苍术属植物药用亲缘学研究
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摘要
苍术属(Atractylodes DC.)是一个重要的药用植物类群,除鄂西苍术因其根茎不发达而不作药用外,其余均以根茎作药材使用。苍术属植物仅分布于东亚地区,是菊科中的一个小属,但是在中国,本属植物分布较广、形态变异很大,存在众多的过渡类型,特别是苍术,是一个极大多型性的种,因而长期以来本属植物的分类十分混乱,不同学者存在很大的争议。鉴于此,作者以药用植物亲缘学为理论指导,对全国5个省的苍术属药用植物资源进行了调查,应用植物分类学、形态组织学、数量分类学、分子生物学和化学分类学等方法,从本草考证、原植物鉴定、显微结构鉴定、ITS序列和叶绿体atpB-rbcL、psbB-psbF、trnL-trnF基因间隔区序列测定、挥发油成分分析等方面对其进行了较全面的分析和系统研究,主要得出如下结果:
     1.通过本草考证,认为南北朝时陶弘景始有赤术与白术的记载,之前本草记载的“术”是专指苍术。直至宋代《本草衍义》始有苍术之名,并将“术”明确分为苍术与白术。
     2.通过野外资源调查、查阅标本和相关文献,发现民间传统上将分布于北方地区的北苍术、关苍术和朝鲜苍术的根茎均作北苍术药用。鄂西苍术由于根茎太小而未见其药用的文献记载,但在民间也有用其根茎作祛风利湿药用。
     3.通过野外资源调查、原植物形态鉴定和查阅标本,作者发现,在大别山地区,从苍术到罗田苍术具有一系列连续的过渡类型,其根茎从横走状逐渐向斜向下生长过渡,最后呈垂直向下生长状态;叶片从不裂、浅裂,逐渐向羽状半裂、深裂过渡;叶柄由无柄逐渐向短柄过渡;花序直径也是随着海拔高度的变化而逐渐发生变化。苍术和罗田苍术之间在形态上间断不明确,界限模糊不清。分布于辽东地区的朝鲜苍术和辽东苍术之间外部形态极为相似,只是在叶形上稍微有些差异。
     鄂西苍术在苍术属植物中是较为特殊的一个类型,其根茎细长而不发达,基生叶呈莲座状,地上茎单生,不分枝,叶长是叶宽的5倍以上,是典型的线型叶,叶基渐狭而呈长或短的柄,叶片质地较薄,其分布范围也较狭窄,目前仅在湖北西部的秭归县五指山和神农架海拔1600m的山坡采到过,这些特征极易与该属其他种相区别。
     野生白术根茎形态、头状花序大小和小花色泽等与苍术属其他植物差别较为明显,而易与本属其他植物相区别。
     通过对大量标本的研究,实地观察,以及对花部的解剖,发现有的植株全部花序为两性花,有的全部为雌花,有的既有两性花又有雌花。因此,苍术属植物的花应为杂性花,而不是《中国植物志》描述的雌雄异株。
     4.本文首次对苍术属植物的根进行了横切面显微鉴定,结果表明初生木质部束的数目和髓部有无等可作为种间的鉴别特征。
     叶横切面和表面观显微鉴定结果表明,叶主脉维管束形态、厚角组织分布、栅表比、下表皮气孔数和气孔指数可作为苍术属植物分类的依据。
     根据根和叶的显微形态特征分析,发现苍术和罗田苍术之间、朝鲜苍术和辽东苍术之间的差异很小,亲缘关系极近,与外观形态鉴定所得出的结论一致。
     5.根据苍术属植物的30个性状指标,对苍术属植物进行了数量分类学研究。结果表明,这些类群可分为2个表征群。第一表征群仅有鄂西苍术1种。第二表征群包括苍术、罗田苍术、北苍术、朝鲜苍术、辽东苍术、关苍术和白术。该结果进一步验证了外观形态和显微鉴定的正确性,即鄂西苍术与苍术属其他植物亲缘关系较远,性状差别明显。
     第二表征群中,苍术与罗田苍术、朝鲜苍术与辽东苍术、关苍术与白术亲缘关系较近,这与外观形态和微形态鉴定的结论比较一致。但是,北苍术与朝鲜苍术和辽东苍术亲缘关系较近而与苍术关系较远,与形态鉴定的结果有些差别。
     在主成分分析中,性状的累积贡献率增长明显,前4个主成分累积贡献率达89.75%。主成分分析结果表明,根茎形态、叶尖、叶缘、叶柄、裂叶中裂片长、裂叶侧裂片宽、苞叶长和叶主脉维管组织等性状的绝对权重值较大,对分类最为重要,是苍术属分类中的主要依据。
     6.对苍术属植物的ITS序列和叶绿体atpB-rbcL、psbB-psbF、trnL-trnF基因间隔区序列进行了测定,其结果与形态、组织结构和数量分类学研究结论很相似,苍术与罗田苍术、朝鲜苍术与辽东苍术之间亲缘关系很近,鄂西苍术与苍术属其他植物关系较远。
     7.苍术属植物挥发油成分分析结果表明,苍术与罗田苍术、朝鲜苍术与辽东苍术、关苍术与鄂西苍术和白术分别聚成一类,说明它们挥发油成分比较相似。北苍术与朝鲜苍术和辽东苍术挥油成分比较接近,两者聚成一类,这与数量分类学聚类结果一致。
     8.根据原植物形态鉴定、显微结构鉴定、ITS序列和叶绿体atpB-rbcL、psbB-psbF、trnL-trnF基因间隔区序列测定、挥发油成分分析、数量分类学聚类和主成分分析等研究结果,初步将苍术属植物分为5种1变种,即苍术A.lancea(Thunb.)DC.、北苍术A.lancea(Thunb.)DC.var.chinensis (Bunge)Kitam.、朝鲜苍术A.coreana(Nakai)Kitam.、关苍术A.japonica Koidz.、白术A.macrocephala Koidz.和鄂西苍术A.carlinoides (Hand.-Mazz.) Kitam.,并对属的形态、分种形态进行了描述,编写了原植物检索表.
     9.结合本课题的研究工作,参阅文献,对苍术属植物进行了药用植物亲缘学的初步研究,发现亲缘相近的物种由于遗传物质基础相近,其外部形态、组织构造、化学成分、药理作用等方面都具有或多或少的相似性。如白术与关苍术之间不仅ITS序列和叶绿体atpB-rbcL、psbB-psbF、trnL-trnF基因间隔区序列间差异比较小,在外部形态、组织构造、化学成分和药理作用方面,两者也非常相似;鄂西苍术与苍术属其他植物ITS序列和叶绿体atpB-rbc、psbB-psbF、trnL-trnF基因间隔区序列间差异较大,其外部形态、组织构造、化学成分也与其他植物差别比较大。
Atractylodes DC., an important group of medicinal plants, whose rootstocks can be used as medicines, with the exception of A. carlinoides on account of small rootstocks. Atractylodes DC., a small genus of Asteraceae only distributing in East Asia, can be widely found in China. Due to large amount of varieties and transitional types of Atractylodes DC., for a long time scholars have quite different ideas of its classification. For that reason, under the guidance of pharmacophylogenetics, the author made an investigation on resources of medicinal plants of Atractylodes DC. in five provinces. The methods of morphology, anatomy,numerical taxonomy, molecular biology, and chemotaxonomy and method so forth were applied in this thesis. We got following results:
     1. Firstly, the history of taxonomy of the genus was briefly summarized, the traditional uses,chemical constituents and bioactivities of plants in Atractylodes DC. were reviewed.
     2. On the basis of field survey, identification of original plant and herbarium specimens, the variation pattern of all the major-morphology characters in the genus of Atractylodes DC. in China was analyzed, and their taxonomic significance was evaluated. We found that in Dabie Mountain area there was a series of transitional forms between A. lancea and A. lancea subsp. luotianensis. A. coreana and A. chinensis var. liaotungensis look the same in external morphology, except slightly different in leave shape. There were remarkable differences in the feature of the rootstocks and florescence from the other plants of Atractylodes DC., so it was not so difficult to distinct A. macrocephala from the other species of the genus. A. carlinoides could be easily distingushed from other species of the genus by the remarkable differences in the feature of the rootstocks and leaves.
     3. Micro-morphological characters of roots and leaves were examined by LM. The results indicated that the characters of primary xylem and pith of the rootstocks, vascular tissue and collenchyma of midrib in the leaves, palisade ratio, stomatal number and stomatal index of lower epidermis could be taken as the evidence to classify the species of Atractylodes DC.
     4. We made a numerical taxonomy to the plants of Atractylodes DC. according to their 30 characters. The clustering results suggested that all 8 species were clustered into two sections, using Nearest neighbor based on the Euclidean distances. The cluster one was only A. carlinoides. The second cluster includes the other 7 species. Among the second cluster, there were several pairs of closely related plants, such as A. lancea and A. lancea subsp. luotianensis, A. coreana and A. chinensis var. liaotungensis, A. japonica and A. macrocephala. This result was relatively consistent with foreseen results of morphology and microscope identification. However, compared with A. lancea, the relationship between A. chinensis and A. coreana was relatively more closer, which is relatively different from morphological identification. In the Principal components analysis, the cumulative contribution rates rose fast and that of the first four Principal components came up to 89.75%. The feature of the rootstocks and leaves, the type of vascular tissue in the leaves, stomatal index of lower epidermis were the first and second Principal components.
     5. The phylogenetis relationships of the genus Atractylodes DC. were analyzed using the nuclear ribosomal ITS and three chloroplast fragments, including atpB-rbcL, psbB-psbF and trnL-trnF intergenic spacer (IGS) sequences. The results were generally consistent with ones from the morphological and numerical taxonomy. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that A. lancea subsp. luotianensis and A. lancea, A. chinensis var. liaotungensis and A. coreana form monophyletic terminal clade, respectively. The trees, within each the pairwise genetic distances, did not support Hu's classification. The authers suggested that A. lancea Subsp. luotianensis should be included in A. lancea rather than be treated as a separate subspecies. A. carlinoides was placed in the basal position of Atractylodes, which had a distant relationship with the others of the genus. The results lead us to suggest that A. chinensis var. liaotungensis be put into A. coreana, A. chinensis as a subspecies of A. lancea.
     6. The constituents of volatile oil of Atractylodes DC. were undertaken by GC/MS combination technology. The results were generally consistent with ones from the morphological and numerical taxonomy.
     7. According to the comprehensive studied by the examination on 1000 herbarium specimens, field observations, gross-morphology, anatomy, numerical taxonomy, molecular systematics, and volatile oil, the taxonomic revision of Atractylodes DC. has been made. The author suggested that the genus of Atractylodes DC. should be separated to five species and one variety, namely A. lancea, A. lancea var. chinensis, A. corean, A. japonica, A. macrocephala and A. carlinoides. In addition to this, we also compiled a Key to the species of genus.
     8. In addition, based on gross-morphologic, anatomic, molecular systematic, chemical and pharmaceutical information, the pharmacophylogenetics of Atractylodes DC. was investigated. According to our present research and the literature record for the chemical and pharmacological research of genus, we proposed that A. lancea and A. chinensis, A. macrocephala and A. japonica, respectively, have a close relationship because of their similarity in chemical constituents and medical use. A. carlinoides was an independent branch of the genus, because of its remarkable differences of morphology, anatomy, molecular systematics, chemical constituents.
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