo allomhc peptide activated syngeneic T cell[J]Transplantation,2001 71(10):1442-1448
7 Wekerle T.Transplantation tolerance induced by mixed chimerism[J].J Heart Lung Transplant,2001;20(8):816-823
8 Rotrosen D,Matthews J B,Bluestone J A.The immune tolerance network:a new paradigm for developing tolerance-inducing therapies[J].J Allergy ClinImmunol,2002;110(1):17-23
9 Utsugi R,Barth RN,LeeRS et al.Induction of transplantation tolerance with a short course of tacrolimus(FK506):I.Rapid and stable tolerance to two-haplotype fully mhc-mismatched kidney allograft in miniature swine[J].Transplantation,2001:71(10):1369-1379
10 Gudmundsdottir H,Turka LA.Transplantation tolerance:mechanisms and strategies?[J].Semin Nephrol,2000;20(2):209-216
11 Posselt AM,Barker CF,Tomaszewski JE,et al.Induction of donor-specific unresponsiveness by intrathymic islet transplantation.Science,1990;249:1293-1295.
12 Chen W,Sayegh MH,Khoury SJ.Mechnisms of antigen induces apoptosis of thymocytes and peripheral T cell anergy.Journal of immunology,1998,160(3):1504-1508.
13 Dono K,Wood ML,Hirok Ozato,et al.Marked prolongation of rat skin xenograft induced by inthathymic injection of xenogeneic spleencyte and a short course of Rapamycin in antilyphocyte serum-treated mice.Transplantation,1995,59:929-932
14 Oluwole SF,Jin MX,Chowdhury NC, et al.Effectiveness of intrathymic inoculatio of soluble antigen in the induction of specific unreponsiveness to rat islet allografts without transient recipient immunosuppression .Transplantation, 1994,58: 1077-1081.
15 Zang YC,Hong J,Rivera VM,et al.Preferential recognition of TCR hypervariable regions by human anti-idiotypic T cells induced by T cell vaccination[J].J Immunol,2000:164(8):4011-4017
16 Deepe GS Jr,Gibbons R.V beta 6+ T cells are obligatory for vaccine-induced immunity to Histoplasma capsulatum[J].J Immunol,2001;167(4):2219-2226
17 Cohen IR,Weiner HL.T-cell vaccination[J]. Immunol Today,1988;9(11):332-335.) (Kumar Y,Sercarz E,Zhang J,et al.T cell vaccination from basics to the clinic[J]. Trends- Immunol,2001;22:539-540
18 Kumar Y,Sercarz E,Zhang J,et al.T cell vaccination from basics to the clinic[J].Trends-Immunol,2001;22:539-540
19 Segel LA,Multiple attractors in immunology:theory and experiment [J].Biophys Chem.1998,72(1-2):223-230
20 Zhang J,Medear R,Stinissenp P,et al. MHC restricted clonotypic deplrtion of human myelin basic protein-reactive T cells by T cell vaccination [J]. Scince,1993; 261(5127):1451
21 Weiner HL,Freidman A,Miller A,et al.Oral tolerance immunologic mechanisms and treatment of animal and human organ-specific autoimmune diseases by oral administration of autoantigens[J].Annu Rev Immunol,1994;12:809
22 Bourdette DN,Whitham RH,Chou YK,et al. Immunity to TCR peptides in multiple sclerosis.I.Successful immunization of patients with synthetic Vbeta 5.2 and beta 6.1 CDR2peptides[J]. Immunol,1994:152(5):2510
23 Shapira OM,Mor E,Reshef T,Pfeffermann RA,Cohen IR.Prolongation of survival of rat cardiac allografts by T cell vaccination[J]. J Clin Invest 1993 Feb;91(2):388-90 Transplant Proc,1995;27(6):3189
24 Papalois B,Wahoff D,Aasheim T,Clemmings S,Field J,Sutherland DE.T-cell vaccination prolongs heart but not islet allograft survival in rats[J].Transplant Proc,1995;27(6) 3189
25 Shapire OM,Nor E,Reshef T Pfeffermann RA,Cohen IR.Prolongation of survival of rat cardiac allografts by T cell vaccination[J].J Clin Invest,1993,91(2):388-390
26 陈永良,何球藻。T细胞疫苗诱导同种移植物存活期延长[J]。中国免疫学杂志,1997;13(1):40-43
27 Papalois BE,Wahoff DC,Sutherland DE,et al.T cell vaccination fails to prolong survival of skin allograft in mice[J].Transplantation,1995:60(4):401-404
28 Yang yanling,Dou Kefeng,Li Kaizong,et Experiment resection of study on T cell vaccination agaist heterostrain rat liver transplantation[J].Chin J Organ Transplant,2002;23(4):220-221
29 White D.Alteration of complement activity,a strategy for xenotransplantation [J].Trends Biotechnol,1996,14(1):3-5.
30 Ohata J,Sakurai J,Saito K,et al.Differential graft-versus-leukaemia effect by CD28 and CD40 co-stimulatory blockade after graft-versus-host disease p rophylaxis[J].Clin-Exp-Immunol,2002,129(1):61-68.
31 Fishbein TM,W ang L,Benjam in C,et al.Successful tolerance induction under CD40 ligation in a rodent small bowel transplan tmodel:first report of a study with the novel antibody AH.F5[J].T ransplantation,2002,73(12):1943-1948.
32 Iwasak iN,GohdaT,Yoshioka C,et al.Feasibility of immuno-suppression in composite tissue allografts by systemic administration of CTLA 4 Ig[J].Transplantation,2002,73(3):334-340.
33 33.Gudmundsdottir H,Turka LA.T cell co-stimulatory blockade:new therapies for transplantation rejection.J Am Soc Nephrol,1999,10:1356-1370.
34 Sayegh M,Zheng X-G,Magee C,et al.Donor antigen is necessary for the prevention of chronic rejection in CTLA4Ig-treated murine cardiac allografts.Transplantation,1997,64:1646-1662
35 Kirk AD,Harlan DM,Armstrong NN,et al.CTLA4Ig and anti-CD40 ligand prevent renal allograft rejection in primates.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,1997,94:8789-8802.
36 Larsen CP,Eowood ET,Alexander DZ,et al.Long-term acceptance of skin and cardiac allografts after blocking CD40 and CD28 pathways.Nature,1996,381(6581):434-438.
37 范祖森,马宝骊,环孢素A与抗抗B7-1单克隆抗体联用诱导T淋巴细胞耐受的研究.中华器官移植杂志,2000,21(3):161-163
38 昌隆,沈世乾,陈必成等.探讨抗γ公共链单抗诱导移植免疫耐受的作用机制.中华器官移植杂志,2005,26(8):470-473
39 朱晓峰.IL-12 抗体对小鼠心脏移植存活的影响[J].中华器官移植杂志,2000,21(4):216-217.
40 杨敏,涂阳科,裘晓惠,等.应用抗CD3单克隆抗体预防肾移植术后急性排斥反应的体会[J].中华器官移植杂志,2002,23(3):143-145.
41 Janeway CA,Bottom ly K.Signals and sings for lymphocyte responses[J].Cell,1994,76(2):275-285.
42 Linsley PS,L edbetter JA.The role of the CD28 receptor duringT cell response to antigen[J].Annu Rev Immunol,1993,11191-212.
43 Larsen CP,Pearson TC.The CD40 pathway in allograft rejection,acceptance,and to lerance[J].Curr Opin Immunol,1997,9(5):641-647.
44 W ekerle T,Kurtz J,Ito H,et al.A llogeneic bone marrow transp lantation w ith co-stimulato ry blockade induces macroch imerismand to lerance w ithout cyto reductive ho st treatment[J].N alM ed,2000,6(4):464-469.
45 Im SH,Barchan D,SouroujonMC,et al.Role of tolerogen conformation in induction of oral tolerance in experimental auto immune myasthem ia gravis[J].J Immuno 1,2000,165(7):3599-3605.
46 Linsley PS,Wallace PM,Johnson J,et al.Immuno supp ressionin vivo by a soluble form of the CTLA 4 T cell activation a)mo lecule[J].Science,1992,257(5071):792-795.
47 Yang Z,Rostam i S,Koebeilein B,et al.Cardiac allograft tolerance induced by intra-arterial infusion of recombinant adenoviralCTLA 4 Ig[J].Transp lantation,1999,67(12):1517-1523.
48 Hwang KW , Sweatt WB, Brown IE, et al. Cutting edge: targeted ligation of CTLA -4 in vivo by membrane-bound anti-CTLA -4 antibody prevents rejection of allogeneic cells [ J ]. J-Immunol, 2002,169 (2): 633-637.
49 Pierson RN 3rd, Crowe JE J r, Pfeiffer S, et al. CD40-ligand in primate cardiac allograft and viral immunity [J ]. Immunol-Res,2001, 23 (2-3): 253-262.
50 Broxmeyer HE, Lu L, Cooper S, et al. Flt3 ligand stimulates/costimulates the growth of myeloid stem /progenitor cells [J]. Exp,Hematol, 1995, 23(10): 1121 -1129
51 (Lensehow DJ, Zeng Y, Thistlewaite JR, et al. Long-term survival of xenogeneie pancreatic islet grafts induced by CTLA41g [J]. Science, 1992, 257 (5071): 789-792.
52 Parker DC, Greiner DL, Phillips NE, et al. Survival of mouse pancreatic islet allografts in recipients trested with allogeneic small lymphocytes and antibody to CD40 ligant[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1995, 92(21): 9 560-9 564.
53 Kirk AD, Jadaki DK, Celniker A, et al. Induction therapy with monoclonal antibodies specific for CD80 and CD86 delays the onset acute renal allograft rejection in non-human primates [J]. Transplantation , 2001, 72(3): 377-379.
54 Isobe M,Suzuki J,Yamazaki S,et al.Circulation, 1997;96(7): 2247 -53.
55 Qin L,Ding Y,Tahara H,Bromberg JS,et al.J Immunol,2001;166(4):2385-93.
56 Maluf DG,Fisher RA,RILEY R,et al.Clin Transplant,2002;16 Suppl 7:6-14.
57 Owen SL, Chan H, Cusack JC, et al. Fas and Fas ligand interaction in malignant disease[J]. Int J Oneol, 2000, 17(1): 5-12.
58 Oshimi Y,Miyazaki S.Fas antigen-mediated DNA fragmentation and apoptotic morphologic changes are regulated by elevated cytosolic Ca~(2+) Level.J Immunol,1995,154:599-609
59 Ju ST,Cui H,Panka DJ, et al.Participation of target Fas protein in apoptosis pathway induced by CD4~+ TH1 and CD8~+ cytotoxic T cells.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,1994,91:4185-4189.
60 Bellgrau D, Gold D, Selawiy H, et al. A role for CD95 Ligand in preventing graft rejection[J]. Nature, 1995, 377(6550): 630-632.
61 Kang SM,Schneider DB,Lin Z,et al.Fas ligand expression in islets of Langhans does not confer immune privilege and instead targets them for rapid destruction [J]. Nature Med, 1997, 3(7):738-743.
62 Meyer D,Baumgardt S,Loeffeler S,et al.Apoptosis of T lymphocytes in liver and/or small bowel allografts during tolerance induction.Transplantation, 1998, 66(11):1530-1536.
63 Starzl TE,Microchimnism,Dendritic cell progenitor and transplantation.Stem cells 1995;13:622.)(Inaba K,Steinman RM,Pack MW.et al.Identification of proliferating dendritic cell procursors in mouse blood.J Exp.Med.1992,175:1157.
64 Eichwald EJ,Lustgraaf EC,Strainer M.Genetic factors in Parabiosis.Journal of the national cancer Istitute 1959,23:1193
65 Iistad ST,Sachs DH.Reconstitution with syngeneic plus allogeneicor xenogeneic bone marrow leads to specific acceptance of allografts or xenografts. Nature 1984, 307:168.
66 Monaco A P,Clark A W,Wood M L et al.Possible active enhancement of a human cadaver renal allograft with antilymphocytic serum(ALS) and donor bone marrow:case report of an initial attempt.Surgery. 1976,79:384
67 Thomas J M,Carver F M,Foil M B.Renal allograft tolerance induced with ATG and donor bone marrow in outbred rhesus monkeys.Transplantation 1983,36:104
68 White D.Alteration of complement activity ,a strategy for xenotransplantation [J]Trends Biotechnol,1996,14(1):3-5
69 Lau HT,Yu M,Fontana A,et al.Preserve of islet allograft rejection with engineered myoblasts expressing FasL in mice[J].Science,1996,273(1):109-112
70 Li XK,Okuyama A, et al.Prolonged survival of recipient rats with Fas-ligand- transfected liver allografts by using HVJ-liposome[J].Transplant Proc,1998, 30(4):943.
71 Macewen W. J Proc Roy Soc London 1881;32:232-47
72 Lexer E.J Surg Gynecol Obster 1925;40:782-809
73 康焱.同种异体骨移植的研究和应用现状.国外医学外科学分册2004;31(4):221-5
74 李宝兴,孙世荃.骨库技术与操作规范.中华骨科杂志 2004;24(10):638-40
75 李丹,胡蕴玉,袁志.综合骨库各类骨移植材料的制备、消毒及保存.第四军医大学学报 2001;22(22)
76 Thoren K,et al.Clin Orthop1995;318:259-64
77 Tshamala M,et al.VetImmunol Immunopathol 1999;69(1):47-59
78 S C Buckley,I Stockley,AJ Hamer,et al.Irradiated allograft bone for acetabular revision surgery:results at a mean of five years.J Bone Joint Surg[Br]Mar 2005;87(3):310-3
79 Erika J Mitchell;Allison M Stawarz;Ramazan Kayacan;Clare M Rimnac,The effect of gamma radiation sterilization on the fatigue crack propagation resistance of human cortical bone.J Bone Joint Surg[Am]Dec 2004;86(12):2648
80 Hamer AJ,et al.J Bone Joint Surg 1996;78:363-8
81 Campbell DG,et al.Aust N Z J Surg 1999,69:517-21
82 Burgess,Effective use of optimized,high-dose(50 kGy) gamma irradiation for pathogen inactivation of human bone allografts.Biomaterials2005;26(14):2033-42
83 Bauer,Ueber knochen transplantation.J.Bone Joint Surg 1995;37A:811,Brown KLB,Cruess RL.Bone and transplantation in orthopaedic surgery.J Bone Joint Surg;64A:270
84 Tuffier T.Des greffees,et al.Dos humain dans les resections articulaires.J.Bone Joint Surg 1955;37A:811
85 Inclan A.The use of preserved bone graft in orthopaedic surgery.J Bone Joint Surg 1942;24A:81-96,Joyce M.J,Greenwald AS,Mowe J,et al.Musculoskeletal allograft tissue safety,American academy of orthopaedic surgeons,69th annual meeting,Feb.13-17,2002
86 Bright RW.Biomechanics of bone allografts.In Proceedings of the conference on rehabilitation of articular joints by biologic resurfacing,(ed.M.Meyer),Veterans Administration,P.184.1979.
87 Friedlaender G.E.Guidelines for banking osteochandral allografts.In Osteochandral Allografts.(ed.Friedlaender G.E,et al),Little, Brown,Boston,1983,p.177
88 Pelker RR,Friedlaender GE,Markham TC,et al.Effects of freezing and freeze-drying on the biomechanical properties of rat bone,J.Orthop.Res 1984; 1:405
89 Berggren A,Weiland AJ,Dorfman H .The effect of prolonged ischemia time on osteocyte and osteoblast survival in composite bone grafts revascularized by microvascular anastomoses.Plast Reconstr Surg 1982;62(2):290-8
90 Burchardt H.The biology of bone graft repair.Clin Orthop1983;(174):28-42
91 Grag TC,Elves MV .Osteogenesis in bone grafts:the origin of the early.J Bone Joint Surg(Br)1980;62(2):258
92 Wientroub S,Goodwin D,Khermosh O,Salama R.The clinical use of autologous marrow to improve osteogenic potential of bone grafts in pediatric orthopedics.J Pediatr Orthop 1989;9(2):186
93 Sato K,Urist MR.Bone morphogenetic protein-induced cartilage development in tissue culture.Clin Orthop 1984;(183):180
94 Reddi AH,Wientroub S,Muthukumaran N.Biologic principels of bone indution. Orthop Clin North Am 1987;(18):207
95 Tabas JA,Zasloff M,Wasmuth JJ,et al.Bone Morphogenetic Protein:Chromosomal Localization of human genes for BMPl,BMP2A,andBMP3,Genomics 1991;9(2): 283
96 Hahn GV,Cohen RB,Wozhey JM,ET AL.Abone morphogenetic protein subfamily: chromosomal localization of human genes for BMP5, BMP6 and BMP7. Genomics 1992;14(3) :759-762
97 Lindholm TC,Lindholm TS,Alitalo I,Urist MR.Bovine bone morphogenetic protein (bBMP)induced repair of skull trephine defects in sheep.Clin Orthop 1988;(227): 265-8
98 Lechler RI,Batchelor JR.Restoration of immunogenicity to passenger cell-depleted kidney allografts by the addition of donor strain dendritic cells.J Exp Med,1982, 155:31-41.
99 Czitrom AA.Immunology of bone and cartilage allografts.In:Czitrom AA,Gross AE,eds.Allografts in orthopaedic practice.Baltimore:Williams & Wilkins,1992.15-25
100 屠重棋,龚全,裴福兴,等.大块冷冻同种异体骨移植后免疫学改变.中华骨科杂志2000;20(7):421-3
101 陆军,吴苏稼,施鑫.同种异体骨移植的免疫反应.中国矫形外科杂志2002;9(4):388-91
102 陈远明.同种异体骨移植的基础研究及临床应用进展.南华大学学报医学版2004;32(3):352-4
103 Stevenson S,XQ Li,Dwight TD,et al.Critical biological determinants of incorporation of non-vascularized cortical bone grafts.Quantification of a complex process and structure.J Bone Joint Surg[Am]1997;79:1-16)
104 Muscolo DL,et al.Clin Orthop Rela Res1996;126:115-126
105 Goldberg VM,et al.J Bone Joint Surg[Am]1984;66:937-50
106 Voggenreiter G,et al.J Bone Miner Res 2000;15:1825-34
107 Markus Gabl,S Pechlaner,M Lutz,et al.Bilateral Hand Transplantation:Bone Healing Under Immunosuppression With Tacrolimus,Mycophenolate Mofetil,and Prednisolone.J Hand Surg Nov2004;29A:1020-1027
108 Vossen,Bone quality and healing in a swine vascularized bone allotransplantation model using cyclosporine-based immunosuppression therapy.Plast Reconstr Surg 2005;115(2):529-38
109 Ikeda K,Shigetomi M,Ihara K,Tsubone T,et al.Effects of cessation of immunosuppression on skeleton reconstructed by vascularized bone allograft in rats.Journal of Orthopaedic Research Mar 2004;22(2):388
110 Peter WB,Peter CN,C Vaughan A Bowen,et al.Survival of microvascular physeal allograft transplants following withdraw of short-term postoperative immunosuppression.J Bone Joint Surg[Am]Feb 2004;86(2):281-9
111 Mankin HJ,Doppelt SH,Sullivan TR.Osteoarticular and intercalary allograft transplantation in the management of malignant bone tumors of bone[J]Cancer,1982,50:613-630.
112 Mankin HJ.Complications of allograft surgery[M]In osteochondral allografts. Biology,banking and clinical applications,1983,259-274
113 Lord CF,et al.[J]Bone Joint Surg(Am)1988;70:369-376
114 Dick H M,et al.Clin Orthop 1994;360:46-53.
115 Mankin HJ.The changes in major limb reconstruction as a result of the development of allografts.Chir Organi Mov 2003;88:101-13
116 Gerrand CH,Griffin AM,Davis AM,et al.Large segment allograft survival is improved with intramedullary cement.J Surg Oncol 2003;84:198-208
117 刘继中.大段异体骨关节移植的关节功能重建和术后康复.中国修复重建外科杂志 2001;15(4):244-7
118 Didlake R,Kim EK,Kanan BD.Ability of 3M KCl-extracted histocompatibility antigen to potentiate the immunosuppressive effect of cyclosporine to prolong of heterotopic rat cardiac allografts.Transplantation,1988,46:743-747
119 王茂音.实用生物化学实验.第1版.合肥:安徽科技出版社,1991:24
120 Sambrook J,Gething MJ.Protein structure.Chaperones,paperone.Nature,1989,342(6247):224-225.
121 Didlake R,Kim E K,Kanan B D.Ability of 3M KCL-extracted histocompatibility antigen to potentiate the immunosuppressive effect of cyclosporine to prolong of heterotopic rat cardiac allografts.Transplantation.1988;46:743-747.
122 Horowits MC,Friedlaender GE.Induction of specific T-cell responsiveness to allogeneic bone[J].J Bone Joint Surg(Am),1991,73:1157-1168.
123 Goldner-Sauve AJ,Fuks A,Guttmann RD.A Class Ⅱ monoclonal antibody specific for the RT1.B,rather than the RT1.D.product of the rat major histocompatibility complex.Transplantation,35:495-497,1993.
124 Stevenson Ph.D.The immune response to osteochondral allografts in dogsJ.J Bone Joint Sur g(Am),1987,69:573-582.
125 Muscolo DL,et al.Clin Orthop Rela Res1996;126:115-126
126 Stevenson S,Shaffer JW,Goldberg VM.The humoral response to vascular and nonvascular allografts of bone.Clin Orthop 1996;323:86-95
127 Stevenson S,Emery SE,Goldberg VM.Factors affecting bone graft incorporation.Clin Orthop 1996;323:66-74
128 Foster RD,Pham S,Li S,el al.Long-term acceptance of composite tissue allografts through mixed chimerism and CD28 blockade.Transplantation.2003,76(6):988-994.
129 W.P.A Lee,J.P.Rubi,Flerino.Randolph,and D.h Sachs.Use of Swine Model in Transplantation of Vascularized Skeletal Tissue Allografts.Transplant-ation Proceedings1998,30:2743-2745.
130 Elves.MW.Humoral immune response to allografts of bone.Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol,1974,47:708-715.
131 Poitout DG Future of bone allografts in massive bone resection for tumor[J].Presse Med,1996,25(1):527-530.
132 林丛,候宽永,张文秀等.深低温在肝细胞移植中减轻免疫排斥反应的应用[J].北京医科大学学报,1998,30(1):32-34
133 鲁子贤,崔涛,施庆洛.圆二色性和旋光色散在分子生物学中的应用[M].北京:科学出版社,1987:105.
134 Oswa T.Nerve regeneration through cryotreated xenogenic nerve grafts[J].Arch Histo Jap,1987,50(2):191-193
135 Rubin L A,Kurman C C,Fritz M E et al.Soluble interleukin-2 receptors are released from activated human lymphoid cells in vitro[J].J Immunol,1985;135(5):3172-3177.
136 Ohashi Y,Nakai Y,Sakamoto H,et al.Serum levels of soluble interleukin-2receptor in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis before and after immunotherapy.Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol,1996,77:203-207
137 Motojima S,Hiratu A,Kushima A,et al.Serum levels of soluble interleukin-2receptor in asthma patients.J Asthma,1995,32:151-156
138 Hettiaratchy S.Transplantation tolerance and chimerism:what are they and do we need them? Plast ReconstrSurg 2004;113(7):2213-4
139 Posselt AM,Barker CF,Tomaszewski JE,et al.Induction of donor-specific unresponsiveness by intrathymic islet transplantation.Science,1990;249:1293-1295
140 Akira Ito,Toshinori Ito,et al.Donor-specific Tolerance by Perioperative Intrathymic Injection of Bone Marrow Cells in the Rat Cardiac Allograft Model.Use of FK506 can shorted the necessary duration of pretransplant intrathymic coditioning.Transplantation,1997;64:752-757
141 吕艳 谢蜀生 张庆殷等.供体脾细胞输注诱导小鼠移植耐受及其机理 中华微生物学与免疫学杂志2001,21(2):146.
142 John w.T cell tolerance by clonal elimination in the thymus.Cell,1987,49:273.
143 Blackman M,Kappler J,Marrack P.The Role of the T Cell Receptor in Positive and Negative Selection of Developing Tcells.Science,1990;248:1335-1341.)(Nikolic B,Sykes M.Clonal deletion as a mechanism of transplantation tolerance.J Heart Lung Transplant,1996;15:1171-1178.
144 王秋根,应明,鲁树荣,等.不同冷冻温度和保存时间对同种异体神经移植后神经功能影响的研究.中华手外科杂志,1998,14:53
145 Marusic M,Turkalj-kljajic M,Petrovecki M et al.Indirect demonstration of the lifetime function of human thymus[J].Clin Exp Immunolo,1998;111(2):450.
2 Oluwole SF,et al.Induction of donor-specific unresponsiveness to rat cardiac allografts by intrathymic injection of UV-B-irradiated donor spleen cells.Transplantation.1993;55:1389-1395.
3 Knechtle SJ,Fechner J H,Dong Y,et al.Surge.1998;12(4):438.
4 Jonker M,Ringers J,Ossevoo MA,et al.Transplantation.2002;73(6) 874-80.
5 Mackey M F,Barth R J,Noelle R J.The role of CD40/CD154 interactions in the priming differentiation and effector function and cytotoxic T cells.J Leukoc Biol,1998;63:418.
6 Kirk A D,Blair P J,Tadaki D K,et al.The role of CD154 in organ transplant rejection and acceptance.Philos Trans R SocLond Biol Sci.2001;356:691.
7 Stegmann S,Muller A,Zavazava N.Synthetic HLA-2 derived peptides are recognized and presented in renal graft recipients[J].Hum Immun-0.200 0;61:1363.
8 Krensky A M.HLA2 derived peptides as novel immunosuppressives Ped- iatr Res.1995;38:275.
9 Krensky A M,Clayberger C.HLA derived peptides as novel immunoth- erapetics[J].Clin Immunol Immuno patho.1995;75:112.
10 Nossner E,Goldberg J E,Naftzger C,et al.HLA derived peptides which inhibit T cell function into members of the heat shock protein family[J].J Exp Med.1996;183:339.
11 李蓁,李树浓,徐鸿绪等.H-2Kb 基因转移诱导小鼠心肌移植免疫耐受.免疫学杂志,2000;16:41.
12 Sharabi Y,Sachs DH.J Exp Med.1989;169:493-502.
13 Spitzer T R,Delmonico F,Tolkoff Rubin N,et al.Transplantatio-n.1999;68:480.
14 Cosimi A B,Sachs D H.Transplantation.2004;77(6):943-6.
15 Colson Y L,Schuchert M J,Ildstad S T.The abrogation of allosensit ization following the induction of mixed allogeneic chimerism.J Immunol.2000;165:637-44.
16 Ohdan H,Swenson KG,Kitamura H,Yang YG,et al.Tolerization of Gaalpha 1,3 Galreactive B cells inpresensitize alphal,3-galactosy transfer as edeficient micebynon myeloabative induction of mixechimeris.Xe- notransplantation.2001;8(4):227-38.
17 Wu Z,Bensinger S J,Zhang J,et al.Homeostatic proliferationisabarrie to transplantation tolerance.Nat Med.2004,;10(1):87-92.
18 Touraine J L, Betuel H, Souillet G, et al. Combined immunodeficiency diseases associated with absence of cell surface HLA-A and -B antigens. J pediat.1978;93(1): 47-51.
19 Jones N D, Fluck N C, Mellor A L, et al. The induction of transplantation tolerance by intrathymic delivery of alloantigen:a critical relati onship between i. t. deletion, thymic export of new T cells and the timing of transplantation[J]. Int Irnmunol.1998, 10(11): 1637-1646.
20 Hailer GW, Esnaola N, Yamada K, et al. Thymic tansplantation Across an MHC class I barrier in swine[J]. J Immunol, 1999, 163(7): 3785-3792.
21 Yamada K, Shimizu A, Ierino FL, et al. Thyic transplantation in mniature swine Development and function of the "thymokidney". Transplantation. 1999;68(11): 1684-1692.
22 Yamada K, Shimizu A, Uts LIgi R, et al. Thymic transplantation miniature swine. II. Induction of tolerance by transplantation of conposite thymokidneys to thymeetomized recipients. J Irnrnunol.2000; 164(6): 3079-86.
23 Iamattina JC, Kumagal N, Barth R N, et al. Vascularized thymiclobe transplantation in miniature swine: I. Vascularized thymiclobe allof- ts support thymopoiesis. Transplantation.2002;73(5): 826-831.
24 Zhao Y, Rodriguex Baborsa J I, Swenson k, et al. Highly disparate xenogeneic skin tolerance induction fetal pig thymus inthymetomized mice: conditioning requirements and the role of coimplantation off etal pig liver. Transplantation.2001;72(10): 1608-1615.
25 Barth R N, Yamamoto S, LaMattina J C, et al. Xenogeneic thymokidney and thymic tissue transplantation in a pig to baboon model: I. evidence for pig specific T-cell urtrespo nsiveness. Transplantation. 2003; 75(10): 1615-1624.
26 Wu A, Yamada K, Neville DM, et al. Xenogeneic thymus trailsplantation in a pig to baboon model. Transplantation.2003;75(3): 282-291.
27 Douarin N, Corbel C, BandeiraA, et al. Evidencefor athyntis dependent form of tolerance that is not base on elimi nation or anergy of reactive T cells. Inununol Rev. 1996; 149(2): 35-53.
28 Beehomer W E, Yao X, Divic J. Recruitment of semiaUogeneic dendritic cells to the thymus during post-cyclospor inethymic regeneratio n. Transplantation.1995;60(11): 1326-1330.
29 Tuch BE, Doran TJ,Messel N ,et al. Typing of human fetal organs for the histocompatibility antigens A, B and DR[J]. J Pathdlogy, 1985, 17(1): 57-61.
30 Yan Y, Devos T, Yu L, et al. Pathogenesis of autoimmunity after xenogeneic thymus transplantation. J Immunol. 2003;170(12): 5936-5946.
31 Posselt A M,Barker C F,Tomaszewski J E, et al.Induction of donor specif ic unresponsiveness by intrathymic islet transplantation.Science.19 90;249(4974): 1293-1295.
32 Oluwole S F,Jin M X,Chowdhury N C,et al.Induction of peripheral tolera nce by intrathymic inoculation of soluble alloantigens: evidence for the role of hostantigen-presenting cells and suppressor cell mechan- ism. Cell Immunol.1995; 162(1):33-41.
33 Garrovillo M, Ali A, Oluwole S F. Indirect allorecognition in acquired thymic tolerance induction of donor-specific tolerance to rat cardiac silografts by allopeptide-pulsed host, dendri tic cells. Transplantat ion.1999;68(12):1827-1834.
34 Knechtle S J, Wang J, Jiao S,et al. Induction of specific tolerance by intrathymic with donor class Iinjection of recipient muscle cells major histocompatibility complex. Transplantation.1994;57(7):990- 996.
35 Knechtle S J, Wang J, Graeb C, et al. Direct MHC class I complementary DNA transfer to thymus induces donor-specific unresponsiveness,which involves multiple immunologic mechanisms.J Immunol.1997;159(1):152-158.
36 Oluwole SF,et al.Induction of donor-specific unresponsiveness to rat cardiac allografts by intrathymic injection of UV-B-irradiated donor spleen cells.Transplantation.1993;55:1389-1395.
37 Odorico J S,et al.Examination of the mechanisms responsible for tolerance induction after intrathymic inoculation of allogeneic bone marrow.AnnSurg.1993;218:525-533.
38 Takeuchi T,et al.Heart allografts in mouse systems:the efferential activation of TH2-like effector cells in peripheral tolerance.Transplantation.1992;53:1281-1294.
39 Thai N L,et al.Cytokine mRNA profiles in mouse orthotopic liver trans-plantation:graft rejection is assosiated with augmented TH1 fuction.Transplantation.1995;59:274-281.
40 Gao E K,et al.Strong T cell tolerance in parent-F1 bone marrow chimeras prepared with supralethal irradiation.Evidence for clonal deletion and anergy.J Exp Med.1990;171:1101-1107.
41 Starzl T E,Demetris A J,Liver transplantation:A 31-year perspective PartⅢ.Curr Proble Surg.April 1990:183-240.
42 Starzl T E,et al.Cell migration and chimerism after whole-organ trans plantation:the basis of graft acceptance.Hepatology.1993;17(6):1127-1152.
43 Uchikoshi F,et al.Restoration of immune abnormalities in diabetic BB rats after pancreas transplantation.Microchimerism of donor graft derived RT6+T cells responsible for restoration of immune responsi veness and suppression of autoimmune reaction.Transplantation.1996;61:1629-1636.
44 Didlake R,Kim EK,Kanan BD.Ability of 3M KCl-extracted histocompati-bility antigen to potentiate the immuneosuppressive effect of cyclosporine to prolong of heterotopic rat cardiac allografts.Transplantation.1988;46:743-747.
45 Bradford M M.Anal Biochem.1976;72:248-254.
46 Sambrook J.Molecular cloning a laboratory manual 2nded cold spring Harbour Laboratory Press.1989;880.
47 史伟,钟晓祝,张仕光等.胸腺内注射可溶性异基因主要组织相容性复合物抗原诱 导皮肤移植特异性耐受.中华器官移植杂志,1998;19(3):140-142.
48 Cuevas P,Carceller F,Dujovny M,et al.Peripheral nerve regeneration by bone marrow stromal cells.Neurological Research.2002;24(7):634-638.
49 王秋根,鲁树荣,应明等.不同温度时间保存异体神经移植后电生理观察 伤残医学杂志,1997;5(3):6-9.
50 Sayegh MH.Transplantation.1991;51:296-304.
51 Mayumi H.Transplatation.1985;169:147-161.
52 Didlake R,Kim E K,Kanan B D.Ability of 3M KCl-extracted histocmpa-tiblity antigen to potentiate the immuneosuppressive effect of cyclosporine to prolong of heterotopic rat cardiac allografts.Transplantation.1988;46:743-747.
53 Wahoff D C,Papalois B E,Nelson LA,et al.Allograft tolerance by intrathymic donor splenocyte transfer:an age-dependent,species specific phenomenon.Transpl Int.1996;9:3681.
54 Hartne C,Markees J,De Fazio R,et al.The effect of antilymphocyte serum,fractionated donor bone marrow,and cyclosporine on renal allog raft survival in mongrel dogs.Transplantation.1991;52:7841.
55 孟庆刚,洪光祥,钱贵宾等.胸腺内注射异基因抗原诱导鼠神经移植免疫耐受的实验研究,中华手外科杂志,2006;32(1):47-49.
56 Morgan A.Selective in vitro growth of T lymphocytes from Normal Human Bone Marrows Science,1976;193B:1008.
57 Rogers E A,et al.Lympholcine requirements for the development of specific cytotoxic T cells from single precusor.Eur J immunal.1991;24:1069.
58 罗开.细胞因子基因表达与移植排斥反应.中华器官移植杂志,1996;17B2.
59 Stockenhuber F,Steininger R,Appperl A,et al.Soluble interleukin-2 receptor:A novel parameter of renal graft rejection.T ransp lant Pro c.1990;22(1):165-166.
60 Noronha IL,Daniel V,Rambausek M,et al.Soluble interleukin-2 recep tor(Sil-2R)and Tumor N ecrosis Factor plasma levels in renal allgraft recipients.Transplant Proc.1990;22(4):1859.
1 黄志强,金锡御.外科手术学,第3版.一北京:人民卫生出版社,2005,4:214
2 刘勇,黄焱.器官移植发展简史与现状.中华医史杂志,2001,31(1):57-59.
3 Billingham RE,Brent L,Medawar PB,et al.Activity acquired tolerance of foreign cells[J].Nature,1953;172:603-615
4 Starzl TE,Demetris AJ,Murase N,et al.Cell migration,chimerism,and graft acceptance[J]Lancet,1992;339:1579-1582
5 Schwartz RH.T cell anergy[J].Scientific American,1993;8:48-54
6 Ali A,Garrovillo M,Oluwole 00,et al.Mechanisms of acquired thymic tolerance:induction of transplant by adoptive transfer of in vivo allomhc peptide activated syngeneic T cell[J]Transplantation,2001 71(10):1442-1448
7 Wekerle T.Transplantation tolerance induced by mixed chimerism[J].J Heart Lung Transplant,2001;20(8):816-823
8 Rotrosen D,Matthews J B,Bluestone J A.The immune tolerance network:a new paradigm for developing tolerance-inducing therapies[J].J Allergy ClinImmunol,2002;110(1):17-23
9 Utsugi R,Barth RN,LeeRS et al.Induction of transplantation tolerance with a short course of tacrolimus(FK506):I.Rapid and stable tolerance to two-haplotype fully mhc-mismatched kidney allograft in miniature swine[J].Transplantation,2001:71(10):1369-1379
10 Gudmundsdottir H,Turka LA.Transplantation tolerance:mechanisms and strategies?[J].Semin Nephrol,2000;20(2):209-216
11 Posselt AM,Barker CF,Tomaszewski JE,et al.Induction of donor-specific unresponsiveness by intrathymic islet transplantation.Science,1990;249:1293-1295.
12 Chen W,Sayegh MH,Khoury SJ.Mechnisms of antigen induces apoptosis of thymocytes and peripheral T cell anergy.Journal of immunology,1998,160(3):1504-1508.
13 Dono K,Wood ML,Hirok Ozato,et al.Marked prolongation of rat skin xenograft induced by inthathymic injection of xenogeneic spleencyte and a short course of Rapamycin in antilyphocyte serum-treated mice.Transplantation,1995,59:929-932
14 Oluwole SF,Jin MX,Chowdhury NC, et al.Effectiveness of intrathymic inoculatio of soluble antigen in the induction of specific unreponsiveness to rat islet allografts without transient recipient immunosuppression .Transplantation, 1994,58: 1077-1081.
15 Zang YC,Hong J,Rivera VM,et al.Preferential recognition of TCR hypervariable regions by human anti-idiotypic T cells induced by T cell vaccination[J].J Immunol,2000:164(8):4011-4017
16 Deepe GS Jr,Gibbons R.V beta 6+ T cells are obligatory for vaccine-induced immunity to Histoplasma capsulatum[J].J Immunol,2001;167(4):2219-2226
17 Cohen IR,Weiner HL.T-cell vaccination[J]. Immunol Today,1988;9(11):332-335.) (Kumar Y,Sercarz E,Zhang J,et al.T cell vaccination from basics to the clinic[J]. Trends- Immunol,2001;22:539-540
18 Kumar Y,Sercarz E,Zhang J,et al.T cell vaccination from basics to the clinic[J].Trends-Immunol,2001;22:539-540
19 Segel LA,Multiple attractors in immunology:theory and experiment [J].Biophys Chem.1998,72(1-2):223-230
20 Zhang J,Medear R,Stinissenp P,et al. MHC restricted clonotypic deplrtion of human myelin basic protein-reactive T cells by T cell vaccination [J]. Scince,1993; 261(5127):1451
21 Weiner HL,Freidman A,Miller A,et al.Oral tolerance immunologic mechanisms and treatment of animal and human organ-specific autoimmune diseases by oral administration of autoantigens[J].Annu Rev Immunol,1994;12:809
22 Bourdette DN,Whitham RH,Chou YK,et al. Immunity to TCR peptides in multiple sclerosis.I.Successful immunization of patients with synthetic Vbeta 5.2 and beta 6.1 CDR2peptides[J]. Immunol,1994:152(5):2510
23 Shapira OM,Mor E,Reshef T,Pfeffermann RA,Cohen IR.Prolongation of survival of rat cardiac allografts by T cell vaccination[J]. J Clin Invest 1993 Feb;91(2):388-90 Transplant Proc,1995;27(6):3189
24 Papalois B,Wahoff D,Aasheim T,Clemmings S,Field J,Sutherland DE.T-cell vaccination prolongs heart but not islet allograft survival in rats[J].Transplant Proc,1995;27(6) 3189
25 Shapire OM,Nor E,Reshef T Pfeffermann RA,Cohen IR.Prolongation of survival of rat cardiac allografts by T cell vaccination[J].J Clin Invest,1993,91(2):388-390
26 陈永良,何球藻。T细胞疫苗诱导同种移植物存活期延长[J]。中国免疫学杂志,1997;13(1):40-43
27 Papalois BE,Wahoff DC,Sutherland DE,et al.T cell vaccination fails to prolong survival of skin allograft in mice[J].Transplantation,1995:60(4):401-404
28 Yang yanling,Dou Kefeng,Li Kaizong,et Experiment resection of study on T cell vaccination agaist heterostrain rat liver transplantation[J].Chin J Organ Transplant,2002;23(4):220-221
29 White D.Alteration of complement activity,a strategy for xenotransplantation [J].Trends Biotechnol,1996,14(1):3-5.
30 Ohata J,Sakurai J,Saito K,et al.Differential graft-versus-leukaemia effect by CD28 and CD40 co-stimulatory blockade after graft-versus-host disease p rophylaxis[J].Clin-Exp-Immunol,2002,129(1):61-68.
31 Fishbein TM,W ang L,Benjam in C,et al.Successful tolerance induction under CD40 ligation in a rodent small bowel transplan tmodel:first report of a study with the novel antibody AH.F5[J].T ransplantation,2002,73(12):1943-1948.
32 Iwasak iN,GohdaT,Yoshioka C,et al.Feasibility of immuno-suppression in composite tissue allografts by systemic administration of CTLA 4 Ig[J].Transplantation,2002,73(3):334-340.
33 33.Gudmundsdottir H,Turka LA.T cell co-stimulatory blockade:new therapies for transplantation rejection.J Am Soc Nephrol,1999,10:1356-1370.
34 Sayegh M,Zheng X-G,Magee C,et al.Donor antigen is necessary for the prevention of chronic rejection in CTLA4Ig-treated murine cardiac allografts.Transplantation,1997,64:1646-1662
35 Kirk AD,Harlan DM,Armstrong NN,et al.CTLA4Ig and anti-CD40 ligand prevent renal allograft rejection in primates.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,1997,94:8789-8802.
36 Larsen CP,Eowood ET,Alexander DZ,et al.Long-term acceptance of skin and cardiac allografts after blocking CD40 and CD28 pathways.Nature,1996,381(6581):434-438.
37 范祖森,马宝骊,环孢素A与抗抗B7-1单克隆抗体联用诱导T淋巴细胞耐受的研究.中华器官移植杂志,2000,21(3):161-163
38 昌隆,沈世乾,陈必成等.探讨抗γ公共链单抗诱导移植免疫耐受的作用机制.中华器官移植杂志,2005,26(8):470-473
39 朱晓峰.IL-12 抗体对小鼠心脏移植存活的影响[J].中华器官移植杂志,2000,21(4):216-217.
40 杨敏,涂阳科,裘晓惠,等.应用抗CD3单克隆抗体预防肾移植术后急性排斥反应的体会[J].中华器官移植杂志,2002,23(3):143-145.
41 Janeway CA,Bottom ly K.Signals and sings for lymphocyte responses[J].Cell,1994,76(2):275-285.
42 Linsley PS,L edbetter JA.The role of the CD28 receptor duringT cell response to antigen[J].Annu Rev Immunol,1993,11191-212.
43 Larsen CP,Pearson TC.The CD40 pathway in allograft rejection,acceptance,and to lerance[J].Curr Opin Immunol,1997,9(5):641-647.
44 W ekerle T,Kurtz J,Ito H,et al.A llogeneic bone marrow transp lantation w ith co-stimulato ry blockade induces macroch imerismand to lerance w ithout cyto reductive ho st treatment[J].N alM ed,2000,6(4):464-469.
45 Im SH,Barchan D,SouroujonMC,et al.Role of tolerogen conformation in induction of oral tolerance in experimental auto immune myasthem ia gravis[J].J Immuno 1,2000,165(7):3599-3605.
46 Linsley PS,Wallace PM,Johnson J,et al.Immuno supp ressionin vivo by a soluble form of the CTLA 4 T cell activation a)mo lecule[J].Science,1992,257(5071):792-795.
47 Yang Z,Rostam i S,Koebeilein B,et al.Cardiac allograft tolerance induced by intra-arterial infusion of recombinant adenoviralCTLA 4 Ig[J].Transp lantation,1999,67(12):1517-1523.
48 Hwang KW , Sweatt WB, Brown IE, et al. Cutting edge: targeted ligation of CTLA -4 in vivo by membrane-bound anti-CTLA -4 antibody prevents rejection of allogeneic cells [ J ]. J-Immunol, 2002,169 (2): 633-637.
49 Pierson RN 3rd, Crowe JE J r, Pfeiffer S, et al. CD40-ligand in primate cardiac allograft and viral immunity [J ]. Immunol-Res,2001, 23 (2-3): 253-262.
50 Broxmeyer HE, Lu L, Cooper S, et al. Flt3 ligand stimulates/costimulates the growth of myeloid stem /progenitor cells [J]. Exp,Hematol, 1995, 23(10): 1121 -1129
51 (Lensehow DJ, Zeng Y, Thistlewaite JR, et al. Long-term survival of xenogeneie pancreatic islet grafts induced by CTLA41g [J]. Science, 1992, 257 (5071): 789-792.
52 Parker DC, Greiner DL, Phillips NE, et al. Survival of mouse pancreatic islet allografts in recipients trested with allogeneic small lymphocytes and antibody to CD40 ligant[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1995, 92(21): 9 560-9 564.
53 Kirk AD, Jadaki DK, Celniker A, et al. Induction therapy with monoclonal antibodies specific for CD80 and CD86 delays the onset acute renal allograft rejection in non-human primates [J]. Transplantation , 2001, 72(3): 377-379.
54 Isobe M,Suzuki J,Yamazaki S,et al.Circulation, 1997;96(7): 2247 -53.
55 Qin L,Ding Y,Tahara H,Bromberg JS,et al.J Immunol,2001;166(4):2385-93.
56 Maluf DG,Fisher RA,RILEY R,et al.Clin Transplant,2002;16 Suppl 7:6-14.
57 Owen SL, Chan H, Cusack JC, et al. Fas and Fas ligand interaction in malignant disease[J]. Int J Oneol, 2000, 17(1): 5-12.
58 Oshimi Y,Miyazaki S.Fas antigen-mediated DNA fragmentation and apoptotic morphologic changes are regulated by elevated cytosolic Ca~(2+) Level.J Immunol,1995,154:599-609
59 Ju ST,Cui H,Panka DJ, et al.Participation of target Fas protein in apoptosis pathway induced by CD4~+ TH1 and CD8~+ cytotoxic T cells.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,1994,91:4185-4189.
60 Bellgrau D, Gold D, Selawiy H, et al. A role for CD95 Ligand in preventing graft rejection[J]. Nature, 1995, 377(6550): 630-632.
61 Kang SM,Schneider DB,Lin Z,et al.Fas ligand expression in islets of Langhans does not confer immune privilege and instead targets them for rapid destruction [J]. Nature Med, 1997, 3(7):738-743.
62 Meyer D,Baumgardt S,Loeffeler S,et al.Apoptosis of T lymphocytes in liver and/or small bowel allografts during tolerance induction.Transplantation, 1998, 66(11):1530-1536.
63 Starzl TE,Microchimnism,Dendritic cell progenitor and transplantation.Stem cells 1995;13:622.)(Inaba K,Steinman RM,Pack MW.et al.Identification of proliferating dendritic cell procursors in mouse blood.J Exp.Med.1992,175:1157.
64 Eichwald EJ,Lustgraaf EC,Strainer M.Genetic factors in Parabiosis.Journal of the national cancer Istitute 1959,23:1193
65 Iistad ST,Sachs DH.Reconstitution with syngeneic plus allogeneicor xenogeneic bone marrow leads to specific acceptance of allografts or xenografts. Nature 1984, 307:168.
66 Monaco A P,Clark A W,Wood M L et al.Possible active enhancement of a human cadaver renal allograft with antilymphocytic serum(ALS) and donor bone marrow:case report of an initial attempt.Surgery. 1976,79:384
67 Thomas J M,Carver F M,Foil M B.Renal allograft tolerance induced with ATG and donor bone marrow in outbred rhesus monkeys.Transplantation 1983,36:104
68 White D.Alteration of complement activity ,a strategy for xenotransplantation [J]Trends Biotechnol,1996,14(1):3-5
69 Lau HT,Yu M,Fontana A,et al.Preserve of islet allograft rejection with engineered myoblasts expressing FasL in mice[J].Science,1996,273(1):109-112
70 Li XK,Okuyama A, et al.Prolonged survival of recipient rats with Fas-ligand- transfected liver allografts by using HVJ-liposome[J].Transplant Proc,1998, 30(4):943.
71 Macewen W. J Proc Roy Soc London 1881;32:232-47
72 Lexer E.J Surg Gynecol Obster 1925;40:782-809
73 康焱.同种异体骨移植的研究和应用现状.国外医学外科学分册2004;31(4):221-5
74 李宝兴,孙世荃.骨库技术与操作规范.中华骨科杂志 2004;24(10):638-40
75 李丹,胡蕴玉,袁志.综合骨库各类骨移植材料的制备、消毒及保存.第四军医大学学报 2001;22(22)
76 Thoren K,et al.Clin Orthop1995;318:259-64
77 Tshamala M,et al.VetImmunol Immunopathol 1999;69(1):47-59
78 S C Buckley,I Stockley,AJ Hamer,et al.Irradiated allograft bone for acetabular revision surgery:results at a mean of five years.J Bone Joint Surg[Br]Mar 2005;87(3):310-3
79 Erika J Mitchell;Allison M Stawarz;Ramazan Kayacan;Clare M Rimnac,The effect of gamma radiation sterilization on the fatigue crack propagation resistance of human cortical bone.J Bone Joint Surg[Am]Dec 2004;86(12):2648
80 Hamer AJ,et al.J Bone Joint Surg 1996;78:363-8
81 Campbell DG,et al.Aust N Z J Surg 1999,69:517-21
82 Burgess,Effective use of optimized,high-dose(50 kGy) gamma irradiation for pathogen inactivation of human bone allografts.Biomaterials2005;26(14):2033-42
83 Bauer,Ueber knochen transplantation.J.Bone Joint Surg 1995;37A:811,Brown KLB,Cruess RL.Bone and transplantation in orthopaedic surgery.J Bone Joint Surg;64A:270
84 Tuffier T.Des greffees,et al.Dos humain dans les resections articulaires.J.Bone Joint Surg 1955;37A:811
85 Inclan A.The use of preserved bone graft in orthopaedic surgery.J Bone Joint Surg 1942;24A:81-96,Joyce M.J,Greenwald AS,Mowe J,et al.Musculoskeletal allograft tissue safety,American academy of orthopaedic surgeons,69th annual meeting,Feb.13-17,2002
86 Bright RW.Biomechanics of bone allografts.In Proceedings of the conference on rehabilitation of articular joints by biologic resurfacing,(ed.M.Meyer),Veterans Administration,P.184.1979.
87 Friedlaender G.E.Guidelines for banking osteochandral allografts.In Osteochandral Allografts.(ed.Friedlaender G.E,et al),Little, Brown,Boston,1983,p.177
88 Pelker RR,Friedlaender GE,Markham TC,et al.Effects of freezing and freeze-drying on the biomechanical properties of rat bone,J.Orthop.Res 1984; 1:405
89 Berggren A,Weiland AJ,Dorfman H .The effect of prolonged ischemia time on osteocyte and osteoblast survival in composite bone grafts revascularized by microvascular anastomoses.Plast Reconstr Surg 1982;62(2):290-8
90 Burchardt H.The biology of bone graft repair.Clin Orthop1983;(174):28-42
91 Grag TC,Elves MV .Osteogenesis in bone grafts:the origin of the early.J Bone Joint Surg(Br)1980;62(2):258
92 Wientroub S,Goodwin D,Khermosh O,Salama R.The clinical use of autologous marrow to improve osteogenic potential of bone grafts in pediatric orthopedics.J Pediatr Orthop 1989;9(2):186
93 Sato K,Urist MR.Bone morphogenetic protein-induced cartilage development in tissue culture.Clin Orthop 1984;(183):180
94 Reddi AH,Wientroub S,Muthukumaran N.Biologic principels of bone indution. Orthop Clin North Am 1987;(18):207
95 Tabas JA,Zasloff M,Wasmuth JJ,et al.Bone Morphogenetic Protein:Chromosomal Localization of human genes for BMPl,BMP2A,andBMP3,Genomics 1991;9(2): 283
96 Hahn GV,Cohen RB,Wozhey JM,ET AL.Abone morphogenetic protein subfamily: chromosomal localization of human genes for BMP5, BMP6 and BMP7. Genomics 1992;14(3) :759-762
97 Lindholm TC,Lindholm TS,Alitalo I,Urist MR.Bovine bone morphogenetic protein (bBMP)induced repair of skull trephine defects in sheep.Clin Orthop 1988;(227): 265-8
98 Lechler RI,Batchelor JR.Restoration of immunogenicity to passenger cell-depleted kidney allografts by the addition of donor strain dendritic cells.J Exp Med,1982, 155:31-41.
99 Czitrom AA.Immunology of bone and cartilage allografts.In:Czitrom AA,Gross AE,eds.Allografts in orthopaedic practice.Baltimore:Williams & Wilkins,1992.15-25
100 屠重棋,龚全,裴福兴,等.大块冷冻同种异体骨移植后免疫学改变.中华骨科杂志2000;20(7):421-3
101 陆军,吴苏稼,施鑫.同种异体骨移植的免疫反应.中国矫形外科杂志2002;9(4):388-91
102 陈远明.同种异体骨移植的基础研究及临床应用进展.南华大学学报医学版2004;32(3):352-4
103 Stevenson S,XQ Li,Dwight TD,et al.Critical biological determinants of incorporation of non-vascularized cortical bone grafts.Quantification of a complex process and structure.J Bone Joint Surg[Am]1997;79:1-16)
104 Muscolo DL,et al.Clin Orthop Rela Res1996;126:115-126
105 Goldberg VM,et al.J Bone Joint Surg[Am]1984;66:937-50
106 Voggenreiter G,et al.J Bone Miner Res 2000;15:1825-34
107 Markus Gabl,S Pechlaner,M Lutz,et al.Bilateral Hand Transplantation:Bone Healing Under Immunosuppression With Tacrolimus,Mycophenolate Mofetil,and Prednisolone.J Hand Surg Nov2004;29A:1020-1027
108 Vossen,Bone quality and healing in a swine vascularized bone allotransplantation model using cyclosporine-based immunosuppression therapy.Plast Reconstr Surg 2005;115(2):529-38
109 Ikeda K,Shigetomi M,Ihara K,Tsubone T,et al.Effects of cessation of immunosuppression on skeleton reconstructed by vascularized bone allograft in rats.Journal of Orthopaedic Research Mar 2004;22(2):388
110 Peter WB,Peter CN,C Vaughan A Bowen,et al.Survival of microvascular physeal allograft transplants following withdraw of short-term postoperative immunosuppression.J Bone Joint Surg[Am]Feb 2004;86(2):281-9
111 Mankin HJ,Doppelt SH,Sullivan TR.Osteoarticular and intercalary allograft transplantation in the management of malignant bone tumors of bone[J]Cancer,1982,50:613-630.
112 Mankin HJ.Complications of allograft surgery[M]In osteochondral allografts. Biology,banking and clinical applications,1983,259-274
113 Lord CF,et al.[J]Bone Joint Surg(Am)1988;70:369-376
114 Dick H M,et al.Clin Orthop 1994;360:46-53.
115 Mankin HJ.The changes in major limb reconstruction as a result of the development of allografts.Chir Organi Mov 2003;88:101-13
116 Gerrand CH,Griffin AM,Davis AM,et al.Large segment allograft survival is improved with intramedullary cement.J Surg Oncol 2003;84:198-208
117 刘继中.大段异体骨关节移植的关节功能重建和术后康复.中国修复重建外科杂志 2001;15(4):244-7
118 Didlake R,Kim EK,Kanan BD.Ability of 3M KCl-extracted histocompatibility antigen to potentiate the immunosuppressive effect of cyclosporine to prolong of heterotopic rat cardiac allografts.Transplantation,1988,46:743-747
119 王茂音.实用生物化学实验.第1版.合肥:安徽科技出版社,1991:24
120 Sambrook J,Gething MJ.Protein structure.Chaperones,paperone.Nature,1989,342(6247):224-225.
121 Didlake R,Kim E K,Kanan B D.Ability of 3M KCL-extracted histocompatibility antigen to potentiate the immunosuppressive effect of cyclosporine to prolong of heterotopic rat cardiac allografts.Transplantation.1988;46:743-747.
122 Horowits MC,Friedlaender GE.Induction of specific T-cell responsiveness to allogeneic bone[J].J Bone Joint Surg(Am),1991,73:1157-1168.
123 Goldner-Sauve AJ,Fuks A,Guttmann RD.A Class Ⅱ monoclonal antibody specific for the RT1.B,rather than the RT1.D.product of the rat major histocompatibility complex.Transplantation,35:495-497,1993.
124 Stevenson Ph.D.The immune response to osteochondral allografts in dogsJ.J Bone Joint Sur g(Am),1987,69:573-582.
125 Muscolo DL,et al.Clin Orthop Rela Res1996;126:115-126
126 Stevenson S,Shaffer JW,Goldberg VM.The humoral response to vascular and nonvascular allografts of bone.Clin Orthop 1996;323:86-95
127 Stevenson S,Emery SE,Goldberg VM.Factors affecting bone graft incorporation.Clin Orthop 1996;323:66-74
128 Foster RD,Pham S,Li S,el al.Long-term acceptance of composite tissue allografts through mixed chimerism and CD28 blockade.Transplantation.2003,76(6):988-994.
129 W.P.A Lee,J.P.Rubi,Flerino.Randolph,and D.h Sachs.Use of Swine Model in Transplantation of Vascularized Skeletal Tissue Allografts.Transplant-ation Proceedings1998,30:2743-2745.
130 Elves.MW.Humoral immune response to allografts of bone.Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol,1974,47:708-715.
131 Poitout DG Future of bone allografts in massive bone resection for tumor[J].Presse Med,1996,25(1):527-530.
132 林丛,候宽永,张文秀等.深低温在肝细胞移植中减轻免疫排斥反应的应用[J].北京医科大学学报,1998,30(1):32-34
133 鲁子贤,崔涛,施庆洛.圆二色性和旋光色散在分子生物学中的应用[M].北京:科学出版社,1987:105.
134 Oswa T.Nerve regeneration through cryotreated xenogenic nerve grafts[J].Arch Histo Jap,1987,50(2):191-193
135 Rubin L A,Kurman C C,Fritz M E et al.Soluble interleukin-2 receptors are released from activated human lymphoid cells in vitro[J].J Immunol,1985;135(5):3172-3177.
136 Ohashi Y,Nakai Y,Sakamoto H,et al.Serum levels of soluble interleukin-2receptor in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis before and after immunotherapy.Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol,1996,77:203-207
137 Motojima S,Hiratu A,Kushima A,et al.Serum levels of soluble interleukin-2receptor in asthma patients.J Asthma,1995,32:151-156
138 Hettiaratchy S.Transplantation tolerance and chimerism:what are they and do we need them? Plast ReconstrSurg 2004;113(7):2213-4
139 Posselt AM,Barker CF,Tomaszewski JE,et al.Induction of donor-specific unresponsiveness by intrathymic islet transplantation.Science,1990;249:1293-1295
140 Akira Ito,Toshinori Ito,et al.Donor-specific Tolerance by Perioperative Intrathymic Injection of Bone Marrow Cells in the Rat Cardiac Allograft Model.Use of FK506 can shorted the necessary duration of pretransplant intrathymic coditioning.Transplantation,1997;64:752-757
141 吕艳 谢蜀生 张庆殷等.供体脾细胞输注诱导小鼠移植耐受及其机理 中华微生物学与免疫学杂志2001,21(2):146.
142 John w.T cell tolerance by clonal elimination in the thymus.Cell,1987,49:273.
143 Blackman M,Kappler J,Marrack P.The Role of the T Cell Receptor in Positive and Negative Selection of Developing Tcells.Science,1990;248:1335-1341.)(Nikolic B,Sykes M.Clonal deletion as a mechanism of transplantation tolerance.J Heart Lung Transplant,1996;15:1171-1178.
144 王秋根,应明,鲁树荣,等.不同冷冻温度和保存时间对同种异体神经移植后神经功能影响的研究.中华手外科杂志,1998,14:53
145 Marusic M,Turkalj-kljajic M,Petrovecki M et al.Indirect demonstration of the lifetime function of human thymus[J].Clin Exp Immunolo,1998;111(2):450.