中国商业银行范围经济研究
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摘要
本文的主旨在于对我国银行业范围经济进行理论分析并在此基础上对中国商业银行的范围经济进行实证检验。范围经济能够清楚的刻画银行业提供多种业务的成本收益状况,对银行业范围经济的研究可以为目前我国银行业全面对外开放而面临的愈加严厉的竞争格局及银行并购提供说明,也能为金融业的混业经营提供解释和证明。
银行业的范围经济既是一个理论问题,也是一个实证问题,既要从理论上分析,也要求利用现实数据对理论进行实证检验。因此,本文首先从微观经济学中的投入产出理论、交易成本理论以及信息经济学等角度分析银行业范围经济存在的理论依据,然后在此基础上对中国商业银行范围经济进行实证检验,把定性分析与定量分析相结合。最后根据理论与实证检验分析的结果,通过与国际上银行业范围经济状况的横向比较,结合中国商业银行所处的现实环境,提出改善中国商业银行范围经济的建议。
中国商业银行范围经济实证检验的结果表明,从总体上看,我国银行业存在明显的范围经济,范围经济与银行的资产规模没有必然的联系,这说明存贷款、多种业务种类及投资由一家银行提供比由三家银行各提供一种能获得更大收益;国有商业银行范围经济稍劣于全国性股份制商业银行,这于近年来国有商业银行的改革逐渐见成效有很大联系;同一银行对不同业务的范围经济不相同,不同银行对于同一业务的范围经济也不同。从时间趋势上来看,范围经济有逐渐变好的倾向。这反映出我国对银行业管制的放松和银行业技术的进步使银行业范围经济的特征日益明显。
据此,中国商业银行范围经济优势的获得可从以下几方面着手:①加强内部控制,完善商业银行治理机构,形成发展范围经济的平台;②允许商业银行适度混业经营,建立以银行控股公司为主的混业经营过渡模式;③建立完善的以客户经理制为基础的人才战略;④加大科技投入,提高金融创新能力,形成以非利差收入为主的收入结构。
Based on the theoretical analyses of scope economies for the banking industry, this paper examines china’s situation empirically. Scope economies of the banking clearly describes the cost-revenue when banks offer sorts of products and operations. The relevant research on this can explain not only the bank’s mergers and takeovers under the increasingly tougher competition after the comprehensive opening of China’s banking industry, but the hybrid operation of financial industry.
Scope economies are a theoretical and empirical problem, which requires theoretical analyses and the corresponding empirical tests. Therefore some microeconomic knowledge, such as input-output theory, transaction cost economics and information economies, is its theoretical foundation. On the basis of that, China’s banking is empirically tested, which combines qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. Then, through the horizontal comparison between the scope economies of the international banking industry and of China’s banking industry, the paper gives some suggestions of reformation.
The empirical result shows that scope economies do exist in China as a whole. There are no definitely relationship between scope economies and asset size of the bank, which demonstrates that loans, deposits, various businesses and investment are more profiting when being offered by a single bank than by there. Moreover, scope economies are a litter significant in Joint-stock commercial banks than that in state-owned ones, linked with the increasingly effective reforms in recent years. Thirdly, different banks have different scope economies on different businesses. Finally, in view of the tendency, scope economies of China’s commercial banks are getting better. It implies both the relaxations of China’s controls on the banking industry and the technical progress have enabled the scope economies of China’s banking industry obviously.
Implications for China are following: firstly, Strengthening the internal control, improving corporate governance institutions of the commercial banks and forms the platform for scope economy. Secondly, allowing commercial banks appropriate mixed operations, and establishing mixing industry management pattern primarily by bank holding. Thirdly, establishing and improving the talent strategy based on customer manager system. Finally, increasing investment in science and technology, raising financial innovation ability, and building customer demand-oriented service platform so as to form a different income structure.
银行业的范围经济既是一个理论问题,也是一个实证问题,既要从理论上分析,也要求利用现实数据对理论进行实证检验。因此,本文首先从微观经济学中的投入产出理论、交易成本理论以及信息经济学等角度分析银行业范围经济存在的理论依据,然后在此基础上对中国商业银行范围经济进行实证检验,把定性分析与定量分析相结合。最后根据理论与实证检验分析的结果,通过与国际上银行业范围经济状况的横向比较,结合中国商业银行所处的现实环境,提出改善中国商业银行范围经济的建议。
中国商业银行范围经济实证检验的结果表明,从总体上看,我国银行业存在明显的范围经济,范围经济与银行的资产规模没有必然的联系,这说明存贷款、多种业务种类及投资由一家银行提供比由三家银行各提供一种能获得更大收益;国有商业银行范围经济稍劣于全国性股份制商业银行,这于近年来国有商业银行的改革逐渐见成效有很大联系;同一银行对不同业务的范围经济不相同,不同银行对于同一业务的范围经济也不同。从时间趋势上来看,范围经济有逐渐变好的倾向。这反映出我国对银行业管制的放松和银行业技术的进步使银行业范围经济的特征日益明显。
据此,中国商业银行范围经济优势的获得可从以下几方面着手:①加强内部控制,完善商业银行治理机构,形成发展范围经济的平台;②允许商业银行适度混业经营,建立以银行控股公司为主的混业经营过渡模式;③建立完善的以客户经理制为基础的人才战略;④加大科技投入,提高金融创新能力,形成以非利差收入为主的收入结构。
Based on the theoretical analyses of scope economies for the banking industry, this paper examines china’s situation empirically. Scope economies of the banking clearly describes the cost-revenue when banks offer sorts of products and operations. The relevant research on this can explain not only the bank’s mergers and takeovers under the increasingly tougher competition after the comprehensive opening of China’s banking industry, but the hybrid operation of financial industry.
Scope economies are a theoretical and empirical problem, which requires theoretical analyses and the corresponding empirical tests. Therefore some microeconomic knowledge, such as input-output theory, transaction cost economics and information economies, is its theoretical foundation. On the basis of that, China’s banking is empirically tested, which combines qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. Then, through the horizontal comparison between the scope economies of the international banking industry and of China’s banking industry, the paper gives some suggestions of reformation.
The empirical result shows that scope economies do exist in China as a whole. There are no definitely relationship between scope economies and asset size of the bank, which demonstrates that loans, deposits, various businesses and investment are more profiting when being offered by a single bank than by there. Moreover, scope economies are a litter significant in Joint-stock commercial banks than that in state-owned ones, linked with the increasingly effective reforms in recent years. Thirdly, different banks have different scope economies on different businesses. Finally, in view of the tendency, scope economies of China’s commercial banks are getting better. It implies both the relaxations of China’s controls on the banking industry and the technical progress have enabled the scope economies of China’s banking industry obviously.
Implications for China are following: firstly, Strengthening the internal control, improving corporate governance institutions of the commercial banks and forms the platform for scope economy. Secondly, allowing commercial banks appropriate mixed operations, and establishing mixing industry management pattern primarily by bank holding. Thirdly, establishing and improving the talent strategy based on customer manager system. Finally, increasing investment in science and technology, raising financial innovation ability, and building customer demand-oriented service platform so as to form a different income structure.
引文
[1]刘宗华.中国银行业的规模经济和范围经济研究: [博士论文][D].复旦大学, 2004
[2]历志刚,凌华薇.短兵相接外资银行[J].财经, 2006(24): 52-54
[3]郭琼,王铮.金融混业涨潮[J].财经, 2006(24): 10-18
[4]江其务.论中国金融发展中的组织结构优化问题[J].财贸经济, 2002(3): 5-10
[5]吴韦华.银行并购与中国银行业发展[M].北京:中国财政经济出版社, 2003
[6]曹军.银行并购问题研究[M].北京:中国金融出版社, 2005
[7]刘开莲,罗海燕.规模经济、范围经济与专业银行宏观成本管理[J].当代经济科学, 1990(4): 17-21
[8]赵一婷.我国国有商业银行规模经济与范围经济问题探讨[J].经济纵横, 2000 (10): 37-40
[9]杨均伟,华哲.客户经理制与商业银行的规模经济和范围经济[J].浙江金融, 2000(12): 15-17
[10]韩冬梅,赵振全.银行业全要素生产性和范围经济性[J].数量经济技术经济研究, 2002(7): 65-68
[11]杜莉,王锋.中国商业银行范围经济状态实证研究[J].金融研究, 2002(10): 31-37
[12]王聪,邹鹏飞.中国商业银行规模经济与范围经济的实证分析[J].中国工业经济, 2003(10): 21-27
[13]刘宗华.中国银行业的规模经济与范围经济——基于广义超越对数成本函数的检验[J].数量经济技术经济研究, 2004(10): 5-15
[14]吕素香.金融业范围经济研究[J].财经问题研究, 2004(7): 25-29
[15]郁红,彭仪瑞.从范围经济角度来分析商业银行开展投资业务的必要性[J].经济师, 2000(9): 80-81
[16] Philip Kolter等.市场营销管理(亚洲版)[M].北京:人民大学出版社, 1997
[17]谢康,肖静华.网络银行[M].吉林:长春出版社, 2000
[18]中国行业2005年度报告系列之中国银行业[R]. 27-28
[19]雷达,杨子键.西方商业银行表外业务监管及对我国银行业的思考[J].城市金融论坛, 1997(1): 56-59
[20]陈汇绮.商业银行拓展中间业务的构想[J].财经研究, 1997(9): 43-48
[21]何韧.花旗银行在亚太地区的跨国经营战略分析[J].国际金融研究, 2000(3): 39- 42
[22]秦宛顺,欧阳俊.我国国有独资商业银行的费用与规模偏好[J].金融研究, 2002 (1): 63-74
[23]陈章武,李朝晖.范围经济:获得竞争优势的一种思路[J].经济管理, 2002(12): 18-24
[24]高彦彬.范围经济与银行业经营模式设计[J].金融问题研究, 2006(10): 54-56
[25]迈克尔·波特著[美],陈小悦译.竞争战略[M].北京:华夏出版社, 1997
[26]迈克尔·波特著[美],陈小悦译.竞争优势[M].北京:华夏出版社, 1997
[27]李新光.规模经济与范围经济在企业成长生命周期中的应用[J].经济与理, 2004 (12): 85-86
[28]王大树.关于范围经济的几个问题[J].管理世界, 2004(3): 135-136
[29]何卫刚.规模经济与范围经济的适用性[J].经济问题, 2005(4): 27-29
[30]王旭.银监会监管凤暴直指四大银行[N].北京青年报, 2005年4月19日.A18
[31]陈新国,唐正科.中外银行竞争力比较[J].农村金融研究, 2006(6): 30-33
[32]李元旭,黄岩,张向菁.中国国有商业银行与外资银行竞争力比较研究[J].金融研究, 2000(3): 47-56
[33]熊鹏,王飞.我国国有商业银行表外业务发展的新思考——基于范围经济分析框架[J].山西财经大学学报, 2005(4): 90-95
[34]钟伟,巴曙松.中国银行业改革的路径选择[J].经济导刊, 2003(7): 14-21
[35]张春子.金融业的业务关联与互动[J].经济导刊, 2001(3): 38-47
[36]宋逢明,杜莘.关于商业银行和投资银行分业经营制度的再思考[J].金融研究, 2000(4): 45-49
[37] Panzae, John C. and Willig, Robert D. Economic of scale and economic of scope in muti-output production[J]. Economics Discussion Paper, 1981(33): 268-272
[38] A. Sinan Cebenoyan. Scope Economies in Banking, The Hybrid Box-Cox Function [J]. The Financial Review, 1990, 25(1): 115-125
[39] K. C. Tseng. Bank Scale and Scope Economies in California[J]. American Business Review. January 1999
[40] John Aston. Cost efficiency, economies of scale and economies of scope in the British retail banking sector [J]. Bournemouth University, School of Finance & Law Working Paper Series, 1998(13)
[41] Teece, David J. Economic of scope and the scope of the enterprise[M]. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. March, 1980. 223-247
[42] Altunbas, Y., Molyneaux, P.. Economies of Scale and Scope in European Banking[J]. Applied Financial Economics, 1996, 6(4): 367-375
[43] White, Eugene. Before the Glass-Steagall Act: An Analysis of the Investment Banking Activities of National Banks[J]. Explorations in Economic History, 1986(23): 33-55
[44] Top 1000 world banks. The Banker, London: Financial News Ltd. July, 2005
[45] Berg. S. A., Forsund. F. R., Hjalmarsson. L., Suominen. M., Banking Efficiency in the Nordic Countries. Journal of Banking and Finance, 1993(17): 371-388
[46] Clark. J. A. Economies of Scale and Scope at Depository Institutions: a Review of the Literature. Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City. Economic Review, 1998(73): 16-33
[47] Dietsch. M.. Economies of Scale and Scope in French Commercial Banking Industry[J]. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 1993, 4(1-2): 35-50
[48] Julapa Jagtini. Scale and Scope Economies at Large Bank: Including off-balance Sheet Products and Regulatory Effects(1984-1991)[J]. Journal of Banking & Finance, 1996(20): 1271-1287
[49] Laura Cavallo. Scale and Scope Economies in the European Banking Systems. Journal of Multinational Financial Management, 2001(11): 515-531
[2]历志刚,凌华薇.短兵相接外资银行[J].财经, 2006(24): 52-54
[3]郭琼,王铮.金融混业涨潮[J].财经, 2006(24): 10-18
[4]江其务.论中国金融发展中的组织结构优化问题[J].财贸经济, 2002(3): 5-10
[5]吴韦华.银行并购与中国银行业发展[M].北京:中国财政经济出版社, 2003
[6]曹军.银行并购问题研究[M].北京:中国金融出版社, 2005
[7]刘开莲,罗海燕.规模经济、范围经济与专业银行宏观成本管理[J].当代经济科学, 1990(4): 17-21
[8]赵一婷.我国国有商业银行规模经济与范围经济问题探讨[J].经济纵横, 2000 (10): 37-40
[9]杨均伟,华哲.客户经理制与商业银行的规模经济和范围经济[J].浙江金融, 2000(12): 15-17
[10]韩冬梅,赵振全.银行业全要素生产性和范围经济性[J].数量经济技术经济研究, 2002(7): 65-68
[11]杜莉,王锋.中国商业银行范围经济状态实证研究[J].金融研究, 2002(10): 31-37
[12]王聪,邹鹏飞.中国商业银行规模经济与范围经济的实证分析[J].中国工业经济, 2003(10): 21-27
[13]刘宗华.中国银行业的规模经济与范围经济——基于广义超越对数成本函数的检验[J].数量经济技术经济研究, 2004(10): 5-15
[14]吕素香.金融业范围经济研究[J].财经问题研究, 2004(7): 25-29
[15]郁红,彭仪瑞.从范围经济角度来分析商业银行开展投资业务的必要性[J].经济师, 2000(9): 80-81
[16] Philip Kolter等.市场营销管理(亚洲版)[M].北京:人民大学出版社, 1997
[17]谢康,肖静华.网络银行[M].吉林:长春出版社, 2000
[18]中国行业2005年度报告系列之中国银行业[R]. 27-28
[19]雷达,杨子键.西方商业银行表外业务监管及对我国银行业的思考[J].城市金融论坛, 1997(1): 56-59
[20]陈汇绮.商业银行拓展中间业务的构想[J].财经研究, 1997(9): 43-48
[21]何韧.花旗银行在亚太地区的跨国经营战略分析[J].国际金融研究, 2000(3): 39- 42
[22]秦宛顺,欧阳俊.我国国有独资商业银行的费用与规模偏好[J].金融研究, 2002 (1): 63-74
[23]陈章武,李朝晖.范围经济:获得竞争优势的一种思路[J].经济管理, 2002(12): 18-24
[24]高彦彬.范围经济与银行业经营模式设计[J].金融问题研究, 2006(10): 54-56
[25]迈克尔·波特著[美],陈小悦译.竞争战略[M].北京:华夏出版社, 1997
[26]迈克尔·波特著[美],陈小悦译.竞争优势[M].北京:华夏出版社, 1997
[27]李新光.规模经济与范围经济在企业成长生命周期中的应用[J].经济与理, 2004 (12): 85-86
[28]王大树.关于范围经济的几个问题[J].管理世界, 2004(3): 135-136
[29]何卫刚.规模经济与范围经济的适用性[J].经济问题, 2005(4): 27-29
[30]王旭.银监会监管凤暴直指四大银行[N].北京青年报, 2005年4月19日.A18
[31]陈新国,唐正科.中外银行竞争力比较[J].农村金融研究, 2006(6): 30-33
[32]李元旭,黄岩,张向菁.中国国有商业银行与外资银行竞争力比较研究[J].金融研究, 2000(3): 47-56
[33]熊鹏,王飞.我国国有商业银行表外业务发展的新思考——基于范围经济分析框架[J].山西财经大学学报, 2005(4): 90-95
[34]钟伟,巴曙松.中国银行业改革的路径选择[J].经济导刊, 2003(7): 14-21
[35]张春子.金融业的业务关联与互动[J].经济导刊, 2001(3): 38-47
[36]宋逢明,杜莘.关于商业银行和投资银行分业经营制度的再思考[J].金融研究, 2000(4): 45-49
[37] Panzae, John C. and Willig, Robert D. Economic of scale and economic of scope in muti-output production[J]. Economics Discussion Paper, 1981(33): 268-272
[38] A. Sinan Cebenoyan. Scope Economies in Banking, The Hybrid Box-Cox Function [J]. The Financial Review, 1990, 25(1): 115-125
[39] K. C. Tseng. Bank Scale and Scope Economies in California[J]. American Business Review. January 1999
[40] John Aston. Cost efficiency, economies of scale and economies of scope in the British retail banking sector [J]. Bournemouth University, School of Finance & Law Working Paper Series, 1998(13)
[41] Teece, David J. Economic of scope and the scope of the enterprise[M]. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. March, 1980. 223-247
[42] Altunbas, Y., Molyneaux, P.. Economies of Scale and Scope in European Banking[J]. Applied Financial Economics, 1996, 6(4): 367-375
[43] White, Eugene. Before the Glass-Steagall Act: An Analysis of the Investment Banking Activities of National Banks[J]. Explorations in Economic History, 1986(23): 33-55
[44] Top 1000 world banks. The Banker, London: Financial News Ltd. July, 2005
[45] Berg. S. A., Forsund. F. R., Hjalmarsson. L., Suominen. M., Banking Efficiency in the Nordic Countries. Journal of Banking and Finance, 1993(17): 371-388
[46] Clark. J. A. Economies of Scale and Scope at Depository Institutions: a Review of the Literature. Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City. Economic Review, 1998(73): 16-33
[47] Dietsch. M.. Economies of Scale and Scope in French Commercial Banking Industry[J]. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 1993, 4(1-2): 35-50
[48] Julapa Jagtini. Scale and Scope Economies at Large Bank: Including off-balance Sheet Products and Regulatory Effects(1984-1991)[J]. Journal of Banking & Finance, 1996(20): 1271-1287
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