蒸参水化学成分及生物活性研究
|
摘要
中药材栽培、炮制加工与质量评价是中药现代化的重要组成部分,也是本学科研究的方向之一。其中,针对人参的研究,一直是本领域的重点研究课题。人参(Panax ginseng C.A.Mey)是吉林省主要道地药材,人参做为吉林的优势产业,在国际市场上占有举足轻重的份额,人参产业的发展状况,直接影响其在吉林特种农业发展中的引领地位。近年来,随着人参不同用药部位及其加工产品在医药及保健品领域的研究应用,众多人参制品应运而生,又因为人参种植环境与产品需求的长期矛盾,使得人参在不久的将来将出现资源短缺的态势。因此,寻找新的人参药用资源已成为当务之急。蒸参水是红参加工过程中的副产物,是在红参加工过程中,水蒸气对人参蒸熏、浸渍,冷却后,溶于蒸锅内的一种暗棕色、混浊、粘稠状水溶液,含有部分人参皂苷,人参多糖以及多种氨基酸。红参的世界年产量约为7000吨,中国约为4000吨,吉林省约为3400吨,每加工1Kg红参干品,可得蒸参水干物质48.6g。因此,吉林省蒸参水年产量极为可观,生产上一般将其做为废物弃掉,势必造成资源的浪费。因此,系统研究蒸参水的化学成分和生物活性,对吉林省人参的产业化开发,具有现实指导意义。为此,开展本项研究,并取得如下进展:
1.蒸参水化学成分研究。本项研究采用有机溶剂提取、萃取、大孔吸附树脂、ODS柱层析、硅胶柱层析、凝胶层析等常规的植物化学方法和手段,结合制备型HPLC等先进的仪器设备,通过多种不同的提取、分离制备工艺路线,从蒸参水中分离制备了11个人参皂苷单体化合物。通过物理常数、化学方法和MS波谱分析鉴定了11个化合物归属。分别为原人参二醇型皂苷Rb1、Rb2、Rc、Rd、Rg3的二个构型异构体;原人参三醇型皂苷Re、Rf;齐醇果酸型人参皂苷Ro;及红参中特有人参皂苷Rg5和Rk1。
2.采用中压柱层析色谱建立蒸参水中Rb_1、Rb_2、Rc、Rd、Re、Rf,6个人参单体皂苷的快速分离制备工艺。
3.采用HPLC-ESI-MS对鲜人参、红参甲醇提取物和蒸参水萃取物的水相、正丁醇相及正丁醇相D101大孔树脂的水洗脱相、10%乙醇洗脱相、30%乙醇洗脱相、50%乙醇洗脱相和70%乙洗脱相的共计21个提取物组分的人参皂苷类成分进了对比分析。红参中,水相分离鉴定了14个人参皂苷,正丁醇相分离鉴定了9个人参皂苷,水相较正丁醇相多鉴定出Rb1、Rc、Rb2、Rb3、Rd,5个皂苷。D101大孔树脂水洗脱相、10%、30%乙醇洗脱相均分离到5个人参皂苷且种类相同;50%乙醇洗脱相仅得到Rg_1、Rf、Rg_2,3个人参皂苷。鲜人参中,除D101大孔树脂30%和50%洗脱相皂苷种类相同外,其他组分皂苷种类或数量均存在差异;蒸参水各组分中,正丁醇萃取相、D101大孔树脂30%乙醇洗脱相和50%乙醇洗脱相中均分离出人参皂苷F4、Rg_6和Rh_4,以上3种人参皂苷在该实验的鲜人参和红参中未曾检测到。
4.采用GC-MS对蒸参水、鲜人参和红参醚溶性成分进行了对比分析。分离蒸参水中24个醚溶性成分,鉴定了10个醚溶性化合物;分离红参中95个醚溶性成分,鉴定33个化合物;分离鲜人参中94个醚溶性成分,鉴定31个化合物,鲜人参和红参中鉴定了15个相同的化合物。
5.对鲜人参、红参和蒸参水21个提取物组分免疫活性进行筛选,通过体外培养小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞,以巨噬细胞产生TNF-α的量确定提取物组分活性,以蒸参水D101大孔树脂10%乙醇洗脱组分活性最强,主要含有:ginsenoside-Rg_1、Re、Ro、Rf、Rg_2、Rb_1、Rc、Rb_2、Rb_3、F_4、Rg_6、20(S)-Rg_3、20(R)-Rg_3、Rg_5、Rk_1,17种人参皂苷,主要为原人参三醇型皂苷、原人参二醇型和齐墩果酸型皂苷及红参特有的稀有人参皂苷Rg_5和Rk_1。体外培养小鼠脾淋巴细胞,以脾淋巴细胞增殖率为指标确定组分中活性最强者为鲜人参D101大孔树脂30%乙醇洗脱相,皂苷种类主要包括:ginsenoside-Rg_1、Re、Ro、Rf、Rg_2、Rc、Rb_2、Rb_3、Rd等人参皂苷。
6.21个提取物组分体外培养小鼠脾淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞和L929成纤维细胞,测定其细胞毒性。鲜参70%乙醇相,红参70%乙醇相对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞有细胞毒性,但毒性较低;对于小鼠脾淋巴细胞,鲜人参70%乙醇相和红参70%乙醇相有较高的细胞毒性;鲜人参70%乙醇相对L929小鼠成纤维细胞也具有较低的细胞毒性。
7.对鲜人参、红参和蒸参水甲醇提取物及21个提取物组分清除DPPH自由基、超氧阴离子自由基和羟自由基的抗氧化活性研究,甲醇提取物尤以蒸参水的效果最好,其IC50值:清除DPPH:26 mg/mL;清除超氧阴离子自由基:14 mg/mL;清除羟自由基:10 mg/mL。对21个提取物组分进行抗氧化筛选,初步筛选了3个活性较强的组分,即9号组分:“鲜人参正丁醇萃取相”,10号组分:“鲜人参正丁醇萃取相D101大孔树酯水洗脱相”和16号组分:“蒸参水正丁醇萃取相”。分别比较测试9、10、16号组分对DPPH自由基、超氧阴离子自由基和羟自由基清除率,结果3种提取物组分对DPPH自由基清除率以组分16活性最强,其IC50值为8.0 mg/mL;3种提取物组分对超氧阴离子自由基清除率以组分10活性最强,其IC50值为13.0 mg/mL; 3种提取物组分对羟自由基清除率以组分16活性最强,其IC50值为11.0 mg/mL。
本文创新点如下:
1.首次采用GC-MS对蒸参水、鲜人参和红参醚溶性成分进行了对比分析。NIST08.L标准图谱库自动检索,分离鉴定了蒸参水中10个醚溶性化合物;红参中33个醚溶性化合物;鲜人参中31个醚溶性化合物。首次从鲜人参和红参中鉴定了多炔类抗癌活性成分镰叶芹醇和具有免疫兼美容活性的成分角鲨烯。
2首次对鲜人参、红参和蒸参水21个提取物组分免疫活性进行体外筛选,并进行细胞毒性研究,并确定细胞毒性较强组分,为蒸参水开发利用提供参考;
3首次对鲜人参、红参、蒸参水清除DPPH自由基、超氧阴离子自由基及羟自由基活性筛选研究,筛选出清除DPPH自由基和羟自由基活性最强者为“蒸参水正丁醇萃取相”;清除超氧阴离子自由基活性最强者为“鲜人参正丁醇萃取相D101大孔树酯水洗脱相”。
综合以上研究结果,蒸参水做为红参加工过程中的副产物,具有较好的利用价值,可以做为化妆品、健康食品添加剂及动物生物制品免疫佐剂开发,必将为我国参业发展产生新的经济增长点。
The cultivation, processing and quality evaluation of Chinese Medicinal Materials is an important part of traditinal Chinese medicine modernization, and also the one of the reasearch areas in the professional studies. Among these, about ginseng research still plays an important role in the field. Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.is one of a genuine herbs in Jilin province.Jilin ginseng as the dominant industries, holds a key in the international market share. The condition of ginseng indutry development directly impacting on its paticular industries leading position in Jilin’s agricultural development.In recent years, as part of ginseng drugs and their processed products in the field of medcine and health products reasearch and appliccation, here came into being the many ginseng products, here should be occur the situation of the ginseng resources shortage because long term confliicts of the ginseng cultivation and demond. Therefore,the search for new ginseng medicinal resources has become a priority. Steamed ginseng water is the byproduct of the red ginseng processing, in the process of red ginseng, water vapor steamed ginseng, after dipping into the steaming pot at the bottom of solution, is a dark drown, turbid, viscous liquid, containing part of the ginseng saponins, ginseng polysaccharides and amino acids. World annual production of red ginseng is about 7,000 tons, China is about 4,000 tons, about 3,400 tons in Jilin Province, to process 1Kg dryed red ginseng there should be produce dryed steamed ginseng water 8.6g . Therefore, steamed ginseng water has Considerable annual output in Jilin Province, steamed ginseng water generally be discarded as waste, thus, should be inevitably cause a waste of resources.Therefore, study on the chemistry and biological of steamed ginseng water systematicly has a practical guide on the industrialization development of Jiling ginseng. To carry out this study and made the following progress.
1 Study on chemical constituents of steamed ginseng water. Eleven ginsenosides were isolated from the steamed ginseng water by the different process of extraction and isolation,and with the extraction of organic solvent, Macro-reticular resins, ODS column chromatorgraphy, silica gel column chromatography, and other isolation method. On the basis of the physical constants, chemical evidence and MS identyfied the attribution of 11 ginsenosids, there are protopanaxadiol saponins, ginsenoside- Rb1,Rb2,Rc, Rd, 20(R)-Rg3 and 20(S)-Rg3, Protopanaxtriol saponins, ginsenoside-Re, Rf, Oleanolic acid type saponins, ginsenoside- Ro, and the unique red ginseng ginenosides Rg5 and Rk1.
2 Using medium pressure column chromatography to establish the saponins’saperation and preparation process of steamed ginseng water. Six saponins ginsenosid- Rb1 , Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re and Rf were prepared.
3 Isolated the saponins of fresh ginseng, red ginseng methanol extracts and steamed ginseng water extracted by organic solvents phase, include aqua phase, n-butanol phase and the n-butanol phase D101 macroporous resin washed by aqua , 10%ethanol, 30%ethanol, 50%ethanol and 70 ethanol, total 21 components compare analysed by HPLC-ESI-MS. In red ginseng , 14 ginsenosids were identified in aqua phase, 9 ginsenosids were identified in n-butanol phase, compared with aqua phase , n-butanol phase have no ginsenoside- Rb1、Rc、Rb2、Rb3 and Rd. D101 macroporous resin washed by water, 10%ethanol, 30%ethanol, were all identified the same five ginsenosids, 50% ethanol phase only identified gisenoside- Rg1, Rf and Rg2. In fresh ginseng, all extracts has different ginsenosids except D101 macroporous resin 30% and 50% ethanol phase. Ginsenoside- F4, Rg6, Rh4 were identified in n-butanol extract phase, D101 macroporous resin 30% and 50% ethanol phase of steamed ginseng water,, fresh ginseng and red ginseng haden’t identified them.
4 Fresh ginseng, red ginseng and steamed ginseng water ether soluble components were analyzed by GC-MS. In steamed ginseng water isolated 24 components, 10 of them were identified, In red ginseng isolated 95components, 33of them were identified, In fresh ginseng isolated 94 components, 31 of them were identified,15 same components were identified in fresh ginseng and red ginseng。
5 The extracts immune activity of the Fresh ginseng, red ginseng and steamed ginseng water 21 components were screened. By cultured mouse macrophages, to determine the activity of extract components by the amount of TNF-α, the result is steamed ginseng water D101 macroporous resin 10% ethanol fraction has the strongest activity, the generation rarte of TNF-αwas 78.8%, in this fraction contains ginsenoside- Rg1、Re、Ro、Rf、Rg2、Rb1、Rc、Rb2、Rb3、F4、Rg6、20(S)-Rg3、20(R)-Rg3、Rg5、Rk1,17kinds of ginseng saponin,both conains protopanaxadiol saponins, Protopanaxtriol saponins, Oleanolic acid type saponins also the rare and unique ginsenosides- Rg5、Rk1 of red ginseng. By cultured mouse spleen lymphocytes, to determine the activity of extract components by the generation rate of mouse spleen lymphocytes, the result is fresh ginseng D101 macroporous resin 30% ethanol fraction has the strongest activity, the generation rarte was 66.9%. In this fraction contains ginsenoside-Rg1、Re、Ro、Rf、Rg2、Rc、Rb2、Rb3、Rd。
6 Cultured mouse macrophages, mouse spleen lymphocytes, mouse fibroblast L929 by 21 extract frections, to determine their cytotoxicity. The result is, fresh ginseng 70% ethanol phase and red ginseng 70% ethanol phase have lower cytotoxicity to mouse macrophages, but higher cytotoxicity to mouse spleen lymphocytes, fresh ginseng 70% ethanol phase has lower cytotoxicity to mouse fibroblast L929.
7 Studied on the clearance of DPPH radical , superoxide anion radical, hydroxyl radical by fresh ginseng, red ginseng and steamed ginseng water methanol extracts and their 21 extract fractions. The result was, the steamed ginseng water methanol extract has the strongest antioxidant activity, the IC50 were, DPPH 26 mg/mL, superoxide anion14 mg/mL, hydroxyl 10 mg/mL, to 21 components of the extracts for antioxidant screening, initial screening of the three samples have stronger activity. They are NO.9 fresh ginseng n-butanol extract, No.10 fresh ginseng D101 macroporous resin aqua phase, No.16 steamed ginseng water n-butanol extract.Compared the activity of NO.9, NO. 10, NO.16 samples to the three kinds of radical. The result was, the strongest clearance of DPPH was NO.16, the IC50 is 8.0 mg/mL, the strongest clearance of superoxide anion was NO.10, the IC50 is 13.0 mg/mL, the strongest clearance of hydroxyl was NO.16, the IC50 is 11.0 mg/mL.
The innovation is as follows
1 For the first time, fresh ginseng, red ginseng and steamed ginseng water ether soluble components were analyzed by GC-MS. NIST08.L standard atlas automatic retrieval, idenyified 10 ether soluble components of steamed ginseng water, 33 ether soluble components of red ginseng, and 31 ether soluble components of fresh ginseng. For the first time isolated anticancer component falcarinol from fresh ginseng and red ginseng.Immune and Cosmetology active ingredient squalene isolated in red ginseng , 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl-, (all-E)- isolated in fresh ginseng.
2 For the first time, the extracts immune activity and Cytotoxicity of the Fresh ginseng, red ginseng and steamed ginseng water 21 components were screened.
3 For the first time, studied on the clearance of DPPH radical , superoxide anion radical, hydroxyl radical by fresh ginseng, red ginseng and steamed ginseng water methanol extracts and their 21 extract fractions were screened.
Based on the above findings, the seamed ginseng water as the byproduct in the process of red ginseng, has a high-value in development and utilization, can be used as cosmetics, food additives and animal health adjuvant development of biological products.Should be generating new economic growth point for china ginseng industry.
1.蒸参水化学成分研究。本项研究采用有机溶剂提取、萃取、大孔吸附树脂、ODS柱层析、硅胶柱层析、凝胶层析等常规的植物化学方法和手段,结合制备型HPLC等先进的仪器设备,通过多种不同的提取、分离制备工艺路线,从蒸参水中分离制备了11个人参皂苷单体化合物。通过物理常数、化学方法和MS波谱分析鉴定了11个化合物归属。分别为原人参二醇型皂苷Rb1、Rb2、Rc、Rd、Rg3的二个构型异构体;原人参三醇型皂苷Re、Rf;齐醇果酸型人参皂苷Ro;及红参中特有人参皂苷Rg5和Rk1。
2.采用中压柱层析色谱建立蒸参水中Rb_1、Rb_2、Rc、Rd、Re、Rf,6个人参单体皂苷的快速分离制备工艺。
3.采用HPLC-ESI-MS对鲜人参、红参甲醇提取物和蒸参水萃取物的水相、正丁醇相及正丁醇相D101大孔树脂的水洗脱相、10%乙醇洗脱相、30%乙醇洗脱相、50%乙醇洗脱相和70%乙洗脱相的共计21个提取物组分的人参皂苷类成分进了对比分析。红参中,水相分离鉴定了14个人参皂苷,正丁醇相分离鉴定了9个人参皂苷,水相较正丁醇相多鉴定出Rb1、Rc、Rb2、Rb3、Rd,5个皂苷。D101大孔树脂水洗脱相、10%、30%乙醇洗脱相均分离到5个人参皂苷且种类相同;50%乙醇洗脱相仅得到Rg_1、Rf、Rg_2,3个人参皂苷。鲜人参中,除D101大孔树脂30%和50%洗脱相皂苷种类相同外,其他组分皂苷种类或数量均存在差异;蒸参水各组分中,正丁醇萃取相、D101大孔树脂30%乙醇洗脱相和50%乙醇洗脱相中均分离出人参皂苷F4、Rg_6和Rh_4,以上3种人参皂苷在该实验的鲜人参和红参中未曾检测到。
4.采用GC-MS对蒸参水、鲜人参和红参醚溶性成分进行了对比分析。分离蒸参水中24个醚溶性成分,鉴定了10个醚溶性化合物;分离红参中95个醚溶性成分,鉴定33个化合物;分离鲜人参中94个醚溶性成分,鉴定31个化合物,鲜人参和红参中鉴定了15个相同的化合物。
5.对鲜人参、红参和蒸参水21个提取物组分免疫活性进行筛选,通过体外培养小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞,以巨噬细胞产生TNF-α的量确定提取物组分活性,以蒸参水D101大孔树脂10%乙醇洗脱组分活性最强,主要含有:ginsenoside-Rg_1、Re、Ro、Rf、Rg_2、Rb_1、Rc、Rb_2、Rb_3、F_4、Rg_6、20(S)-Rg_3、20(R)-Rg_3、Rg_5、Rk_1,17种人参皂苷,主要为原人参三醇型皂苷、原人参二醇型和齐墩果酸型皂苷及红参特有的稀有人参皂苷Rg_5和Rk_1。体外培养小鼠脾淋巴细胞,以脾淋巴细胞增殖率为指标确定组分中活性最强者为鲜人参D101大孔树脂30%乙醇洗脱相,皂苷种类主要包括:ginsenoside-Rg_1、Re、Ro、Rf、Rg_2、Rc、Rb_2、Rb_3、Rd等人参皂苷。
6.21个提取物组分体外培养小鼠脾淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞和L929成纤维细胞,测定其细胞毒性。鲜参70%乙醇相,红参70%乙醇相对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞有细胞毒性,但毒性较低;对于小鼠脾淋巴细胞,鲜人参70%乙醇相和红参70%乙醇相有较高的细胞毒性;鲜人参70%乙醇相对L929小鼠成纤维细胞也具有较低的细胞毒性。
7.对鲜人参、红参和蒸参水甲醇提取物及21个提取物组分清除DPPH自由基、超氧阴离子自由基和羟自由基的抗氧化活性研究,甲醇提取物尤以蒸参水的效果最好,其IC50值:清除DPPH:26 mg/mL;清除超氧阴离子自由基:14 mg/mL;清除羟自由基:10 mg/mL。对21个提取物组分进行抗氧化筛选,初步筛选了3个活性较强的组分,即9号组分:“鲜人参正丁醇萃取相”,10号组分:“鲜人参正丁醇萃取相D101大孔树酯水洗脱相”和16号组分:“蒸参水正丁醇萃取相”。分别比较测试9、10、16号组分对DPPH自由基、超氧阴离子自由基和羟自由基清除率,结果3种提取物组分对DPPH自由基清除率以组分16活性最强,其IC50值为8.0 mg/mL;3种提取物组分对超氧阴离子自由基清除率以组分10活性最强,其IC50值为13.0 mg/mL; 3种提取物组分对羟自由基清除率以组分16活性最强,其IC50值为11.0 mg/mL。
本文创新点如下:
1.首次采用GC-MS对蒸参水、鲜人参和红参醚溶性成分进行了对比分析。NIST08.L标准图谱库自动检索,分离鉴定了蒸参水中10个醚溶性化合物;红参中33个醚溶性化合物;鲜人参中31个醚溶性化合物。首次从鲜人参和红参中鉴定了多炔类抗癌活性成分镰叶芹醇和具有免疫兼美容活性的成分角鲨烯。
2首次对鲜人参、红参和蒸参水21个提取物组分免疫活性进行体外筛选,并进行细胞毒性研究,并确定细胞毒性较强组分,为蒸参水开发利用提供参考;
3首次对鲜人参、红参、蒸参水清除DPPH自由基、超氧阴离子自由基及羟自由基活性筛选研究,筛选出清除DPPH自由基和羟自由基活性最强者为“蒸参水正丁醇萃取相”;清除超氧阴离子自由基活性最强者为“鲜人参正丁醇萃取相D101大孔树酯水洗脱相”。
综合以上研究结果,蒸参水做为红参加工过程中的副产物,具有较好的利用价值,可以做为化妆品、健康食品添加剂及动物生物制品免疫佐剂开发,必将为我国参业发展产生新的经济增长点。
The cultivation, processing and quality evaluation of Chinese Medicinal Materials is an important part of traditinal Chinese medicine modernization, and also the one of the reasearch areas in the professional studies. Among these, about ginseng research still plays an important role in the field. Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.is one of a genuine herbs in Jilin province.Jilin ginseng as the dominant industries, holds a key in the international market share. The condition of ginseng indutry development directly impacting on its paticular industries leading position in Jilin’s agricultural development.In recent years, as part of ginseng drugs and their processed products in the field of medcine and health products reasearch and appliccation, here came into being the many ginseng products, here should be occur the situation of the ginseng resources shortage because long term confliicts of the ginseng cultivation and demond. Therefore,the search for new ginseng medicinal resources has become a priority. Steamed ginseng water is the byproduct of the red ginseng processing, in the process of red ginseng, water vapor steamed ginseng, after dipping into the steaming pot at the bottom of solution, is a dark drown, turbid, viscous liquid, containing part of the ginseng saponins, ginseng polysaccharides and amino acids. World annual production of red ginseng is about 7,000 tons, China is about 4,000 tons, about 3,400 tons in Jilin Province, to process 1Kg dryed red ginseng there should be produce dryed steamed ginseng water 8.6g . Therefore, steamed ginseng water has Considerable annual output in Jilin Province, steamed ginseng water generally be discarded as waste, thus, should be inevitably cause a waste of resources.Therefore, study on the chemistry and biological of steamed ginseng water systematicly has a practical guide on the industrialization development of Jiling ginseng. To carry out this study and made the following progress.
1 Study on chemical constituents of steamed ginseng water. Eleven ginsenosides were isolated from the steamed ginseng water by the different process of extraction and isolation,and with the extraction of organic solvent, Macro-reticular resins, ODS column chromatorgraphy, silica gel column chromatography, and other isolation method. On the basis of the physical constants, chemical evidence and MS identyfied the attribution of 11 ginsenosids, there are protopanaxadiol saponins, ginsenoside- Rb1,Rb2,Rc, Rd, 20(R)-Rg3 and 20(S)-Rg3, Protopanaxtriol saponins, ginsenoside-Re, Rf, Oleanolic acid type saponins, ginsenoside- Ro, and the unique red ginseng ginenosides Rg5 and Rk1.
2 Using medium pressure column chromatography to establish the saponins’saperation and preparation process of steamed ginseng water. Six saponins ginsenosid- Rb1 , Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re and Rf were prepared.
3 Isolated the saponins of fresh ginseng, red ginseng methanol extracts and steamed ginseng water extracted by organic solvents phase, include aqua phase, n-butanol phase and the n-butanol phase D101 macroporous resin washed by aqua , 10%ethanol, 30%ethanol, 50%ethanol and 70 ethanol, total 21 components compare analysed by HPLC-ESI-MS. In red ginseng , 14 ginsenosids were identified in aqua phase, 9 ginsenosids were identified in n-butanol phase, compared with aqua phase , n-butanol phase have no ginsenoside- Rb1、Rc、Rb2、Rb3 and Rd. D101 macroporous resin washed by water, 10%ethanol, 30%ethanol, were all identified the same five ginsenosids, 50% ethanol phase only identified gisenoside- Rg1, Rf and Rg2. In fresh ginseng, all extracts has different ginsenosids except D101 macroporous resin 30% and 50% ethanol phase. Ginsenoside- F4, Rg6, Rh4 were identified in n-butanol extract phase, D101 macroporous resin 30% and 50% ethanol phase of steamed ginseng water,, fresh ginseng and red ginseng haden’t identified them.
4 Fresh ginseng, red ginseng and steamed ginseng water ether soluble components were analyzed by GC-MS. In steamed ginseng water isolated 24 components, 10 of them were identified, In red ginseng isolated 95components, 33of them were identified, In fresh ginseng isolated 94 components, 31 of them were identified,15 same components were identified in fresh ginseng and red ginseng。
5 The extracts immune activity of the Fresh ginseng, red ginseng and steamed ginseng water 21 components were screened. By cultured mouse macrophages, to determine the activity of extract components by the amount of TNF-α, the result is steamed ginseng water D101 macroporous resin 10% ethanol fraction has the strongest activity, the generation rarte of TNF-αwas 78.8%, in this fraction contains ginsenoside- Rg1、Re、Ro、Rf、Rg2、Rb1、Rc、Rb2、Rb3、F4、Rg6、20(S)-Rg3、20(R)-Rg3、Rg5、Rk1,17kinds of ginseng saponin,both conains protopanaxadiol saponins, Protopanaxtriol saponins, Oleanolic acid type saponins also the rare and unique ginsenosides- Rg5、Rk1 of red ginseng. By cultured mouse spleen lymphocytes, to determine the activity of extract components by the generation rate of mouse spleen lymphocytes, the result is fresh ginseng D101 macroporous resin 30% ethanol fraction has the strongest activity, the generation rarte was 66.9%. In this fraction contains ginsenoside-Rg1、Re、Ro、Rf、Rg2、Rc、Rb2、Rb3、Rd。
6 Cultured mouse macrophages, mouse spleen lymphocytes, mouse fibroblast L929 by 21 extract frections, to determine their cytotoxicity. The result is, fresh ginseng 70% ethanol phase and red ginseng 70% ethanol phase have lower cytotoxicity to mouse macrophages, but higher cytotoxicity to mouse spleen lymphocytes, fresh ginseng 70% ethanol phase has lower cytotoxicity to mouse fibroblast L929.
7 Studied on the clearance of DPPH radical , superoxide anion radical, hydroxyl radical by fresh ginseng, red ginseng and steamed ginseng water methanol extracts and their 21 extract fractions. The result was, the steamed ginseng water methanol extract has the strongest antioxidant activity, the IC50 were, DPPH 26 mg/mL, superoxide anion14 mg/mL, hydroxyl 10 mg/mL, to 21 components of the extracts for antioxidant screening, initial screening of the three samples have stronger activity. They are NO.9 fresh ginseng n-butanol extract, No.10 fresh ginseng D101 macroporous resin aqua phase, No.16 steamed ginseng water n-butanol extract.Compared the activity of NO.9, NO. 10, NO.16 samples to the three kinds of radical. The result was, the strongest clearance of DPPH was NO.16, the IC50 is 8.0 mg/mL, the strongest clearance of superoxide anion was NO.10, the IC50 is 13.0 mg/mL, the strongest clearance of hydroxyl was NO.16, the IC50 is 11.0 mg/mL.
The innovation is as follows
1 For the first time, fresh ginseng, red ginseng and steamed ginseng water ether soluble components were analyzed by GC-MS. NIST08.L standard atlas automatic retrieval, idenyified 10 ether soluble components of steamed ginseng water, 33 ether soluble components of red ginseng, and 31 ether soluble components of fresh ginseng. For the first time isolated anticancer component falcarinol from fresh ginseng and red ginseng.Immune and Cosmetology active ingredient squalene isolated in red ginseng , 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl-, (all-E)- isolated in fresh ginseng.
2 For the first time, the extracts immune activity and Cytotoxicity of the Fresh ginseng, red ginseng and steamed ginseng water 21 components were screened.
3 For the first time, studied on the clearance of DPPH radical , superoxide anion radical, hydroxyl radical by fresh ginseng, red ginseng and steamed ginseng water methanol extracts and their 21 extract fractions were screened.
Based on the above findings, the seamed ginseng water as the byproduct in the process of red ginseng, has a high-value in development and utilization, can be used as cosmetics, food additives and animal health adjuvant development of biological products.Should be generating new economic growth point for china ginseng industry.
引文
1白喜耕,徐景达,程光荣,姜锡昆.人参果的化学研究—皂甙GFⅠ、GFⅣ、GFⅤ的分离鉴定[J].科学通报,1987,(1):39.
2白喜耕,徐景达,姜锡昆,程光荣.人参果中达玛烷型皂甙的研究—一对构型异构体的分离与鉴定[J].科学通报,1986,31(1):36～39.
3包峰,向维为,吕永利,王铁民,高杰.人参皂苷对老龄大鼠下丘脑超微结构改变的影响[J].中国医科大学学报,1994,23(5):409～412.
4包素珍,陈震.人参多糖抑癌与P53基因的关系[J].吉林中医药,2000,(3):62.
5鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1999.
6曹振杰,曲世科,丛日祥.免疫多糖对草鱼免疫功能的影响[J].齐鲁渔业,1999,16(3):43～44.
7常雅萍,杨贵贞.几种中药提取物诱生人干扰素[J].中国实验临床免疫学杂志, 2004,(6):37～40.
8陈广通,高慧媛,宋妍,杨敏,果德安,吴立军.人参皂苷Rg1在大鼠体内的代谢研究[J].中国现代中药,2008,10(11):37～40.
9陈广通,高慧媛,宋妍,杨敏,果德安,吴立军。人参皂苷Rg1在大鼠体内的代谢研究。中国现代中药,2008,10(11):208～210。
10陈浩,许军,严明,何小女,邱如意,林兆洲,等.白花蛇舌草中多糖与总黄酮的免疫调节作用[J].中兽医杂志,2008,2:4～6.
11陈浩,许军,严明,何小女,邱如意,林兆洲,等.白花蛇舌草中多糖与总黄酮的免疫调节作用[J].中兽医杂志,2008,2:4～6.
12陈洪涛,田慧芳,朱国强,王永坤,潘勇,周继宏,等.蜂胶免疫佐剂的研究[J].江苏农学院学报,1996,17(l):73～75.
13陈立波,崔东哲,刘玉梅,木柏松,张连仲,张晓明.人参二醇皂甙对兔缺血再灌注损伤心脏血流动力学的影响[J].中国中医科技,2004,11:154～155.
14陈英杰,王红艳,徐绥绪,张绍林,张宝凤,刘崇铭,等.人参化学成分及其抗癌抗心律失常构效关系的研究[J].中国科学基金,1995,4:46～48.
15陈正行,唐莉莉,姚惠源.米糠脂多糖的免疫增强作用及安全性评价[J].营养学报,1998,20(4):416～419.
16陈正行,唐莉莉,姚惠源.米糠脂多糖的免疫增强作用及安全性评价[J].营养学报,1998,20(4):416～419.
17程炳香,亓淑芳,谷秀萍。人参免疫作用研究近况。人参研究,1999,11(4):2～4。
18程相朝.中药免疫增强剂对肉仔鸡免疫器官生长发育及免疫活性细胞影响的研究[J].中兽医学杂志,2002,(3):6～8.
19程秀娟,薛淑英,袁文学。人参茎叶皂苷的药理作用.沈阳药学院学报,1983,17:12～15。
20储岳峰,李祥瑞,颜新敏,胡元亮.九种中药成分对体外培养小鼠淋巴细胞功能的影响[J].中国兽医科技,2005,35(11):908～911.
21戴勤,王亚平,周开昭,姜蓉,吴宏,郑敏.人参多糖对人早幼粒白血病细胞株(HL-60)增殖的影响[J].重庆医科大学学报,2001,26(2):126～131.
22窦德强,靳玲。人参的化学成分及药理活性的研究进展与展望。沈阳药科大学学报,1999,16(2):151～156。
23窦德强,文晔,裴玉萍,陈英杰,马忠泽.人参叶中减轻醋酸泼尼松副作用的活性成分研究.中国中药杂志,1997,22(5):174～176。
24杜爱芳,叶均安,于涟.复方大蒜油添加剂对中国对虾免疫机能的增强作用[J].浙江农业大学学报,1997,23(3):317～320.
25段贤春,汪永忠,周安,居靖,夏化祝。三七中人参炔醇的提取、分离和鉴定。安徽中医学院学报,2008,27(2):50～51.
26方允中。自由基与营养素—自由基生物学的理论与应用[M]。北京:科学出版社,2002.
27冯彪,王柏,李平亚.人参果汁对大鼠脂质过氧化及细胞表面电荷的影响[J].白求恩医科大学学报,1996,22(1):21～22.
28冯立明,潘华珍,李慧云,杨显荣。人参的抗氧化作用。中西医结合杂志,1987,7(5):288～290。
29葛尔宁,严建伟,梁炳沂.人参的氨基酸含量[J].浙江中医学院学报,1997,21 (3 ):32～33.
30宫手义和.甾体型人参皂苷代谢物对肾上腺皮质醇生成的抑制作用〔日〕[J].日本药理学杂志.2003,121(1):10～13.
31郭国华,鲁耀邦.人参五灵脂水煎液配伍对免疫低下小鼠免疫功能的影响[J].中草药,1994,(5):27～29.
32国家药典委员会,中华人民共和国药典[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2000:6.
33韩克起,鲍利霞,黄传继.扶正抗癌方对大鼠移植性肝癌红细胞粘附功能及IL-2水平的影响[J].中西医结合肝病杂志,2002,10(1):28～29.
34韩轶,戴璨,汤璐瑛.艾叶挥发油抗病毒作用的初步研究[J].氨基酸和生物资源,2005,27(2):14～16.
35何忠梅,孟祥颖,鲍永利,乌垠,祝洪艳,李玉新.麻叶千里光挥发油抗病毒活性及成分分析[J].分析化学研究简报,2007,35(10):1513～1516.
36呼显生,姜成,刘芳,骆艳秋,张立春,尹柏双,等.人参皂甙Rb1对禽流感疫苗的免疫佐剂作用[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2006,(1):7～9.
37胡福良,李英华,朱威,刘艳荷.一种新型的畜牧业资源-蜂花粉[J].畜牧与兽医,2001,33(2):35～38.
38胡松华,林锋强.人参皂甙Rb1的免疫佐剂作用[J].中国兽医学报,2003,23(5):480～482.
39滑静,吾际舟.中草药添加剂对小公鸡增重和免疫器官的影响[J].当代畜牧,1998,(1):28～29.
40黄秀梅,李波,沈连忠,王建勇.中药药理与临床,2001,17(3):12～14.
41季迪新,阎吉昌,卫永弟。蒸参水化学成分的研究。白求恩医科大学学报,1987,13(6):506～508。
42江岩,邵春杰.人参二醇组与人参三醇组皂甙对培养心肌细胞钙通道的阻滞作用[J].中国药理学报,1992,13(5):403～405.
43姜官风,孙凯.人参茎叶总皂苷对小鼠雄性生殖细胞的诱变研究.白求恩医科大学学报,1992,18(2):110～111。
44孔祥峰,胡元亮,李祥瑞,王德云,张宝康,刘家国,等.9种中药成分对新城疫IV系疫苗免疫雏鸡血清中血凝抑制抗体水平的影响[J].畜牧兽医学报,2004,35(4):468～472.
45孔祥峰,胡元亮,李祥瑞,王德云,张宝康,刘家国.9种中药成分对新城疫Ⅳ系疫苗免疫雏鸡血清中血凝抑制抗体水平的影响[J].畜牧兽医学报,2004,35(4):468～472.
46赖红,吕永利,包峰.海马神经元的老龄性改变及人参皂苷对其作用研究[J].中国医科大学学报,1996,25(3):225～228.
47李冬,朱丽辉,李洪波.辽宁东部山区几个主要林型林下植物多样性的初步研究[J].辽宁林业科技,1998,(6):40～42.
48李方元.中国人参和西洋参[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2002:541～555.
49李晶晶,徐国钧,金蓉莺.人参、西洋参中的微量元素分析[J].中国药科大学学报,1989,20 (1):43～45.
50李君庆,张均田.年龄变化及人参皂苷-Rg1对大鼠脑皮层细胞膜流动性影响[J].药学学报,1997,32(1):23～27.
51李念平,程光荣,曹淑兰,张庆云,陈英杰,黄桢.人参挥发油化学成份的研究(一)—辽宁参根、茎、叶、花中挥发油分析[J].分析测试通报,1983,2:17～23.
52李卫平,陈敏珠。人参皂甙的免疫调节作用。安徽医科大学学报,1998,33(5):348～350。
53李向高,藤芬婷.人参有效成分的研究(二) [J].中成药研究,1978,4:6～9.
54李向高,郑友兰.吉林红参与高丽红参比较—挥发油成分的分析[J].中成药,1985,12:29～30.
55李向高,郑友兰.吉林红参与高丽红参比较研究一氨基酸的分析[J].中成药,1984,(2):49～50.
56李向高,郑友兰.人参、西洋参、人参三七微量元素的活化分析[J].中草药,1986,17 (10 ):10～12.
57李向高,郑友兰.人参芦头挥发油成分的分析[J].中国药学杂志,1989,5:30.
58李向高,郑友兰.新开河白参挥发油成分的分析[J].中国药学杂志,1989,24(10):590～592.
59李向高.红参中田七氨酸的分离[J].吉林农业大学学报,1993,15 (2 ):22.
60李向高.人参中焦谷氨酸的分离及其加工中的转化[J].吉林农业大学学报,1994,16 (2):1～8.
61李向高.人参中焦谷氨酸的含量测定[J].中草药,1994,25 (2 ):75.
62李向高.生晒参与红参中三七素含量的比较分析[J].中成药,1990,12 (3):35.
63李怡岚,乔珊珊,李国星.灵芝粉抗肿瘤及提高机体免疫力作用的研究[J].中国慢性病预防与控制,2004,(4):156～158.
64李勇,孔令清,高洪。自由基与疾病研究进展[J]。动物医学进展,2008,29(4):85～88。
65李元健,邓汉武,陈修.人参皂试及其组分对心肌细胞缺氧、再给氧和心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用[J].药学学报,1987,22:1～5.
66刘崇铭,王敏,满世伟.人参总皂试与单体皂试Re对动物心功能和血液动力学的影响[J].沈阳药科大学学报,1995,12(2):130～131.
67刘春兰,张翼伸,李润秋.人参果中水溶性多糖的研究[J].药学学报, 1988,23(11):863～867.
68刘春兰.人参果水性多糖与其蛋白质关系研究[J].中央民族大学学报(自然科学版),1997,6(1):49～52.
69刘春兰.人参果中杂多糖F的结构研究[J].首都师范大学学报(自然科学版),1996,17(2):74～78.
70刘春兰.人参果中杂多糖F的气相色谱分析[J].中央民族大学学报(自然科学版),1996,(2):76.
71刘菲菲,张翼伸.人参叶水溶多糖的研究—酸性多糖P8的纯化与结构的研究[J].东北师范大学学报,1998,3:103～108.
72刘恒,李光友.免疫多糖对养殖南美白对虾作用的研究[J].海洋与湖沼,1998,29(2):113～117.
73刘宏群,刘继永,郑培和,王英平。人参皂苷Ro的制备及含量测定。特产研究,2010,1:41～48。
74刘家国,胡元亮,张宝康,宋大鲁.淫羊霍-蜂胶佐剂对小白鼠脾脏NKC和腹腔巨噬细胞的影响[J].中国免疫学杂志,1996,12(1):240～242.
75刘靖华,陈惠孙,胡德耀.人参皂苷对创伤失血性休克免疫功能的调节作用[J].第三军医大学学报,2000,22(4):324.
76刘靖华,陈惠孙,胡德耀。人参皂苷对创伤失血性休克免疫功能的调节作用。第三军医大学学报,2000,2(4):324～127。
77刘吝,张均田.人参皂甙Rbl和Rg1对原代培养大鼠海马神经细胞的保护作用.药学学报,1995,30:674—678.
78刘平,葛迎春,张伟,刘嵋松,刘淑云,周丹丁.细胞衰老与人参皂甙活性的研究[J].中国老年学杂志,1999,19:356～357.
79刘树青,江晓路,牟海洋.免疫多糖对中国对虾血清溶菌酶、磷酸酶和过氧化物酶的作用[J].海洋与湖沼,1999,30(3):278～283.
80刘态,张均田.人参皂甙Rg1对老年大鼠免疫调节作用的机制分析[J].药学学报,1996,31(2):95～100.
81刘伟宏,龚守良,李新民.人参三醇组甙对雄性大鼠免疫器官的辐射防护作用[J].白求恩医科大学学报,1994,20(1):32～34.
82刘伟宏,龚守良,李新民.人参三醇组甙对雄性大鼠免疫器官的辐射防护作用[J].白求恩医科大学学报,1994,20(1):32～34.
83刘伟宏,龚守良,李新民。人参三醇组甙对雄性大鼠免疫器官的辐射防护作用[J]。白求恩医科大学学报,1994,20(1):32～34.
84刘文心,张均田.人参皂苷-Rb1和rg1对后代培养大鼠海马神经细胞的保护作用[J].药学学报,1995,30(9):674～678.
85刘文心.人参皂苷-Rg1的抗衰老和促智作用及其机制研究[J].生理科学进展,1996,27(2):139～142.
86刘轩,魏育林,李波。人参皂苷对脂多糖诱导小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞分泌肿瘤坏死因子的作用及机制探讨。中日友好医院学报,2001,15 (2):83～85。
87柳钟勋,左增艳,林赴田,于锋,许津,宋坤改,等.ASDP/ASDE3作为乙型肝炎基因工程疫苗新型复合佐剂的效果及安全性[J].病毒学报,1992,8(4):309～313.
88娄晓芬.黄芪多糖对有核细胞分泌造血细胞因子的影响[J].中药新药与临床药理,2003,14(5):310～312.
89吕殿红.淫羊藿—蜂胶佐剂对雏鸡腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能的影响[J].中国兽医杂志,1999,25(3):46.
90罗丽萍,高荫榆,熊绍员,洪雪娥,夏冬华.薯蔓总黄酮的免疫调节作用[J].南昌大学学报(理科版),2006,30(5):489～491.
91秦路平,王洪斌,张家庆,苏中武李承祜.蛇床子素和蛇床子总香豆素对肾阳虚小鼠免疫功能的影响[J].中西医结合杂志,1995,15(9):547～549.
92任爱农,王志刚,卢振初,王礼文,吴亦伦.野菊花抑菌和抗病毒作用实验研究[J].药物生物技术,1999,6(4):241～244.
93任宝柱.云芝多糖对肺癌患者免疫功能的影响[J].中国肿瘤临床,1993,20(5):348～351.
94杉源一郎,吉村淳,大岛治之.抗糖尿病剂,动物用抗糖尿病剂[J].日本:公开特许公报,1992,2:18.
95申书昌,孙秀佳,唐晓慧,黄海.人参茎叶的化学成分研究[J].齐齐哈尔大学学报,2008,24(3):43～46.
96斯崇文,田庚善,巫善明,苏盛,封太昌,林秀玉,等.三种疗法对慢性乙型肝炎的疗效观察[J].中华内科杂志,1997,36(10):661～664.
97宋小平,林秀玉,斯崇文,杨向阳,闵福援.猪苓多糖与乙型肝炎疫苗等合用对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞功能的影响[J].中华医学杂志,1996,76(5):386～387.
98孙景礼,睢大员,于晓风,吕忠智.人参果粗多糖的抗衰老作用研究[J].中国老年学杂志,1999,19:356～357.
99孙允秀,张惠祥,张嘉宁,姜文普,王树歧,毕颖丽,等.吉林人参挥发性成分的分析(IV) [J].科学通报,1986,18:514～520.
100陶来宝,马成禹。参杞合剂对小鼠某些免疫指标的调节作用[J]。中国免疫学杂志,1996,12( 6):377～377。
101田刚,刘立,迟国兴,睢大员,丁晓凤,吕忠志.人参果粗多糖的初步药理研究[J].人参研究,1999,11(2):22～24.
102王本祥,崔景朝。人参多糖对免疫机能的影响药学学报,1982,17(1):25～27
103王彩虹.红细胞免疫调控研究进展[J].中国兽医杂志,2002,38(2):28～31.
104王海南.人参皂苷药理研究进展[J].中国临床药理学与治疗学,2006,11(11):1201～1206.
105王和才,胡秋辉。DPPH法测定紫红薯提取物清除自由基的能力。食品研究与开发2010,31(1):132～134
106王会,张普香。生物机体内自由基与疾病的关系[J]。科技资讯,2008,34:204～206。
107王继彦,李向高,许传莲,孙光芝。人参果中挥发油和无机元素的分析。吉林农业大学学报,2004,26(1):53～56。
108王筠默.人参药理研究的进展[J].人参研究,2001,13(3):2～7.
109王凯平,张玉,戴立权.当归多糖的研究进展概况[J].中国药师,2002,5(5):54～57.
110王雷,李光友,毛远兴,张海岩.口服免疫性药物对中国对虾病害防治作用的研究[J].海洋与湖沼,1994,(25):481～491.
111王茹,谢印乾,沈志强,缪晓青.蜂胶的免疫增强作用及其在疫苗中的应用[J].中国畜牧兽医,2007,34(2):93～95.
112王晓红,罗声香.香菇多糖联合乙肝疫苗治疗慢性乙肝疗效观察[J].实用中西医结合杂志,1998,11(12):1105.
113王毅,姜艳,王本祥。人参皂苷Rg1及其肠内菌代谢产物Rh1对小鼠免疫细胞功能的影响.药学学报, 2002,37 (12):927～930。
114王毅,刘铁汉,王巍,王本祥.肠内菌群对人参皂苷Rg1的代谢转化作用的研究[J].中国中药杂志,2001,26(3):188～190.
115王宇翎,张艳,方明,李前进,江勤.明亮白花蛇舌草总黄酮的免疫调节作用[J].中国药理学通报,2005,21(4):444～447.
116王中峰,萧家思,闫淑枝,万子兵.人参二醇组皂甙对烧伤大鼠心功能的保护作用[J].中国药理学报,1995,16(4):345～347.
117吴春福,于庆海,刘雯.根据自由基学说研究人参茎叶皂苷的抗衰老作用[J].沈阳药科大学学报,1992,19(1):39～42.
118吴庆夫,魏俊杰,徐景达.红参中多肽成分的分离和鉴定[J].药学学报,1991,26(7):499～504.
119武彩虹,宋建德,李宏全,高海.红细胞免疫研究进展[J].畜牧兽医杂志.2002,21(3):22～24.
120谢遵江,刘文庆,方传龙,张湛波,刘颖,贺业春.糖类药物对LAK细胞增殖功能的影响和抑瘤作用的实验研究[J].中国肿瘤临床与康复,2002,9(2):1～2.
121徐静华,于庆海,魏韶华,蔡爽。北豆根总碱对环磷酰胺模型小鼠的免疫调节作用沈阳药科大学学报,1999,116(1):20～23。
122徐书显.复方中药对小鼠免疫器官和体质量的影响[J].现代中西医结合杂志,2001,10(8):710.
123徐绥绪,王清华,张国刚,吕永俊,陈国兴,陈英杰.人参脂溶性成分的研究[J].沈阳药学院学报,5(1):1988,16～19.
124徐绥绪,王清华,张国刚,吕永俊,陈国兴,陈英杰。人参化学成分的研究12.人参脂溶性成分的研究。沈阳药学院学报,1988,1(34):16～19。
125徐绥绪,张国刚,陈英杰,何丽,樊峥荣.人参化学成分的研究,人参果肉的皂甙类成分研究(Ⅰ)[J].沈阳药学院学报,1988,1:59.
126徐延震.中草药免疫初探[J].山东农业大学学报,1995,26(4):416～419.
127许申鸿,杭瑚。二种筛选自由基清除剂的简便方法[J].中草药,2000,31(2):96～97。
128杨汉春,陆刚,鲁刚.玉米花粉多糖对鸡新城疫—减蛋综合征疫苗免疫效果的影响[J].中国兽医杂志,1998,(6):43.
129杨明,崔志勇,王岩,王本祥.人参多糖降血糖和肝糖原作用的研究[J].中药药理与临床,1991,7(5):22～24.
130杨明,王本祥,金玉莲,王岩,崔志勇.人参多糖降血糖和肝糖原的作用[J].中国药理学报,1990,11(6):520～524.
131杨艳辉,杨兴斌,王燕,王喆之瞬沃舅岷突臃⒂统煞值?GC/MS分析。陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版),2007,35(1):77～81。
132叶小芳,谷新利.中药复方及多糖的免疫调节作用研究进展[J].吉林畜牧兽医,2006,6:14～16.
133尹笠签,刘权,李春子.人参果皂甙对小鼠学习和记忆的影响[J].中成药,1994,16 (8 ):34～36.
134尹旭辉,廖利军,杨晓临,周正仁,姜在福.人参多糖对免疫功能影响的实验研究[J].沈阳部队医药,1997,10(4):301～302.
135于明,赵余庆.人参果中三萜类成分的化学研究[J].中草药,2004,35(11):1221～1223.
136詹樾,徐新华,江亚平,胡建国,刘立明,陈享.人参皂甙对心肌缺血再灌注损伤的防治效应[J].中华医学杂志,1994,74(10):626～628.
137张红军,张晓莉,宋宝辉.玉屏风散对小鼠红细胞免疫黏附功能及腹腔MΦ吞噬活性的影响[J].细胞与分子免疫学杂志,2003,19(6):619.
138张惠祥,孙允秀,姜文普,康春莉.人参挥发性成分分析(Ⅴ)--人参挥发油的化学法分组及结构鉴定[J].吉林大学自然科学学报,1987,2:89～94.
139张惠祥,孙允秀,王树歧,姜文普,杨林榕.吉林人参挥发性成分的分析[J].科学通报.1984,18:1111～1114.
140张杰民,陈立波,赵洪序,王勇,佟力.人参总皂甙对心肌缺血和再灌注损伤的保护作用及浓度效应关系的实验研究[J].白求恩医科大学学报,1988,24(3):254～256.
141张庆茹.中草药免疫促进作用的研究进展[J].中兽医医药杂志,1997,(5):15～16.
142张万儒.森林土壤定位研究方法[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1986,17～51.
143张薇,卢芳国,潘双银.鱼腥草中挥发油的提取分析及其抗菌抗病毒作用的研究[J].实用预防医学,2008,15(2):312～316.
144张文杰,战术,钟国赣,刘伟,江岩,孙成文.RgZ与R、对钙通道作用的单通道分析[J].白求恩医科大学学报,1995,21(5):444～446.
145张逸凡,于庆海.淫羊藿总黄酮的免疫调节作用[J].沈阳药科大学学报,1999,16(3):182～184.
146张翼伸,李润秋,王玉万.人参多糖的研究(Ⅰ) [J].东北师大学报,1982,22 (2):97.
147张志敏,王建华,赵兴华,公小兵,余永涛,崔忠华,等.苦马豆素对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞免疫功能的影响[J].中国农业科学,2008,41(10):3422～3428.
148赵澍.人参果成分的研究[J].中医杂志,1979,12:50～53.
149赵余庆,袁昌鲁,吕浩然.人参果化学成分的研究[J].中国中药杂志,1993,18(5):296～297.
150郑旭升,黄旭明,余群.猪瘟初乳前免疫研究和生产上的应用[J].福建畜牧兽医,1994,(1):63～65.
151郑毅男,孟祥颖,张晶,韩立坤,奥田拓道,高久武司,等.红参中新化合物精氨酸苷的生成机理及生成条件的研究[J].中国药物化学杂志,1997,7 (3):17～22.
152郑毅男,松浦幸永,韩立坤,高久武司,向兰,龟田健治,等.红参中新化合物一精氨酸衍生物的分离与结构鉴定[J].药学学报,1996,31 (3):191～195.
153郑毅男.红参中新化合物—精氨酸双糖贰分离鉴定[J].药学学报,1996,31 (3):91.
154钟国赣,江岩.人参二醇组皂苷Rb1,Rb2,Rb3,Rc和Rd的钙通道阻滞作用和抗自由基作用[J].中国药理学报,1995,16(3):255～257.
155钟国赣,江岩,王雪清.人参二醇与三醇组皂苷对正常与黄嘌呤-黄嘌呤氧化酶致损的培养心肌细胞动作电位的影响[J].中国药理学报,1991,12(3):256～260.
156钟国赣,齐晖,赵春燕.用电子自旋共振法比较观察八种人参单体皂苷对培养心肌细胞自由基含量影响[J].生物化学与生物物理学报,1993,25(6):667～671.
157周静.近年来国内植物多糖生物活性研究进展[J].中草药,1994,25(1):40～44.
158周锡顺.小柴胡汤对小鼠腹腔吞噬细胞功能的影响[J].解剖科学进展,1997,3(2):182～183.
159 Akao T,Kanaoka M,& Kobashi K.Appearance of compound K, a major metabolite of ginsenoside Rbl by intestinal bacteria, in rat plasma after oral administration-measurementof compound K by enzyme immunoassay[J].Biol Pharm Bull,1998,21 (3):245～258.
160 Akao T,KidaH,& Kanaoka M.Intestinal bacterial hydrolysis is required for the appearance fo compound K in rat plasma after oral administration of ginsenoside Rbl from Panaxginseng[J].J Pharm Pharmacol,1998,50(10):1155～1160.
161 Akiyama T,Iishida J,& Nakagawa S.Genistein, a specific inhibitor oftyrosine-specific protein Kinases[J].J Biol Chem,1987,262:5592～5595.
162 AndoT.PreParation of antiliPolytic substance from Panax ginseng[J].Planta Med,1980,38,18.
163 Assinewe V,Amason J,Aubry A, Mullin J ,& Lemaire I.Extractable polysaccharides of Panax quinquefolius L. (North American ginseng) root stimulate TNFalpha production by alveolar macrophages[J].Phytomedicine,2002,9(5):398～404.
164 AtteleAS,Wu JA,& Yuan CS.Ginseng Pharmacology:multiple constituents and multiple actions[J].Biochemical Pharmacology,1999,58:1685～1693.
165 Banskota AH,Nagaoka T,Sumioka LY,Tezuka Y,Awale S,& Midorikawa K,et al. Antiprolifera-tive activity of the Netherlands propolis and its active principles in cancer cell lines[J].J Ethnopharm,2002,80:67～73.
166 Benno Y,Endo K,Mizutani T,Namba Y,Komori I,& Mitsuoka T.Comparison of fecal microflora of elderly persons in rural and urban areas of Japan Appl[J].Environ. Microbiol,1989,55:1100～1105.
167 Byung H. H. Ind. Inter. Ginseng symp. Korean Ginseng Research institute[J],Seoul Korea,1978,13.
168 Carbohydrate Research,1969,10:13.
169 Chen C,Shy H,& Lin J.Cytotoxic prenylflavones from Tai-wanese propolis[J].J Nat Prod,2003,66:503～506.
170 Chohachi Konno,& Hiroshi Hikino.Isolation and hypoglycemic activi of Panaxans M,N,O and P,glycans of Panax ginseng roots[J].In J. Crude Drug Res,1987,25:53.
171 Chohachi Konno,Kazuhiko Sugiyama,Mitsuyo Kano,Michiko Takahashi,& Hiroshi Hikino.Isolation and hypoglycaemic activity of Panaxans A,B,C,D and E,Glycans of Panax ginseng Roots1[J].Planta Med,1984,50 (5):434.
172 Chohachi Konno,Miki Murakami, Yoshiteru Oshima ,& Hiros Hikino.Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of PanaxansQ,R,T and U,glycans of Panax ginseng roots[J].J. Ethnopharmacol,1985,14:69.
173 Chohachi konno , Kazuhiko Sugiyma , Mitsuyo Kano , Michiko Takahashi , & Hiroshi Hikino.Isolation and hypoglycaemic activity of Panaxans A,B,C,D and E,Glycans of Panax ginseng Roots[J].Planta Med,1984,50(5):635～638.
174 Concha C,Hu S,& Holmberg O.The prolifer ative responses of cows tripping milk and blood lymphocytes topokeweed mitogen and ginseng in vitro[J].Vet Res,1996,27:107～115.
175 De L N,Cafarchia C,& Lai O.Chemicalcomposition and bio-logical investigation of Apulia region propolis[J].Riv Ital EP-POS,2002,34:29～41.
176 Feng Qiu,Zhong-Ze,Sui-Xu Xu,Xin-Sheng Yao,Chun-Tao Che,& Ying-Jie Chen.A pair of 24-hydroperoxyl epimeric dammarane saponins from flower-buds of Panax ginseng[J].Journal of Asian Natural Products Research,2001,3(3):235～240.
177 Gamze Bozcuk Erdem,& Seval Olmez.Inhibitory effect of Bursa propolis on dental caries-formation in rats inoculated with Streptococcus sobrinus[J].Turk J Zool,2004,28:29～36.
178 Hasegawa H,Sung JH,Matsumiya S,& Uchiyama M.Main ginseng saponin metabolitesformed by intestinal bacteria[J].Planta Med,1996,62(5):453～457.
179 Hasegawa H,& Uchiyama M.Antimetastatic efficacy of bacterial hydrolyzing potentialand significance of treatment with an active bacterial metabolite[J].Planta Med,1998,64:696～700.
180 Hasegawa H , Lee KS, Nagaoka T , Tezuka Y , Uchiyama M , Kodata S , & Saiki I.Pharmacokinetics of ginsenoside deglycosylated by intestinal bacteria and its transformation to biologically active fatty acid esters[J].Biol Pharm Bull,2000,23 (3):298～304.
181 Hasegawa H,Sung JH,& Benno Y.Role of human intestinal Prevotella otis in hydrolyz-ingginseng saponins[J].Planta Med,1997,63(5):436～440.
182 Hideo Hasegawa . Anticarcinogenesis in mice by Ginseng-hydrolyzing colonic bacteria[J].Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease,2000,12(2):85～91.
183 Hiroshi Hikino,Yoshiteru Oshima,Yutaka Suzuki, & Chohac Konno.Isolation and hypoglycaemic activity of Panaxans F , G and H , Glycans of Panax ginseng Roots[J].Shayakugaku Zasshi,1985,39(4):331.
184 Kagi D,Vignaux F,& Ledermann B.Fas and perforin pathways as major mechanisms of T cell mediated cytotoxicity[J].Science,1994,265(1):528～530.
185 Kanaoka M,Akao T,& Kobashi K.J.Trad Med,1994,11:241～245.
186 Karikura M,Miyase T, Tanizawa H,Taniyama T,& Takino Y.(1991).Studies on absorption,distribution,excretion and metabolism of ginseng saponins.VI. The decomposition products of ginsenoside Rb2 in the stomach of rats[J].Chem Pharm Bull ,1991,39(2):400～404.
187 Karikura M,Miyase T,Tanizawa H,Taniyama T,& Takino Y.Studies on absorption,distribution,excretion and metabolism of ginseng saponins. VI1. Comparison of the decomposition modes of ginsenoside-Rbl and -Rb2 in the digestive tractofrats[J].Chem PharmBull (Tokyo),1991,39(9):2357.
188 Kobashi K.Glycoside are natural prodrugs:Evidence using germ-free and gnotobioticrats associated with a human intestinal bacterium[J].J. Trad. Med,1998,15:1~13.
189 Li F,Shi Y C,Huang H L,Li Z Q,& Zhang Z L.Effect of aloperine on thimmune cells in mice[J].J Norman Bethune Univ Med Sc(白求恩医科大学学报),1997,23(6):603～605.
190 Masashi Tomoda,Kazuyo Shimada,Chohachi Konno,& Hiros Hikino.Structure of Panaxan B, a hypoglycaemic Glycan of Pan Ginseng roots[J].Phytochemistry,1985,10(24):24～31.
191 Masashi Tomoda , Kazuyo Shimada , Chohachi Konno , Kazuhi Sugiyama , & Hiroshi Hikino.Partial structure of Panaxan A,Hypoglycaemic Glycan of Panax ginseng roots[J].Planta Med,1984,50(5):436.
192 MATSUNAGA K,& MORITA I.The effect of a biological response modifier, PSK,on the intestinal immune system in tumorbearingmice[J].Anticance Res,1987,(7):509～513.
193 PEDERSON T C,AUST SD。Themechanism of livermicrosomal lipid peroxidation[J]。Biochim BiophysActa,1972,385:232～241。
194 Scaglione F,Ferrara F,Dugnani S,Falchi M,Santoro G,& Fraschini F.Immunomodulatory effects of two extracts of Panax ginseng[J].Drugs Exp Clin Res,1990,16:537～542.
195 SEERRABJ , & ESCOLAJR . Nutrient lomposition and microbiological quality of honeybee-collected pollen in spain[J].Agric Food Chem,1997,45:725～732.
196 Shin J,Song J,Yun Y,Yang HO, Rhee DK,& Pyo S.Immunostimulating effects of acidic polysaccharides extract of Panax ginseng on macrophage function[J].Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol,2002,24(3):469～482.
197 Siegel I,Liu TL,Gleicher N.the red-cellimmune system[J].lancet,1981,2(8256):556.
198 Sonoda Y,Kasahara T,Mukaida N,Shimizu N,Tomoda M,& Takeda T.Stimulation ofinterleukin-8 production by acidic polysaccharides from the root of Panax ginseng[J].Immunopharmacology,1998,38(3):287～294.
199 Sun-Young Park,Eun-Ah Bae,Jong Hwan Sung,Seung-Kwon Lee,& DongHyun Kim. Purification and Characterization of Ginsenoside Rbl-Metabolizingβ-Glucosidase from Fusobacterium K-60 , a Human Intestinal Anaerobic Bacterium[J] . Biosci Biotechnol Biochem,2001,65(5):1163～1169.
200 T.F. Solov'eva,L.V. Arsenyuk,& Yu.S. Ovodov.Some structural features of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey pectin[J].Carbohydrate Research,1969,10(1)::13～18.
201 TAPPELAL.Lipid peroxidation damage to cell components[J] .Fed Proc,1973,32:1870～1874.
202 Wakabayashi C,Hasegawa H,Murata J,& Saiki I.In vivo antimetastatic action of ginseng protopanaxadiol saponins is based on their intestinal bacterial metabolites after oral administration[J].Oncol Res,1997,9(8):411～413.
203 Wakabayashi C,Murakami K,& Hasegawa H.An intestinal bacterial metabolite of ginseng protopanaxadiol saponins has the ability toinduce apoptosis in tumor cell[J].BiochemBiophys Rescommun,1998,246(3):725～730.
204 Yahara S,Kaji K,& Tanaka O.Further study on dammarane-type saponins of roots,leaves,flower-buds,and fruits of Panax ginseng[J].Chem Pharm Bull.1979,27(1):88～92.
205 Yahara S,Kaji K,Tanaka O.Further study on dammarane-type saponins of roots,leaves,flower-buds,and fruits of Panax ginseng C. A. MEYER[J].Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin,1979,27(1):88～92.
206 Yang Z G,SunH X,& YeY P.Ginsenoside Rd from Panaxno-toginsengis cytotoxic towardsHeLa cancer cells and inducesapoptosis[J].Chem Biodivers,2006,3(2):87～97.
207 Yang Z G,YeY P,& Sun H X.Immunological adjuvant effect of ginsenoside Rh4 from the roots of Panax notoginsengonspecific antibody and cellular response to ovalbumin inmice[J].Chem Biodivers,2007,4(2):232～240.
208 Yang Z G,YeY P,& SunH X.Immunological adjuvant effecof ginsenoside Rh4 from the roots ofPanax notoginsengonspecific antibody and cellular response to ovalbumin inmice[J].Chem Biodivers,2007,4(2):232～240.
209 YangZG,SunH X,YeY P. Ginsenoside-Rd from Panax notoginseng is cytotoxic towards H eLa cancer cells and induces apoptosis [J] .Chem Biodivers,2006,3(2):187～97.
210 YOKOZAWA T, CHEN CP, DON E,et .al. Study on the inhibitory effect of tannins and flavonoids against the diphenyl-2 picrydrazyl radical[J] .Biochem Pharmacol,1998,56:213～222.
211 YOKOZAWA T,ZHOU JJ,HATTORIM,et. al .Effects of a Dan Shen component, magnesium lithospemate B.nephrectomized rats[J] .Nippon Jinzo Gakkai Shi,1995,37:105～111.
212 Yoshiteru Oshima,Chohachi Konno,& Hiroshi Hikino.Isolation ahypoglycemic activity of Panaxans I,J,K and L,glycans of Panax ginseng roots[J].J. Ethnopharmacol,1985,14:255.
213 Yoshiteru Oshima,Chohachi Konno,& Hiroshi Hikino.Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of Panaxans I,J,K and L,glycans of Panax ginseng roots[J].J. Ethnopharmacol,1985,14:255～259.
214 Yosioka I,Sugawara T,Imai K,& Kitagawa I.Soil bacterial hydrolysis leading to genuine aglycone. E On ginsenosides-Rbl,Rb2 and Rc of the Ginseng root saponins[J].ChemPharm Bull,1972,20:2418～2421.
215 Yun Taik-Koo,Lee Yun-Sil,Lee You Hui,& Yun Hyo Yung.Cancer chemopreventive compounds of red ginseng produced from Panax ginseng C.A. [J].Meyer.Journal of Ginseng Research,2001,25(3):107～111.
216 Yutaka Suzuki,& Hiroshi Hikino.Mechanisms of Hypoglycemic activity of Panax A and B,glycans of Panax ginseng roots:effects on plasma level,secretion,sensitivity and binding oginsulin in mice[J].Phytotherapy Research,1989,3 (1):20～25.
217 Zhang S,Takeda T,Zhu T,Chen Y,Yao X,Tanaka O,et al.A New Minor Saponin from the Leaves of Panax ginseng[J].Plant Med,1990,62:179～181.
218 Ruan CC,Liu Z,Li X,Liu X,Wang LJ,Pan HY,Zheng YN,Sun GZ,Zhang YS,Zhang LX.Isolation and characterization of a new ginsenoside from the fresh root of Panax Ginseng.Molecules.2010 ,15(4):2319～2325.
219 Bilgi N,Bell K,Ananthakrishnan AN,Atallah E. Imatinib and Panax ginseng: a potential interaction resulting in liver toxicity.Ann Pharmacother.2010 ,44(5):926～928.
2白喜耕,徐景达,姜锡昆,程光荣.人参果中达玛烷型皂甙的研究—一对构型异构体的分离与鉴定[J].科学通报,1986,31(1):36～39.
3包峰,向维为,吕永利,王铁民,高杰.人参皂苷对老龄大鼠下丘脑超微结构改变的影响[J].中国医科大学学报,1994,23(5):409～412.
4包素珍,陈震.人参多糖抑癌与P53基因的关系[J].吉林中医药,2000,(3):62.
5鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1999.
6曹振杰,曲世科,丛日祥.免疫多糖对草鱼免疫功能的影响[J].齐鲁渔业,1999,16(3):43～44.
7常雅萍,杨贵贞.几种中药提取物诱生人干扰素[J].中国实验临床免疫学杂志, 2004,(6):37～40.
8陈广通,高慧媛,宋妍,杨敏,果德安,吴立军.人参皂苷Rg1在大鼠体内的代谢研究[J].中国现代中药,2008,10(11):37～40.
9陈广通,高慧媛,宋妍,杨敏,果德安,吴立军。人参皂苷Rg1在大鼠体内的代谢研究。中国现代中药,2008,10(11):208～210。
10陈浩,许军,严明,何小女,邱如意,林兆洲,等.白花蛇舌草中多糖与总黄酮的免疫调节作用[J].中兽医杂志,2008,2:4～6.
11陈浩,许军,严明,何小女,邱如意,林兆洲,等.白花蛇舌草中多糖与总黄酮的免疫调节作用[J].中兽医杂志,2008,2:4～6.
12陈洪涛,田慧芳,朱国强,王永坤,潘勇,周继宏,等.蜂胶免疫佐剂的研究[J].江苏农学院学报,1996,17(l):73～75.
13陈立波,崔东哲,刘玉梅,木柏松,张连仲,张晓明.人参二醇皂甙对兔缺血再灌注损伤心脏血流动力学的影响[J].中国中医科技,2004,11:154～155.
14陈英杰,王红艳,徐绥绪,张绍林,张宝凤,刘崇铭,等.人参化学成分及其抗癌抗心律失常构效关系的研究[J].中国科学基金,1995,4:46～48.
15陈正行,唐莉莉,姚惠源.米糠脂多糖的免疫增强作用及安全性评价[J].营养学报,1998,20(4):416～419.
16陈正行,唐莉莉,姚惠源.米糠脂多糖的免疫增强作用及安全性评价[J].营养学报,1998,20(4):416～419.
17程炳香,亓淑芳,谷秀萍。人参免疫作用研究近况。人参研究,1999,11(4):2～4。
18程相朝.中药免疫增强剂对肉仔鸡免疫器官生长发育及免疫活性细胞影响的研究[J].中兽医学杂志,2002,(3):6～8.
19程秀娟,薛淑英,袁文学。人参茎叶皂苷的药理作用.沈阳药学院学报,1983,17:12～15。
20储岳峰,李祥瑞,颜新敏,胡元亮.九种中药成分对体外培养小鼠淋巴细胞功能的影响[J].中国兽医科技,2005,35(11):908～911.
21戴勤,王亚平,周开昭,姜蓉,吴宏,郑敏.人参多糖对人早幼粒白血病细胞株(HL-60)增殖的影响[J].重庆医科大学学报,2001,26(2):126～131.
22窦德强,靳玲。人参的化学成分及药理活性的研究进展与展望。沈阳药科大学学报,1999,16(2):151～156。
23窦德强,文晔,裴玉萍,陈英杰,马忠泽.人参叶中减轻醋酸泼尼松副作用的活性成分研究.中国中药杂志,1997,22(5):174～176。
24杜爱芳,叶均安,于涟.复方大蒜油添加剂对中国对虾免疫机能的增强作用[J].浙江农业大学学报,1997,23(3):317～320.
25段贤春,汪永忠,周安,居靖,夏化祝。三七中人参炔醇的提取、分离和鉴定。安徽中医学院学报,2008,27(2):50～51.
26方允中。自由基与营养素—自由基生物学的理论与应用[M]。北京:科学出版社,2002.
27冯彪,王柏,李平亚.人参果汁对大鼠脂质过氧化及细胞表面电荷的影响[J].白求恩医科大学学报,1996,22(1):21～22.
28冯立明,潘华珍,李慧云,杨显荣。人参的抗氧化作用。中西医结合杂志,1987,7(5):288～290。
29葛尔宁,严建伟,梁炳沂.人参的氨基酸含量[J].浙江中医学院学报,1997,21 (3 ):32～33.
30宫手义和.甾体型人参皂苷代谢物对肾上腺皮质醇生成的抑制作用〔日〕[J].日本药理学杂志.2003,121(1):10～13.
31郭国华,鲁耀邦.人参五灵脂水煎液配伍对免疫低下小鼠免疫功能的影响[J].中草药,1994,(5):27～29.
32国家药典委员会,中华人民共和国药典[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2000:6.
33韩克起,鲍利霞,黄传继.扶正抗癌方对大鼠移植性肝癌红细胞粘附功能及IL-2水平的影响[J].中西医结合肝病杂志,2002,10(1):28～29.
34韩轶,戴璨,汤璐瑛.艾叶挥发油抗病毒作用的初步研究[J].氨基酸和生物资源,2005,27(2):14～16.
35何忠梅,孟祥颖,鲍永利,乌垠,祝洪艳,李玉新.麻叶千里光挥发油抗病毒活性及成分分析[J].分析化学研究简报,2007,35(10):1513～1516.
36呼显生,姜成,刘芳,骆艳秋,张立春,尹柏双,等.人参皂甙Rb1对禽流感疫苗的免疫佐剂作用[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2006,(1):7～9.
37胡福良,李英华,朱威,刘艳荷.一种新型的畜牧业资源-蜂花粉[J].畜牧与兽医,2001,33(2):35～38.
38胡松华,林锋强.人参皂甙Rb1的免疫佐剂作用[J].中国兽医学报,2003,23(5):480～482.
39滑静,吾际舟.中草药添加剂对小公鸡增重和免疫器官的影响[J].当代畜牧,1998,(1):28～29.
40黄秀梅,李波,沈连忠,王建勇.中药药理与临床,2001,17(3):12～14.
41季迪新,阎吉昌,卫永弟。蒸参水化学成分的研究。白求恩医科大学学报,1987,13(6):506～508。
42江岩,邵春杰.人参二醇组与人参三醇组皂甙对培养心肌细胞钙通道的阻滞作用[J].中国药理学报,1992,13(5):403～405.
43姜官风,孙凯.人参茎叶总皂苷对小鼠雄性生殖细胞的诱变研究.白求恩医科大学学报,1992,18(2):110～111。
44孔祥峰,胡元亮,李祥瑞,王德云,张宝康,刘家国,等.9种中药成分对新城疫IV系疫苗免疫雏鸡血清中血凝抑制抗体水平的影响[J].畜牧兽医学报,2004,35(4):468～472.
45孔祥峰,胡元亮,李祥瑞,王德云,张宝康,刘家国.9种中药成分对新城疫Ⅳ系疫苗免疫雏鸡血清中血凝抑制抗体水平的影响[J].畜牧兽医学报,2004,35(4):468～472.
46赖红,吕永利,包峰.海马神经元的老龄性改变及人参皂苷对其作用研究[J].中国医科大学学报,1996,25(3):225～228.
47李冬,朱丽辉,李洪波.辽宁东部山区几个主要林型林下植物多样性的初步研究[J].辽宁林业科技,1998,(6):40～42.
48李方元.中国人参和西洋参[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2002:541～555.
49李晶晶,徐国钧,金蓉莺.人参、西洋参中的微量元素分析[J].中国药科大学学报,1989,20 (1):43～45.
50李君庆,张均田.年龄变化及人参皂苷-Rg1对大鼠脑皮层细胞膜流动性影响[J].药学学报,1997,32(1):23～27.
51李念平,程光荣,曹淑兰,张庆云,陈英杰,黄桢.人参挥发油化学成份的研究(一)—辽宁参根、茎、叶、花中挥发油分析[J].分析测试通报,1983,2:17～23.
52李卫平,陈敏珠。人参皂甙的免疫调节作用。安徽医科大学学报,1998,33(5):348～350。
53李向高,藤芬婷.人参有效成分的研究(二) [J].中成药研究,1978,4:6～9.
54李向高,郑友兰.吉林红参与高丽红参比较—挥发油成分的分析[J].中成药,1985,12:29～30.
55李向高,郑友兰.吉林红参与高丽红参比较研究一氨基酸的分析[J].中成药,1984,(2):49～50.
56李向高,郑友兰.人参、西洋参、人参三七微量元素的活化分析[J].中草药,1986,17 (10 ):10～12.
57李向高,郑友兰.人参芦头挥发油成分的分析[J].中国药学杂志,1989,5:30.
58李向高,郑友兰.新开河白参挥发油成分的分析[J].中国药学杂志,1989,24(10):590～592.
59李向高.红参中田七氨酸的分离[J].吉林农业大学学报,1993,15 (2 ):22.
60李向高.人参中焦谷氨酸的分离及其加工中的转化[J].吉林农业大学学报,1994,16 (2):1～8.
61李向高.人参中焦谷氨酸的含量测定[J].中草药,1994,25 (2 ):75.
62李向高.生晒参与红参中三七素含量的比较分析[J].中成药,1990,12 (3):35.
63李怡岚,乔珊珊,李国星.灵芝粉抗肿瘤及提高机体免疫力作用的研究[J].中国慢性病预防与控制,2004,(4):156～158.
64李勇,孔令清,高洪。自由基与疾病研究进展[J]。动物医学进展,2008,29(4):85～88。
65李元健,邓汉武,陈修.人参皂试及其组分对心肌细胞缺氧、再给氧和心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用[J].药学学报,1987,22:1～5.
66刘崇铭,王敏,满世伟.人参总皂试与单体皂试Re对动物心功能和血液动力学的影响[J].沈阳药科大学学报,1995,12(2):130～131.
67刘春兰,张翼伸,李润秋.人参果中水溶性多糖的研究[J].药学学报, 1988,23(11):863～867.
68刘春兰.人参果水性多糖与其蛋白质关系研究[J].中央民族大学学报(自然科学版),1997,6(1):49～52.
69刘春兰.人参果中杂多糖F的结构研究[J].首都师范大学学报(自然科学版),1996,17(2):74～78.
70刘春兰.人参果中杂多糖F的气相色谱分析[J].中央民族大学学报(自然科学版),1996,(2):76.
71刘菲菲,张翼伸.人参叶水溶多糖的研究—酸性多糖P8的纯化与结构的研究[J].东北师范大学学报,1998,3:103～108.
72刘恒,李光友.免疫多糖对养殖南美白对虾作用的研究[J].海洋与湖沼,1998,29(2):113～117.
73刘宏群,刘继永,郑培和,王英平。人参皂苷Ro的制备及含量测定。特产研究,2010,1:41～48。
74刘家国,胡元亮,张宝康,宋大鲁.淫羊霍-蜂胶佐剂对小白鼠脾脏NKC和腹腔巨噬细胞的影响[J].中国免疫学杂志,1996,12(1):240～242.
75刘靖华,陈惠孙,胡德耀.人参皂苷对创伤失血性休克免疫功能的调节作用[J].第三军医大学学报,2000,22(4):324.
76刘靖华,陈惠孙,胡德耀。人参皂苷对创伤失血性休克免疫功能的调节作用。第三军医大学学报,2000,2(4):324～127。
77刘吝,张均田.人参皂甙Rbl和Rg1对原代培养大鼠海马神经细胞的保护作用.药学学报,1995,30:674—678.
78刘平,葛迎春,张伟,刘嵋松,刘淑云,周丹丁.细胞衰老与人参皂甙活性的研究[J].中国老年学杂志,1999,19:356～357.
79刘树青,江晓路,牟海洋.免疫多糖对中国对虾血清溶菌酶、磷酸酶和过氧化物酶的作用[J].海洋与湖沼,1999,30(3):278～283.
80刘态,张均田.人参皂甙Rg1对老年大鼠免疫调节作用的机制分析[J].药学学报,1996,31(2):95～100.
81刘伟宏,龚守良,李新民.人参三醇组甙对雄性大鼠免疫器官的辐射防护作用[J].白求恩医科大学学报,1994,20(1):32～34.
82刘伟宏,龚守良,李新民.人参三醇组甙对雄性大鼠免疫器官的辐射防护作用[J].白求恩医科大学学报,1994,20(1):32～34.
83刘伟宏,龚守良,李新民。人参三醇组甙对雄性大鼠免疫器官的辐射防护作用[J]。白求恩医科大学学报,1994,20(1):32～34.
84刘文心,张均田.人参皂苷-Rb1和rg1对后代培养大鼠海马神经细胞的保护作用[J].药学学报,1995,30(9):674～678.
85刘文心.人参皂苷-Rg1的抗衰老和促智作用及其机制研究[J].生理科学进展,1996,27(2):139～142.
86刘轩,魏育林,李波。人参皂苷对脂多糖诱导小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞分泌肿瘤坏死因子的作用及机制探讨。中日友好医院学报,2001,15 (2):83～85。
87柳钟勋,左增艳,林赴田,于锋,许津,宋坤改,等.ASDP/ASDE3作为乙型肝炎基因工程疫苗新型复合佐剂的效果及安全性[J].病毒学报,1992,8(4):309～313.
88娄晓芬.黄芪多糖对有核细胞分泌造血细胞因子的影响[J].中药新药与临床药理,2003,14(5):310～312.
89吕殿红.淫羊藿—蜂胶佐剂对雏鸡腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能的影响[J].中国兽医杂志,1999,25(3):46.
90罗丽萍,高荫榆,熊绍员,洪雪娥,夏冬华.薯蔓总黄酮的免疫调节作用[J].南昌大学学报(理科版),2006,30(5):489～491.
91秦路平,王洪斌,张家庆,苏中武李承祜.蛇床子素和蛇床子总香豆素对肾阳虚小鼠免疫功能的影响[J].中西医结合杂志,1995,15(9):547～549.
92任爱农,王志刚,卢振初,王礼文,吴亦伦.野菊花抑菌和抗病毒作用实验研究[J].药物生物技术,1999,6(4):241～244.
93任宝柱.云芝多糖对肺癌患者免疫功能的影响[J].中国肿瘤临床,1993,20(5):348～351.
94杉源一郎,吉村淳,大岛治之.抗糖尿病剂,动物用抗糖尿病剂[J].日本:公开特许公报,1992,2:18.
95申书昌,孙秀佳,唐晓慧,黄海.人参茎叶的化学成分研究[J].齐齐哈尔大学学报,2008,24(3):43～46.
96斯崇文,田庚善,巫善明,苏盛,封太昌,林秀玉,等.三种疗法对慢性乙型肝炎的疗效观察[J].中华内科杂志,1997,36(10):661～664.
97宋小平,林秀玉,斯崇文,杨向阳,闵福援.猪苓多糖与乙型肝炎疫苗等合用对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞功能的影响[J].中华医学杂志,1996,76(5):386～387.
98孙景礼,睢大员,于晓风,吕忠智.人参果粗多糖的抗衰老作用研究[J].中国老年学杂志,1999,19:356～357.
99孙允秀,张惠祥,张嘉宁,姜文普,王树歧,毕颖丽,等.吉林人参挥发性成分的分析(IV) [J].科学通报,1986,18:514～520.
100陶来宝,马成禹。参杞合剂对小鼠某些免疫指标的调节作用[J]。中国免疫学杂志,1996,12( 6):377～377。
101田刚,刘立,迟国兴,睢大员,丁晓凤,吕忠志.人参果粗多糖的初步药理研究[J].人参研究,1999,11(2):22～24.
102王本祥,崔景朝。人参多糖对免疫机能的影响药学学报,1982,17(1):25～27
103王彩虹.红细胞免疫调控研究进展[J].中国兽医杂志,2002,38(2):28～31.
104王海南.人参皂苷药理研究进展[J].中国临床药理学与治疗学,2006,11(11):1201～1206.
105王和才,胡秋辉。DPPH法测定紫红薯提取物清除自由基的能力。食品研究与开发2010,31(1):132～134
106王会,张普香。生物机体内自由基与疾病的关系[J]。科技资讯,2008,34:204～206。
107王继彦,李向高,许传莲,孙光芝。人参果中挥发油和无机元素的分析。吉林农业大学学报,2004,26(1):53～56。
108王筠默.人参药理研究的进展[J].人参研究,2001,13(3):2～7.
109王凯平,张玉,戴立权.当归多糖的研究进展概况[J].中国药师,2002,5(5):54～57.
110王雷,李光友,毛远兴,张海岩.口服免疫性药物对中国对虾病害防治作用的研究[J].海洋与湖沼,1994,(25):481～491.
111王茹,谢印乾,沈志强,缪晓青.蜂胶的免疫增强作用及其在疫苗中的应用[J].中国畜牧兽医,2007,34(2):93～95.
112王晓红,罗声香.香菇多糖联合乙肝疫苗治疗慢性乙肝疗效观察[J].实用中西医结合杂志,1998,11(12):1105.
113王毅,姜艳,王本祥。人参皂苷Rg1及其肠内菌代谢产物Rh1对小鼠免疫细胞功能的影响.药学学报, 2002,37 (12):927～930。
114王毅,刘铁汉,王巍,王本祥.肠内菌群对人参皂苷Rg1的代谢转化作用的研究[J].中国中药杂志,2001,26(3):188～190.
115王宇翎,张艳,方明,李前进,江勤.明亮白花蛇舌草总黄酮的免疫调节作用[J].中国药理学通报,2005,21(4):444～447.
116王中峰,萧家思,闫淑枝,万子兵.人参二醇组皂甙对烧伤大鼠心功能的保护作用[J].中国药理学报,1995,16(4):345～347.
117吴春福,于庆海,刘雯.根据自由基学说研究人参茎叶皂苷的抗衰老作用[J].沈阳药科大学学报,1992,19(1):39～42.
118吴庆夫,魏俊杰,徐景达.红参中多肽成分的分离和鉴定[J].药学学报,1991,26(7):499～504.
119武彩虹,宋建德,李宏全,高海.红细胞免疫研究进展[J].畜牧兽医杂志.2002,21(3):22～24.
120谢遵江,刘文庆,方传龙,张湛波,刘颖,贺业春.糖类药物对LAK细胞增殖功能的影响和抑瘤作用的实验研究[J].中国肿瘤临床与康复,2002,9(2):1～2.
121徐静华,于庆海,魏韶华,蔡爽。北豆根总碱对环磷酰胺模型小鼠的免疫调节作用沈阳药科大学学报,1999,116(1):20～23。
122徐书显.复方中药对小鼠免疫器官和体质量的影响[J].现代中西医结合杂志,2001,10(8):710.
123徐绥绪,王清华,张国刚,吕永俊,陈国兴,陈英杰.人参脂溶性成分的研究[J].沈阳药学院学报,5(1):1988,16～19.
124徐绥绪,王清华,张国刚,吕永俊,陈国兴,陈英杰。人参化学成分的研究12.人参脂溶性成分的研究。沈阳药学院学报,1988,1(34):16～19。
125徐绥绪,张国刚,陈英杰,何丽,樊峥荣.人参化学成分的研究,人参果肉的皂甙类成分研究(Ⅰ)[J].沈阳药学院学报,1988,1:59.
126徐延震.中草药免疫初探[J].山东农业大学学报,1995,26(4):416～419.
127许申鸿,杭瑚。二种筛选自由基清除剂的简便方法[J].中草药,2000,31(2):96～97。
128杨汉春,陆刚,鲁刚.玉米花粉多糖对鸡新城疫—减蛋综合征疫苗免疫效果的影响[J].中国兽医杂志,1998,(6):43.
129杨明,崔志勇,王岩,王本祥.人参多糖降血糖和肝糖原作用的研究[J].中药药理与临床,1991,7(5):22～24.
130杨明,王本祥,金玉莲,王岩,崔志勇.人参多糖降血糖和肝糖原的作用[J].中国药理学报,1990,11(6):520～524.
131杨艳辉,杨兴斌,王燕,王喆之瞬沃舅岷突臃⒂统煞值?GC/MS分析。陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版),2007,35(1):77～81。
132叶小芳,谷新利.中药复方及多糖的免疫调节作用研究进展[J].吉林畜牧兽医,2006,6:14～16.
133尹笠签,刘权,李春子.人参果皂甙对小鼠学习和记忆的影响[J].中成药,1994,16 (8 ):34～36.
134尹旭辉,廖利军,杨晓临,周正仁,姜在福.人参多糖对免疫功能影响的实验研究[J].沈阳部队医药,1997,10(4):301～302.
135于明,赵余庆.人参果中三萜类成分的化学研究[J].中草药,2004,35(11):1221～1223.
136詹樾,徐新华,江亚平,胡建国,刘立明,陈享.人参皂甙对心肌缺血再灌注损伤的防治效应[J].中华医学杂志,1994,74(10):626～628.
137张红军,张晓莉,宋宝辉.玉屏风散对小鼠红细胞免疫黏附功能及腹腔MΦ吞噬活性的影响[J].细胞与分子免疫学杂志,2003,19(6):619.
138张惠祥,孙允秀,姜文普,康春莉.人参挥发性成分分析(Ⅴ)--人参挥发油的化学法分组及结构鉴定[J].吉林大学自然科学学报,1987,2:89～94.
139张惠祥,孙允秀,王树歧,姜文普,杨林榕.吉林人参挥发性成分的分析[J].科学通报.1984,18:1111～1114.
140张杰民,陈立波,赵洪序,王勇,佟力.人参总皂甙对心肌缺血和再灌注损伤的保护作用及浓度效应关系的实验研究[J].白求恩医科大学学报,1988,24(3):254～256.
141张庆茹.中草药免疫促进作用的研究进展[J].中兽医医药杂志,1997,(5):15～16.
142张万儒.森林土壤定位研究方法[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1986,17～51.
143张薇,卢芳国,潘双银.鱼腥草中挥发油的提取分析及其抗菌抗病毒作用的研究[J].实用预防医学,2008,15(2):312～316.
144张文杰,战术,钟国赣,刘伟,江岩,孙成文.RgZ与R、对钙通道作用的单通道分析[J].白求恩医科大学学报,1995,21(5):444～446.
145张逸凡,于庆海.淫羊藿总黄酮的免疫调节作用[J].沈阳药科大学学报,1999,16(3):182～184.
146张翼伸,李润秋,王玉万.人参多糖的研究(Ⅰ) [J].东北师大学报,1982,22 (2):97.
147张志敏,王建华,赵兴华,公小兵,余永涛,崔忠华,等.苦马豆素对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞免疫功能的影响[J].中国农业科学,2008,41(10):3422～3428.
148赵澍.人参果成分的研究[J].中医杂志,1979,12:50～53.
149赵余庆,袁昌鲁,吕浩然.人参果化学成分的研究[J].中国中药杂志,1993,18(5):296～297.
150郑旭升,黄旭明,余群.猪瘟初乳前免疫研究和生产上的应用[J].福建畜牧兽医,1994,(1):63～65.
151郑毅男,孟祥颖,张晶,韩立坤,奥田拓道,高久武司,等.红参中新化合物精氨酸苷的生成机理及生成条件的研究[J].中国药物化学杂志,1997,7 (3):17～22.
152郑毅男,松浦幸永,韩立坤,高久武司,向兰,龟田健治,等.红参中新化合物一精氨酸衍生物的分离与结构鉴定[J].药学学报,1996,31 (3):191～195.
153郑毅男.红参中新化合物—精氨酸双糖贰分离鉴定[J].药学学报,1996,31 (3):91.
154钟国赣,江岩.人参二醇组皂苷Rb1,Rb2,Rb3,Rc和Rd的钙通道阻滞作用和抗自由基作用[J].中国药理学报,1995,16(3):255～257.
155钟国赣,江岩,王雪清.人参二醇与三醇组皂苷对正常与黄嘌呤-黄嘌呤氧化酶致损的培养心肌细胞动作电位的影响[J].中国药理学报,1991,12(3):256～260.
156钟国赣,齐晖,赵春燕.用电子自旋共振法比较观察八种人参单体皂苷对培养心肌细胞自由基含量影响[J].生物化学与生物物理学报,1993,25(6):667～671.
157周静.近年来国内植物多糖生物活性研究进展[J].中草药,1994,25(1):40～44.
158周锡顺.小柴胡汤对小鼠腹腔吞噬细胞功能的影响[J].解剖科学进展,1997,3(2):182～183.
159 Akao T,Kanaoka M,& Kobashi K.Appearance of compound K, a major metabolite of ginsenoside Rbl by intestinal bacteria, in rat plasma after oral administration-measurementof compound K by enzyme immunoassay[J].Biol Pharm Bull,1998,21 (3):245～258.
160 Akao T,KidaH,& Kanaoka M.Intestinal bacterial hydrolysis is required for the appearance fo compound K in rat plasma after oral administration of ginsenoside Rbl from Panaxginseng[J].J Pharm Pharmacol,1998,50(10):1155～1160.
161 Akiyama T,Iishida J,& Nakagawa S.Genistein, a specific inhibitor oftyrosine-specific protein Kinases[J].J Biol Chem,1987,262:5592～5595.
162 AndoT.PreParation of antiliPolytic substance from Panax ginseng[J].Planta Med,1980,38,18.
163 Assinewe V,Amason J,Aubry A, Mullin J ,& Lemaire I.Extractable polysaccharides of Panax quinquefolius L. (North American ginseng) root stimulate TNFalpha production by alveolar macrophages[J].Phytomedicine,2002,9(5):398～404.
164 AtteleAS,Wu JA,& Yuan CS.Ginseng Pharmacology:multiple constituents and multiple actions[J].Biochemical Pharmacology,1999,58:1685～1693.
165 Banskota AH,Nagaoka T,Sumioka LY,Tezuka Y,Awale S,& Midorikawa K,et al. Antiprolifera-tive activity of the Netherlands propolis and its active principles in cancer cell lines[J].J Ethnopharm,2002,80:67～73.
166 Benno Y,Endo K,Mizutani T,Namba Y,Komori I,& Mitsuoka T.Comparison of fecal microflora of elderly persons in rural and urban areas of Japan Appl[J].Environ. Microbiol,1989,55:1100～1105.
167 Byung H. H. Ind. Inter. Ginseng symp. Korean Ginseng Research institute[J],Seoul Korea,1978,13.
168 Carbohydrate Research,1969,10:13.
169 Chen C,Shy H,& Lin J.Cytotoxic prenylflavones from Tai-wanese propolis[J].J Nat Prod,2003,66:503～506.
170 Chohachi Konno,& Hiroshi Hikino.Isolation and hypoglycemic activi of Panaxans M,N,O and P,glycans of Panax ginseng roots[J].In J. Crude Drug Res,1987,25:53.
171 Chohachi Konno,Kazuhiko Sugiyama,Mitsuyo Kano,Michiko Takahashi,& Hiroshi Hikino.Isolation and hypoglycaemic activity of Panaxans A,B,C,D and E,Glycans of Panax ginseng Roots1[J].Planta Med,1984,50 (5):434.
172 Chohachi Konno,Miki Murakami, Yoshiteru Oshima ,& Hiros Hikino.Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of PanaxansQ,R,T and U,glycans of Panax ginseng roots[J].J. Ethnopharmacol,1985,14:69.
173 Chohachi konno , Kazuhiko Sugiyma , Mitsuyo Kano , Michiko Takahashi , & Hiroshi Hikino.Isolation and hypoglycaemic activity of Panaxans A,B,C,D and E,Glycans of Panax ginseng Roots[J].Planta Med,1984,50(5):635～638.
174 Concha C,Hu S,& Holmberg O.The prolifer ative responses of cows tripping milk and blood lymphocytes topokeweed mitogen and ginseng in vitro[J].Vet Res,1996,27:107～115.
175 De L N,Cafarchia C,& Lai O.Chemicalcomposition and bio-logical investigation of Apulia region propolis[J].Riv Ital EP-POS,2002,34:29～41.
176 Feng Qiu,Zhong-Ze,Sui-Xu Xu,Xin-Sheng Yao,Chun-Tao Che,& Ying-Jie Chen.A pair of 24-hydroperoxyl epimeric dammarane saponins from flower-buds of Panax ginseng[J].Journal of Asian Natural Products Research,2001,3(3):235～240.
177 Gamze Bozcuk Erdem,& Seval Olmez.Inhibitory effect of Bursa propolis on dental caries-formation in rats inoculated with Streptococcus sobrinus[J].Turk J Zool,2004,28:29～36.
178 Hasegawa H,Sung JH,Matsumiya S,& Uchiyama M.Main ginseng saponin metabolitesformed by intestinal bacteria[J].Planta Med,1996,62(5):453～457.
179 Hasegawa H,& Uchiyama M.Antimetastatic efficacy of bacterial hydrolyzing potentialand significance of treatment with an active bacterial metabolite[J].Planta Med,1998,64:696～700.
180 Hasegawa H , Lee KS, Nagaoka T , Tezuka Y , Uchiyama M , Kodata S , & Saiki I.Pharmacokinetics of ginsenoside deglycosylated by intestinal bacteria and its transformation to biologically active fatty acid esters[J].Biol Pharm Bull,2000,23 (3):298～304.
181 Hasegawa H,Sung JH,& Benno Y.Role of human intestinal Prevotella otis in hydrolyz-ingginseng saponins[J].Planta Med,1997,63(5):436～440.
182 Hideo Hasegawa . Anticarcinogenesis in mice by Ginseng-hydrolyzing colonic bacteria[J].Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease,2000,12(2):85～91.
183 Hiroshi Hikino,Yoshiteru Oshima,Yutaka Suzuki, & Chohac Konno.Isolation and hypoglycaemic activity of Panaxans F , G and H , Glycans of Panax ginseng Roots[J].Shayakugaku Zasshi,1985,39(4):331.
184 Kagi D,Vignaux F,& Ledermann B.Fas and perforin pathways as major mechanisms of T cell mediated cytotoxicity[J].Science,1994,265(1):528～530.
185 Kanaoka M,Akao T,& Kobashi K.J.Trad Med,1994,11:241～245.
186 Karikura M,Miyase T, Tanizawa H,Taniyama T,& Takino Y.(1991).Studies on absorption,distribution,excretion and metabolism of ginseng saponins.VI. The decomposition products of ginsenoside Rb2 in the stomach of rats[J].Chem Pharm Bull ,1991,39(2):400～404.
187 Karikura M,Miyase T,Tanizawa H,Taniyama T,& Takino Y.Studies on absorption,distribution,excretion and metabolism of ginseng saponins. VI1. Comparison of the decomposition modes of ginsenoside-Rbl and -Rb2 in the digestive tractofrats[J].Chem PharmBull (Tokyo),1991,39(9):2357.
188 Kobashi K.Glycoside are natural prodrugs:Evidence using germ-free and gnotobioticrats associated with a human intestinal bacterium[J].J. Trad. Med,1998,15:1~13.
189 Li F,Shi Y C,Huang H L,Li Z Q,& Zhang Z L.Effect of aloperine on thimmune cells in mice[J].J Norman Bethune Univ Med Sc(白求恩医科大学学报),1997,23(6):603～605.
190 Masashi Tomoda,Kazuyo Shimada,Chohachi Konno,& Hiros Hikino.Structure of Panaxan B, a hypoglycaemic Glycan of Pan Ginseng roots[J].Phytochemistry,1985,10(24):24～31.
191 Masashi Tomoda , Kazuyo Shimada , Chohachi Konno , Kazuhi Sugiyama , & Hiroshi Hikino.Partial structure of Panaxan A,Hypoglycaemic Glycan of Panax ginseng roots[J].Planta Med,1984,50(5):436.
192 MATSUNAGA K,& MORITA I.The effect of a biological response modifier, PSK,on the intestinal immune system in tumorbearingmice[J].Anticance Res,1987,(7):509～513.
193 PEDERSON T C,AUST SD。Themechanism of livermicrosomal lipid peroxidation[J]。Biochim BiophysActa,1972,385:232～241。
194 Scaglione F,Ferrara F,Dugnani S,Falchi M,Santoro G,& Fraschini F.Immunomodulatory effects of two extracts of Panax ginseng[J].Drugs Exp Clin Res,1990,16:537～542.
195 SEERRABJ , & ESCOLAJR . Nutrient lomposition and microbiological quality of honeybee-collected pollen in spain[J].Agric Food Chem,1997,45:725～732.
196 Shin J,Song J,Yun Y,Yang HO, Rhee DK,& Pyo S.Immunostimulating effects of acidic polysaccharides extract of Panax ginseng on macrophage function[J].Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol,2002,24(3):469～482.
197 Siegel I,Liu TL,Gleicher N.the red-cellimmune system[J].lancet,1981,2(8256):556.
198 Sonoda Y,Kasahara T,Mukaida N,Shimizu N,Tomoda M,& Takeda T.Stimulation ofinterleukin-8 production by acidic polysaccharides from the root of Panax ginseng[J].Immunopharmacology,1998,38(3):287～294.
199 Sun-Young Park,Eun-Ah Bae,Jong Hwan Sung,Seung-Kwon Lee,& DongHyun Kim. Purification and Characterization of Ginsenoside Rbl-Metabolizingβ-Glucosidase from Fusobacterium K-60 , a Human Intestinal Anaerobic Bacterium[J] . Biosci Biotechnol Biochem,2001,65(5):1163～1169.
200 T.F. Solov'eva,L.V. Arsenyuk,& Yu.S. Ovodov.Some structural features of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey pectin[J].Carbohydrate Research,1969,10(1)::13～18.
201 TAPPELAL.Lipid peroxidation damage to cell components[J] .Fed Proc,1973,32:1870～1874.
202 Wakabayashi C,Hasegawa H,Murata J,& Saiki I.In vivo antimetastatic action of ginseng protopanaxadiol saponins is based on their intestinal bacterial metabolites after oral administration[J].Oncol Res,1997,9(8):411～413.
203 Wakabayashi C,Murakami K,& Hasegawa H.An intestinal bacterial metabolite of ginseng protopanaxadiol saponins has the ability toinduce apoptosis in tumor cell[J].BiochemBiophys Rescommun,1998,246(3):725～730.
204 Yahara S,Kaji K,& Tanaka O.Further study on dammarane-type saponins of roots,leaves,flower-buds,and fruits of Panax ginseng[J].Chem Pharm Bull.1979,27(1):88～92.
205 Yahara S,Kaji K,Tanaka O.Further study on dammarane-type saponins of roots,leaves,flower-buds,and fruits of Panax ginseng C. A. MEYER[J].Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin,1979,27(1):88～92.
206 Yang Z G,SunH X,& YeY P.Ginsenoside Rd from Panaxno-toginsengis cytotoxic towardsHeLa cancer cells and inducesapoptosis[J].Chem Biodivers,2006,3(2):87～97.
207 Yang Z G,YeY P,& Sun H X.Immunological adjuvant effect of ginsenoside Rh4 from the roots of Panax notoginsengonspecific antibody and cellular response to ovalbumin inmice[J].Chem Biodivers,2007,4(2):232～240.
208 Yang Z G,YeY P,& SunH X.Immunological adjuvant effecof ginsenoside Rh4 from the roots ofPanax notoginsengonspecific antibody and cellular response to ovalbumin inmice[J].Chem Biodivers,2007,4(2):232～240.
209 YangZG,SunH X,YeY P. Ginsenoside-Rd from Panax notoginseng is cytotoxic towards H eLa cancer cells and induces apoptosis [J] .Chem Biodivers,2006,3(2):187～97.
210 YOKOZAWA T, CHEN CP, DON E,et .al. Study on the inhibitory effect of tannins and flavonoids against the diphenyl-2 picrydrazyl radical[J] .Biochem Pharmacol,1998,56:213～222.
211 YOKOZAWA T,ZHOU JJ,HATTORIM,et. al .Effects of a Dan Shen component, magnesium lithospemate B.nephrectomized rats[J] .Nippon Jinzo Gakkai Shi,1995,37:105～111.
212 Yoshiteru Oshima,Chohachi Konno,& Hiroshi Hikino.Isolation ahypoglycemic activity of Panaxans I,J,K and L,glycans of Panax ginseng roots[J].J. Ethnopharmacol,1985,14:255.
213 Yoshiteru Oshima,Chohachi Konno,& Hiroshi Hikino.Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of Panaxans I,J,K and L,glycans of Panax ginseng roots[J].J. Ethnopharmacol,1985,14:255～259.
214 Yosioka I,Sugawara T,Imai K,& Kitagawa I.Soil bacterial hydrolysis leading to genuine aglycone. E On ginsenosides-Rbl,Rb2 and Rc of the Ginseng root saponins[J].ChemPharm Bull,1972,20:2418～2421.
215 Yun Taik-Koo,Lee Yun-Sil,Lee You Hui,& Yun Hyo Yung.Cancer chemopreventive compounds of red ginseng produced from Panax ginseng C.A. [J].Meyer.Journal of Ginseng Research,2001,25(3):107～111.
216 Yutaka Suzuki,& Hiroshi Hikino.Mechanisms of Hypoglycemic activity of Panax A and B,glycans of Panax ginseng roots:effects on plasma level,secretion,sensitivity and binding oginsulin in mice[J].Phytotherapy Research,1989,3 (1):20～25.
217 Zhang S,Takeda T,Zhu T,Chen Y,Yao X,Tanaka O,et al.A New Minor Saponin from the Leaves of Panax ginseng[J].Plant Med,1990,62:179～181.
218 Ruan CC,Liu Z,Li X,Liu X,Wang LJ,Pan HY,Zheng YN,Sun GZ,Zhang YS,Zhang LX.Isolation and characterization of a new ginsenoside from the fresh root of Panax Ginseng.Molecules.2010 ,15(4):2319～2325.
219 Bilgi N,Bell K,Ananthakrishnan AN,Atallah E. Imatinib and Panax ginseng: a potential interaction resulting in liver toxicity.Ann Pharmacother.2010 ,44(5):926～928.