天府肉鸭腔上囊胚胎及胚后生长发育及神经肽表达的研究
|
摘要
本研究运用常规解剖、光镜、透射电镜以及免疫组织化学技术,对天府肉鸭胚胎及胚后生长发育过程中腔上囊的组织形态和亚细胞结构,神经肽的表达进行了动态研究,探讨腔上囊的生长发育规律以及神经肽在其中的形态构筑和生理功能,为进一步研究神经-免疫-内分泌网络提供理论依据,为基础研究和生产实践提供参考。
通过不同时期天府肉鸭腔上囊的宏观指标测量和显微结构观察,将腔上囊的胚后发育分为继续发育期(0～8周龄)、持续成熟期(8～14周龄)和退化期(17～32周龄)三个阶段。对宏观指标进行回归分析可知,腔上囊绝对重量和器官指数与时间均有明确的函数关系:胚胎期腔上囊增重呈幂函数关系,器官指数的变化呈二次方程函数;胚后1～14周龄腔上囊绝对重量呈S形曲线增长,1～32周龄器官指数的变化为三次方程函数;胚胎期腔上囊绝对重量与胚体重之间呈三次方程函数关系。26日胚龄的腔上囊组织结构分化发育基本趋于完善;芽突的出现与消失是天府肉鸭腔上囊淋巴滤泡发生的重要阶段;在胚胎和胚后发育过程中,腔上囊淋巴细胞发生凋亡时,细胞核染色质的变化最明显。
在天府肉鸭腔上囊的胚胎和胚后发育过程中,利用免疫组化对5种神经肽的表达进行定位研究发现:降钙素基因相关肽(Calcitonin gene-relatedpeptide,CGRP)阳性反应最早出现在20日胚龄腔上囊的黏膜上皮中;在0～14周龄出现于滤泡中;肌层和小动脉平滑肌为阳性反应;17周龄之后CGRP在腔上囊中呈阴性。20日胚龄～32周龄血管活性肠肽(Vasoactive intestinal Peptide,VIP)在滤泡和滤泡相关上皮中呈阳性;除1～14周龄外滤泡间上皮也呈阳性;肌层和小动脉平滑肌呈阳性;5～29周龄固有膜中见少量阳性神经纤维,呈结节状。神经肽Y(Neuropeptide Y,NPY)在滤泡间上皮呈阴性反应;0～29周龄滤泡和滤泡相关上皮呈阳性;20日胚龄～32周龄肌层和小动脉平滑肌呈阳性。生长抑素(Somatostatin,SS)阳性细胞在腔上囊的退化期出现于滤泡间上皮和滤泡髓质中,其胞质中的阳性颗粒较粗大。胃泌素(Gastrin,GAS)阳性反应最早在22日胚龄腔上囊的粘膜上皮中出现;在滤泡相关上皮中持续至26周龄,在滤泡间上皮中持续至3周龄:其在滤泡中持续的时间较短,皮质为1～8周龄,髓质为26同胚龄～1周龄。
腔上囊胚胎及胚后发育表现出明显的增龄变化特点。5种神经肽阳性细胞在天府肉鸭的腔上囊中广泛分布,它们首次出现的时间不同,且在胚胎及胚后发育过程中,其数量呈现一定的增龄变化规律。鸭腔上囊是神经系统以外产生CGRP、VIP、NPY、SS、GAS的又一个重要源泉。
By the methods of routine anatomic,morphology,transmission electron microscope and immunhistochemistry,the structure of the bursa of fabricius in Tianfu duck and the distribution of five neuropeptides in the bursa were studied during the embryonic and post embryonic development.The developmental pattern,the expression characteristics and physiological function of neuropeptides in the bursa were investigated,which provided theoretical basis for fundamental research,production practice and investigate nervous-immune-endocrine net.
The post embryonic development of bursa can be divided into three periods:the continued growth period(0-8weeks),the maturated durative period(8-14weeks) and the degraded period(17-32weeks).The functional relation of the bursal weight and the time were taken on the power function at embryonic stage and the sigmoid curve at 1-14 weeks after hatching.The functional relation of the bursal index and the time were taken on the quadratic function at embryonic stage while the cubic function at 1-32 weeks after hatching.The relationship between the bursal weight and body weight was showed itself to the cubic model at embryonic stage.The histological structure of the bursa was well-developed at 26 days embryonic stage.The emergence and disappearance of the bud break was an important stage during the bursal nodule development.The nuclei of apoptotic lymphocytes were obviously changed during the embryonic and post embryonic development.
The positive reaction of calcitonin gene-relatedpeptide(CGRP) originally appeared in the bursal epithelium at 20 days embryonic stage and occurred in follicle at 0-14 weeks after hatching.The smooth muscle layer and arteriolar smooth muscle reacted positively.The bursa showed CGRP negative reaction.Vasoactive intestinal peptide(VIP) positive cells were found in the follicle-associated epithelium(FAE) and follicle from 20 days embryonic stage to 32 weeks after hatching.Interfollicle epithelium(IFE) also showed positive reaction at that time except 1-14 weeks.The smooth muscle layer and arteriolar smooth muscle reacted positively.The VIP positive fibers were located in lamina propria from 5 to 29 weeks after hatching.IFE showed negative reaction of neuropeptide Y(NPY) in each group.FAE and follicle showed NPY positive reaction from 0 to 29 weeks after hatching.The smooth muscle layer and arteriolar smooth muscle reacted positively from 20 days to 32 weeks.Somatostatin(SS) positive cells were observed in the IFE and follicle medulla at the degraded period.The positive reaction particle of brown color was big.Gastrin(GAS) positive cells were detected in FAE from 22 days embryonic stage to 26 weeks after hatching,in IFE from 22 days to 3 weeks.However,the GAS-positive expression of follicle appeared in different time.
The bursa of Tianfu duck showed the characteristics of age-related changes during the embryonic and post embryonic development.The positive cells of CGRP,VIP,NPY, SS and GAS were widely distributed in the Tianfu duck bursa at different time,whose number showed the characteristics of age-related changes.The duck bursa was an important source of CGRP,VIP,NPY,SS and GAS,besides the nervous system.
通过不同时期天府肉鸭腔上囊的宏观指标测量和显微结构观察,将腔上囊的胚后发育分为继续发育期(0～8周龄)、持续成熟期(8～14周龄)和退化期(17～32周龄)三个阶段。对宏观指标进行回归分析可知,腔上囊绝对重量和器官指数与时间均有明确的函数关系:胚胎期腔上囊增重呈幂函数关系,器官指数的变化呈二次方程函数;胚后1～14周龄腔上囊绝对重量呈S形曲线增长,1～32周龄器官指数的变化为三次方程函数;胚胎期腔上囊绝对重量与胚体重之间呈三次方程函数关系。26日胚龄的腔上囊组织结构分化发育基本趋于完善;芽突的出现与消失是天府肉鸭腔上囊淋巴滤泡发生的重要阶段;在胚胎和胚后发育过程中,腔上囊淋巴细胞发生凋亡时,细胞核染色质的变化最明显。
在天府肉鸭腔上囊的胚胎和胚后发育过程中,利用免疫组化对5种神经肽的表达进行定位研究发现:降钙素基因相关肽(Calcitonin gene-relatedpeptide,CGRP)阳性反应最早出现在20日胚龄腔上囊的黏膜上皮中;在0～14周龄出现于滤泡中;肌层和小动脉平滑肌为阳性反应;17周龄之后CGRP在腔上囊中呈阴性。20日胚龄～32周龄血管活性肠肽(Vasoactive intestinal Peptide,VIP)在滤泡和滤泡相关上皮中呈阳性;除1～14周龄外滤泡间上皮也呈阳性;肌层和小动脉平滑肌呈阳性;5～29周龄固有膜中见少量阳性神经纤维,呈结节状。神经肽Y(Neuropeptide Y,NPY)在滤泡间上皮呈阴性反应;0～29周龄滤泡和滤泡相关上皮呈阳性;20日胚龄～32周龄肌层和小动脉平滑肌呈阳性。生长抑素(Somatostatin,SS)阳性细胞在腔上囊的退化期出现于滤泡间上皮和滤泡髓质中,其胞质中的阳性颗粒较粗大。胃泌素(Gastrin,GAS)阳性反应最早在22日胚龄腔上囊的粘膜上皮中出现;在滤泡相关上皮中持续至26周龄,在滤泡间上皮中持续至3周龄:其在滤泡中持续的时间较短,皮质为1～8周龄,髓质为26同胚龄～1周龄。
腔上囊胚胎及胚后发育表现出明显的增龄变化特点。5种神经肽阳性细胞在天府肉鸭的腔上囊中广泛分布,它们首次出现的时间不同,且在胚胎及胚后发育过程中,其数量呈现一定的增龄变化规律。鸭腔上囊是神经系统以外产生CGRP、VIP、NPY、SS、GAS的又一个重要源泉。
By the methods of routine anatomic,morphology,transmission electron microscope and immunhistochemistry,the structure of the bursa of fabricius in Tianfu duck and the distribution of five neuropeptides in the bursa were studied during the embryonic and post embryonic development.The developmental pattern,the expression characteristics and physiological function of neuropeptides in the bursa were investigated,which provided theoretical basis for fundamental research,production practice and investigate nervous-immune-endocrine net.
The post embryonic development of bursa can be divided into three periods:the continued growth period(0-8weeks),the maturated durative period(8-14weeks) and the degraded period(17-32weeks).The functional relation of the bursal weight and the time were taken on the power function at embryonic stage and the sigmoid curve at 1-14 weeks after hatching.The functional relation of the bursal index and the time were taken on the quadratic function at embryonic stage while the cubic function at 1-32 weeks after hatching.The relationship between the bursal weight and body weight was showed itself to the cubic model at embryonic stage.The histological structure of the bursa was well-developed at 26 days embryonic stage.The emergence and disappearance of the bud break was an important stage during the bursal nodule development.The nuclei of apoptotic lymphocytes were obviously changed during the embryonic and post embryonic development.
The positive reaction of calcitonin gene-relatedpeptide(CGRP) originally appeared in the bursal epithelium at 20 days embryonic stage and occurred in follicle at 0-14 weeks after hatching.The smooth muscle layer and arteriolar smooth muscle reacted positively.The bursa showed CGRP negative reaction.Vasoactive intestinal peptide(VIP) positive cells were found in the follicle-associated epithelium(FAE) and follicle from 20 days embryonic stage to 32 weeks after hatching.Interfollicle epithelium(IFE) also showed positive reaction at that time except 1-14 weeks.The smooth muscle layer and arteriolar smooth muscle reacted positively.The VIP positive fibers were located in lamina propria from 5 to 29 weeks after hatching.IFE showed negative reaction of neuropeptide Y(NPY) in each group.FAE and follicle showed NPY positive reaction from 0 to 29 weeks after hatching.The smooth muscle layer and arteriolar smooth muscle reacted positively from 20 days to 32 weeks.Somatostatin(SS) positive cells were observed in the IFE and follicle medulla at the degraded period.The positive reaction particle of brown color was big.Gastrin(GAS) positive cells were detected in FAE from 22 days embryonic stage to 26 weeks after hatching,in IFE from 22 days to 3 weeks.However,the GAS-positive expression of follicle appeared in different time.
The bursa of Tianfu duck showed the characteristics of age-related changes during the embryonic and post embryonic development.The positive cells of CGRP,VIP,NPY, SS and GAS were widely distributed in the Tianfu duck bursa at different time,whose number showed the characteristics of age-related changes.The duck bursa was an important source of CGRP,VIP,NPY,SS and GAS,besides the nervous system.
引文
[1]沈霞芬.家畜组织学与胚胎学[M].北京,中国农业出版社,2001:223
[2]陈秋生.兽医比较组织学[M].中国农业出版社,2002
[3]刘淑英,曹贵方,赵怀平.鹌鹑主要免疫器官的组织学和细胞化学的研究[J].内蒙古农牧学院学报,1999,20(2):35-38
[4]刘进辉,王水莲,文利新.不同日龄火鸡腔上囊组织形态结构的研究[J].经济动物学报,2005,9(2):143-145
[5]高舜德,张红卫,黄浙.鸡法氏囊的正常发生[J].山东大学学报(自然科学版),1982,2:160-171
[6]王平,曹焯,樊启担等.北京鸭腔上囊的研究Ⅰ:北京鸭腔上囊淋巴上皮滤泡的发生[J].北京大学学报自然科学版,1984,(2):53-65
[7]王平,曹焯,许增禄等.北京鸭腔上囊胚胎发生的研究[J].动物学研究,1982,(3):29-30
[8]陈吉龙,王平.北京鸭腔上囊的研究Ⅸ:胚胎后期及胚后腔上囊的发育[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),1993,29(6):640-647
[9]张心田,李光鹏,严云勤.黑龙江籽鹅法氏囊胚后发育的光镜观察[J].东北农学院学报,1993,24(4):410-413
[10]范少光,丁桂风.神经内分泌与免疫系统之间相互作用的介导物质:共用的生物语言[J].生理科学进展,1995,(26):175-182
[11]方秀斌.神经肽与神经营养因子[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2002
[12]路长林.神经肽基础与临床[M].上海:第二军医大学出版社,2000
[13]何伟.降钙素基因相关肽、内皮素与糖尿病肾病的关系及药物对其干预的研究[D].河北医科大学硕士学位论文,2005.3.1
[14]Xing L,Gao J,Tang J,et al.Morpholoigical evidence for the location of calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP)immunoreactivety inratlynphocytes[J].Cell Vis,1988,5(1):8
[15]Zimmerman BJ,AndersonDC,GrangerDN.Ineuropeptides promote neutrophil adherence to endothelial cell monolayers[J].Am Physiol,1992,263:G678-G6820.
[16]Bullochk MC,Ewen SA,Diwa A,et al.The role of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the mouse thymus revisited.Ann NY Acad Sci,1994,741:129
[17]张金山,张远强,苏慧慈.豚鼠胸腺含P物质、降钙素基因相关肽和神经肽Y神经的定位研究[J].中国组织化学与细胞化学杂志,1996,5,(3):244-248
[18]贾友苏,贾雪梅,惠珠等.扬子鳄胸腺含降钙素基因相关肽和神经肽Y神经的分布[J].安徽医科大学学报,1997,32(6):32-36
[19]Xing LY,Ying YT,Tang YM.Expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP) mRNA in rat lymphocytes[J].Acta Physiol Sinica,1998,50(4):423-430.
[20]陈竺,张远强,蒋尔鹏等.人胎儿脾NPY,CGRP,SP和VIP神经的分布[J].第四军医大学学报,2000,21(10):33-37
[21]王舟,李继锋,高继发等.降钙素基因相关肽在人淋巴结中表达的研究[J].济宁医学院学报,2001,24(4):401-403
[22]王舟,纪祥瑞,李继锋等.正常人淋巴结中CGRP、ACTH和5-HT的表达[J].细胞与分子免疫学杂志,2003,19
[23]李继锋,王舟,纪祥瑞.降钙素基因相关肽在神经免疫内分泌网络中的作用(综述)[J].中国神经免疫学和神经病学杂志,2004,11(3):177-180
[24]Umeda Y,Arisawa M.Characterization of the calcitonin geue-related peptide receptor in mouse T lymphocytes[J].Neuropeptides,1989,14(4):237-242
[25]McGillis JP,Rangnekar V,Ciallella JR.A role for calcitonin gene related peptide(CGRP) in the regulation of early B lymphocyte differentiation[J].Can J Physiol Pharmacol,1995,73:1057-1064
[26]Lonai P,Steinman I,Friedman V.Specificity of antigen binding by T cells:competition between soluble and Ia-associated antigen[J].Eur J Immunol,1981,11(5):382-387
[27]Wang X,Feuerstein GZ.Induced expression of ahesion molecules following focal brin ischemia [J].Neurotrauma,1995,12(5):825-832.
[28]路长林.神经肽基础与临床[M].上海:第二军医大学出版社,2000
[29]方秀斌.神经肽与神经营养因子[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2002
[30]翁跃颂.血管活性肠肽对树突状细胞趋化活性及细胞因子分泌的调节作用[D].浙江大学硕士学位论文,2006,5.1
[31]James AJ et al.J Immunol,1994,153:1762
[32]张莲香,何仲义,秦毅等.P物质、血管活性肠肽和神经肽Y在大鼠胸腺的免疫组织化学观察[J].陕西医学杂志,2004,33(1):14-16
[33]潘秀芳,孙品伟,朱晓辉.成年小鼠胸腺内神经肽免疫组织化学研究[J].北京医科大学学报,1998,30(2):407-409
[34]贾雪梅,贾友苏,王盛花等.大鼠淋巴结内肥大细胞免疫组织化学异质性研究[J].安徽医科大 学学报,2002,37(4):259-261
[35]卿素珠,杨延平.鸡脾脏中血管活性肠肽的表达特点[J].动物医学进展,2004,25(6):110-112
[36]卿素珠,杨延平.鸡胸腺中血管活性肠肽的免疫组织化学观察[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2005,(4):15-16
[37]卿素珠,杨延平.鸡法氏囊中血管活性肠肽的表达特点[J].西北农林科技大学学报,2005,33(5):5-8
[38]蒋书东,章孝荣,李福宝等.皖西白鹅腔上囊VIP和NPY阳性神经元分布的研究[J].安徽农业科学,2005,33(5):808-809
[39]Sun L et al.J Neuroimramo 1,1993,48:59
[40]Mario D et a1.Blood.I996,87:5152
[41]喻召才,丁杰,樊代明.血管活性肠肽与神经免疫调节[J].国外医学免疫分册,1999,22(2):99-102
[42]陈文钦.神经肽Y在几种鸟纲动物延髓和小脑内的分布研究[D].华中农业大学硕士学位论文,2005,5.1
[43]吴中亮,张远强,苏慧慈.神经肽Y免疫反应阳性神经纤维在大鼠脾脏内的分布[J].解剖学报,1993,24(1):27-29
[44]石代泽,赵慧英,龙敏等.发育过程中雌性鸵鸟脾脏中神经肽Y的分布与表达[J].安徽农业科,2007,35(29):9263-9264
[45]Romano T A,Felten S Y,Felter D L,et al.Neuropeptide-Y innervation of the rat spleen:Another potential immunomodulatory neuropeptide[J].Brain Behav lmmun,1991,5(1):116-120
[46]Romano TA,Olschowka JA,Felten SY,et al.Neuropeptide-Y involvement in neural-immune interveactions ln the rat spleen Soc Neurosci Abstr Washington,1989,15(part 1):714
[47]张尉华,柳忠辉,陈越.神经肽对免疫细胞活性的影响[J].中国神经免疫学和神经病理学,1997,4(4):245-247
[48]王子荣.半胱胺和生长抑素基因工程苗对反刍动物消化、代谢和生长的影响及作用机理研究[D]南京农业大学博七学位论文,1999,6.1
[49]高民.生长抑素主动免疫对生长湖羊生长及生长激素基因表达影响的研究[D].内蒙古农业大学博士学位论文,2002.5.1
[50]Brazeau P.et al.Hypothalamic peptide that inhibits the secretion of immunoreactive pituitary growth hormone[J].Science,1973,179:77-79.
[51]Murase K,Nedel jkov V,Ranedic M.The action of neuropeptide on dorsal horn neurons in the rat spinal cord slice preparation:An intmcel-lular study.Brain Res,1982,234:170
[52]Sandkuhler J,Helmachen CO.Spinal somatostatin superfusion in vivo affects activty of cat nociceptive dorsal horn neurons:Comparison with spinal morphine.Neuroscience,1990,34:565
[53]杨倩.生长抑素与免疫[J].免疫学杂志,2003,19(1):75-78
[54]Aguila MC,Dees WL,Haensly WE,et al.Evidence that somatostatin is localized and synthesized in lymphoid organs[J].ProcNatl Acad Sci USA,1991,88(24):11485-11489
[55]Fuller PJ,Verity K.Somatostatin gene expression in the thymus gland[J].J Immunol,1989,143(3):1015-1017
[56]Solomou K,RitterMA,Palmer DB.Somatostatin is expressed in the murine thymus and enhances thymocyte development[J].Eur J Immunol,2002,32(6):1 550-1 559
[57]练高建.半胱胺对鸡小肠生长抑素细胞和粘膜免疫的影响[D].南京农业大学硕士学位论文,2004,6.1
[58]Dalm V A,Hagen P M,KoetsveldPM,et al.Expresstion of somatostatin,cortistatin,and somatostatin receptors in human monocytes,macrophages,anddendritic cells[J].Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab,2003,285(2):344-353
[59]Danica M P,Ana K R,Natasa Z K et al.Somatostatin modulates T cells development in adult rat thymus[J].Regulatory Peptides,2007,142(3):101-110
[60]Kang B N,Jcong K S,Park S J,et al.Regulation of apoptosis by somatostatin andsbstance P in peritoneal macrophages[J].Regul Pept,2001,101(1-3):43-49
[61]李霞.生长抑素的免疫调节作用[J].国外医学免疫学分册,2004,27(3):157-160
[62]熊向华.基于P64K蛋白的胃泌素G17治疗性疫苗的研究[D].中国人民解放军军事医学科学院生物工程研究所,2004,5.30
[63]聂克.脾虚大鼠壁细胞胃泌素受体及黄芪的调控作用研究[D].广州中医药大学博士学位论文,2000.1.1
[64]李燕舞.补脾方药对脾虚大鼠壁细胞胃泌素受体及受体后信号传导调控研究[D].广州中医药大学博士学位论文,2005,4.1
[65]洪涛.大黄对运动应激性胃溃疡、胃泌素及自由基和运动耐力的影响[D].陕西师范大学硕士学位论文,2007,4.1
[66]孙凤蓬.胃泌素及其相关胃肠激素的研究进展[J].国外医学生理、病理科学于临床分 册.2000,20(3):229-231
[67]靳红,彭芳珍,刘玉如等.不同细菌刺激下离体圆小囊中胃泌素的动态表达[J].科学技术与工程,2005,5(4):269-271
[68]王樟凤,柴学文,饶友生.江西省养鸭业存在的主要问题[J].江西教育学院学报,2008,29(3):37-39
[69]罗俊春.肉鸭饲养关键技术[M].成都:四川科学技术出版社,2006
[70]胡薛英.养鸭必读[M].武汉:湖北科学技术出版社,2006
[71]李艳飞,高利.家禽维生素E营养与免疫的研究[M].北京,中国农业出版社,2007,11:125
[72]Sanchez-Refusta E,Ciriaco E,Germana G,et al.Age-relatedchanges in the medullary reticular epithelial cells of the pigeon bursa of Fabricius[J].Anatomical Record,1996,246:473-480
[73]刘克琳.鸡胚中枢免疫器官发育变化的观察[J].四川农业大学学报,1992,10(2):232-237
[74]王锡乐,刘艳华,贾玉萍等.不同日龄商品代雏鸡胸腺、法氏囊、脾脏重量与体重比动态规律[J].动物科技与动物医学,2004,21(9):34-36
[75]雷秋霞,李福昌.2-3月龄肉兔粗蛋白水平对营养物质利用、肉品品质及免疫指标影响的研究[J].中国养兔杂志,2006(3):22-26
[76]潘康成,方静,邓天怀.用数学模型拟合鸡胚胸腺生长发育的研究[J].中国家禽学报,2003,7(1):17-19
[77]Michael J H R.Antibodies,immunoglobulin genes andthe bursa of Fabricius in chicken B cell development[J].Developmental & Comparative Immunology,2006,30(1-2):101-118
[78]Le Douarin N.M.Studies of testosterone-inducedinvolution of the bursa of Fabricious [J].Devel.Biol.1980,14:40-50
[79]高舜德,张红卫,黄浙鸡的法氏囊表面上皮的扫描电镜观察[J].动物学研究,1982,3(3):263-268
[80]张红卫,高舜德,丛英姿等.关于法氏囊自然退化的研究[J].动物学报,1988,34(2):139-143
[81]陈芳,王政富,卢玉葵.番鸭胚胎期胸腺的组织发育[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2008,(2):73-74
[82]鲍恩东.鸡胚法氏囊的组织发育[J].畜牧兽医学报,1999,30(5):455-459
[83]高舜德,张红卫,黄浙.关于鸡法氏囊淋巴小结皮质部形成的研究[J].实验生物学报,1984,17:391-401
[84]Glick B,et al.Poult.Sci.1960,39:130
[85]李玉谷.广西新黄鸡腔上囊和胸腺的发育及其T淋巴细胞的分布[J].广西农学院学报,1990,9(2):53-60
[86]王丙云,王政禽,王宝琴.马冈鹅免疫与内分泌器官的发育变化以及酶制剂的作用[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2002,2:17-19
[87]胡野,凌志强,单小云.细胞凋亡的分子医学[M].北京:军事医学科学出版社,2002
[88]李玉谷,辛朝安,李楚宣等.鸭胸腺细胞自然凋亡的电镜观察[J].畜牧兽医学报,2000,31(6):571-575
[89]李玉谷,辛朝安.鹅胸腺细胞自然凋亡的电镜观察[J].中国兽医科技,2001,31(12):35-37
[90]李奎,康相涛,刘英.固始鸡中枢免疫器官细胞和自然凋亡细胞超微结构研究[J].畜牧兽医学报,2007,38(1):89-95
[91]黄行许,朴英杰,乔东访等.放线菌酮诱导大鼠胸腺细胞凋亡的电镜观察[J].解剖学杂志,1997,20(6):583-586
[92]Neiman P E,Thomas S J,Loring G.Induction of apoptosis during normal andneoplastic B-cell development in the bursa of Fabricius.Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.1991,88:5857-5861
[93]崔恒敏,陈怀涛.铜中毒对雏鸭免疫器官细胞凋亡影响的研究[J].畜牧兽医学报,2005,36(4):370-376
[94]Mahesh K,Jagdev M S.Response of embryonic chicken lymphoidcells to infectious bursal disease virus[J].Veterinary Immunology andlmmunopathology,2009,127(3-4):316-324
[95]Weihe E,Krekel J.The neuroimmune connection in human tonsils.Brain Behav Immunit,1991,5:41
[96]陈慧诚.降钙素基因相关肽及其在免疫系统的功能[J].动物医学进展,2006,27(6):50-53
[97]Gomariz RP,Lorenzo MJ,Cacicedo L,et al.Demonstration of immunoreactive vasoactive intestinal peptide(IR-VIP) and somatostatin(IR-SOM) in rat thymus.Brain Behav Immun.1990,4:151-61
[98]Gomariz RP,De La Fuente M,Hernanz A,et al.Occurrence of vasoactive intestinal peptide(VIP)in lymphoid organs from rat and mouse.Ann N Y Acad Sci.1992,650:13-8
[99]Dennis DT.Neuroendocrine interactions in the immune system[J].Cellular Immunology,2008,252(1-2):1-6
[100]谢启文.神经肽[M].复旦大学出版社,2004
[101]李丕鹏.脊椎动物免疫器官APUD细胞的存在和性质[J].动物学研究,1998,19(3):203-208
[102]Alberto B S,Danielle A w,DonaldB Palmer.Functional analysis of neuropeptides in avian thymocyte development[J].Developmental & Comparative Immunology,2008,32(4):410-412
[103]Buscail L,Vemejonl F,Paure P,et al.Regulation of cell proliferation by somatostatin[J].Ann Endocrmol,2002,63(3):213-218
[104]宋俊霞.兔圆小囊淋巴组织内脑肠肽类物质的免疫组织化学定位研究[D].中国农业大学硕士学位论文,2001
[2]陈秋生.兽医比较组织学[M].中国农业出版社,2002
[3]刘淑英,曹贵方,赵怀平.鹌鹑主要免疫器官的组织学和细胞化学的研究[J].内蒙古农牧学院学报,1999,20(2):35-38
[4]刘进辉,王水莲,文利新.不同日龄火鸡腔上囊组织形态结构的研究[J].经济动物学报,2005,9(2):143-145
[5]高舜德,张红卫,黄浙.鸡法氏囊的正常发生[J].山东大学学报(自然科学版),1982,2:160-171
[6]王平,曹焯,樊启担等.北京鸭腔上囊的研究Ⅰ:北京鸭腔上囊淋巴上皮滤泡的发生[J].北京大学学报自然科学版,1984,(2):53-65
[7]王平,曹焯,许增禄等.北京鸭腔上囊胚胎发生的研究[J].动物学研究,1982,(3):29-30
[8]陈吉龙,王平.北京鸭腔上囊的研究Ⅸ:胚胎后期及胚后腔上囊的发育[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),1993,29(6):640-647
[9]张心田,李光鹏,严云勤.黑龙江籽鹅法氏囊胚后发育的光镜观察[J].东北农学院学报,1993,24(4):410-413
[10]范少光,丁桂风.神经内分泌与免疫系统之间相互作用的介导物质:共用的生物语言[J].生理科学进展,1995,(26):175-182
[11]方秀斌.神经肽与神经营养因子[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2002
[12]路长林.神经肽基础与临床[M].上海:第二军医大学出版社,2000
[13]何伟.降钙素基因相关肽、内皮素与糖尿病肾病的关系及药物对其干预的研究[D].河北医科大学硕士学位论文,2005.3.1
[14]Xing L,Gao J,Tang J,et al.Morpholoigical evidence for the location of calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP)immunoreactivety inratlynphocytes[J].Cell Vis,1988,5(1):8
[15]Zimmerman BJ,AndersonDC,GrangerDN.Ineuropeptides promote neutrophil adherence to endothelial cell monolayers[J].Am Physiol,1992,263:G678-G6820.
[16]Bullochk MC,Ewen SA,Diwa A,et al.The role of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the mouse thymus revisited.Ann NY Acad Sci,1994,741:129
[17]张金山,张远强,苏慧慈.豚鼠胸腺含P物质、降钙素基因相关肽和神经肽Y神经的定位研究[J].中国组织化学与细胞化学杂志,1996,5,(3):244-248
[18]贾友苏,贾雪梅,惠珠等.扬子鳄胸腺含降钙素基因相关肽和神经肽Y神经的分布[J].安徽医科大学学报,1997,32(6):32-36
[19]Xing LY,Ying YT,Tang YM.Expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP) mRNA in rat lymphocytes[J].Acta Physiol Sinica,1998,50(4):423-430.
[20]陈竺,张远强,蒋尔鹏等.人胎儿脾NPY,CGRP,SP和VIP神经的分布[J].第四军医大学学报,2000,21(10):33-37
[21]王舟,李继锋,高继发等.降钙素基因相关肽在人淋巴结中表达的研究[J].济宁医学院学报,2001,24(4):401-403
[22]王舟,纪祥瑞,李继锋等.正常人淋巴结中CGRP、ACTH和5-HT的表达[J].细胞与分子免疫学杂志,2003,19
[23]李继锋,王舟,纪祥瑞.降钙素基因相关肽在神经免疫内分泌网络中的作用(综述)[J].中国神经免疫学和神经病学杂志,2004,11(3):177-180
[24]Umeda Y,Arisawa M.Characterization of the calcitonin geue-related peptide receptor in mouse T lymphocytes[J].Neuropeptides,1989,14(4):237-242
[25]McGillis JP,Rangnekar V,Ciallella JR.A role for calcitonin gene related peptide(CGRP) in the regulation of early B lymphocyte differentiation[J].Can J Physiol Pharmacol,1995,73:1057-1064
[26]Lonai P,Steinman I,Friedman V.Specificity of antigen binding by T cells:competition between soluble and Ia-associated antigen[J].Eur J Immunol,1981,11(5):382-387
[27]Wang X,Feuerstein GZ.Induced expression of ahesion molecules following focal brin ischemia [J].Neurotrauma,1995,12(5):825-832.
[28]路长林.神经肽基础与临床[M].上海:第二军医大学出版社,2000
[29]方秀斌.神经肽与神经营养因子[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2002
[30]翁跃颂.血管活性肠肽对树突状细胞趋化活性及细胞因子分泌的调节作用[D].浙江大学硕士学位论文,2006,5.1
[31]James AJ et al.J Immunol,1994,153:1762
[32]张莲香,何仲义,秦毅等.P物质、血管活性肠肽和神经肽Y在大鼠胸腺的免疫组织化学观察[J].陕西医学杂志,2004,33(1):14-16
[33]潘秀芳,孙品伟,朱晓辉.成年小鼠胸腺内神经肽免疫组织化学研究[J].北京医科大学学报,1998,30(2):407-409
[34]贾雪梅,贾友苏,王盛花等.大鼠淋巴结内肥大细胞免疫组织化学异质性研究[J].安徽医科大 学学报,2002,37(4):259-261
[35]卿素珠,杨延平.鸡脾脏中血管活性肠肽的表达特点[J].动物医学进展,2004,25(6):110-112
[36]卿素珠,杨延平.鸡胸腺中血管活性肠肽的免疫组织化学观察[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2005,(4):15-16
[37]卿素珠,杨延平.鸡法氏囊中血管活性肠肽的表达特点[J].西北农林科技大学学报,2005,33(5):5-8
[38]蒋书东,章孝荣,李福宝等.皖西白鹅腔上囊VIP和NPY阳性神经元分布的研究[J].安徽农业科学,2005,33(5):808-809
[39]Sun L et al.J Neuroimramo 1,1993,48:59
[40]Mario D et a1.Blood.I996,87:5152
[41]喻召才,丁杰,樊代明.血管活性肠肽与神经免疫调节[J].国外医学免疫分册,1999,22(2):99-102
[42]陈文钦.神经肽Y在几种鸟纲动物延髓和小脑内的分布研究[D].华中农业大学硕士学位论文,2005,5.1
[43]吴中亮,张远强,苏慧慈.神经肽Y免疫反应阳性神经纤维在大鼠脾脏内的分布[J].解剖学报,1993,24(1):27-29
[44]石代泽,赵慧英,龙敏等.发育过程中雌性鸵鸟脾脏中神经肽Y的分布与表达[J].安徽农业科,2007,35(29):9263-9264
[45]Romano T A,Felten S Y,Felter D L,et al.Neuropeptide-Y innervation of the rat spleen:Another potential immunomodulatory neuropeptide[J].Brain Behav lmmun,1991,5(1):116-120
[46]Romano TA,Olschowka JA,Felten SY,et al.Neuropeptide-Y involvement in neural-immune interveactions ln the rat spleen Soc Neurosci Abstr Washington,1989,15(part 1):714
[47]张尉华,柳忠辉,陈越.神经肽对免疫细胞活性的影响[J].中国神经免疫学和神经病理学,1997,4(4):245-247
[48]王子荣.半胱胺和生长抑素基因工程苗对反刍动物消化、代谢和生长的影响及作用机理研究[D]南京农业大学博七学位论文,1999,6.1
[49]高民.生长抑素主动免疫对生长湖羊生长及生长激素基因表达影响的研究[D].内蒙古农业大学博士学位论文,2002.5.1
[50]Brazeau P.et al.Hypothalamic peptide that inhibits the secretion of immunoreactive pituitary growth hormone[J].Science,1973,179:77-79.
[51]Murase K,Nedel jkov V,Ranedic M.The action of neuropeptide on dorsal horn neurons in the rat spinal cord slice preparation:An intmcel-lular study.Brain Res,1982,234:170
[52]Sandkuhler J,Helmachen CO.Spinal somatostatin superfusion in vivo affects activty of cat nociceptive dorsal horn neurons:Comparison with spinal morphine.Neuroscience,1990,34:565
[53]杨倩.生长抑素与免疫[J].免疫学杂志,2003,19(1):75-78
[54]Aguila MC,Dees WL,Haensly WE,et al.Evidence that somatostatin is localized and synthesized in lymphoid organs[J].ProcNatl Acad Sci USA,1991,88(24):11485-11489
[55]Fuller PJ,Verity K.Somatostatin gene expression in the thymus gland[J].J Immunol,1989,143(3):1015-1017
[56]Solomou K,RitterMA,Palmer DB.Somatostatin is expressed in the murine thymus and enhances thymocyte development[J].Eur J Immunol,2002,32(6):1 550-1 559
[57]练高建.半胱胺对鸡小肠生长抑素细胞和粘膜免疫的影响[D].南京农业大学硕士学位论文,2004,6.1
[58]Dalm V A,Hagen P M,KoetsveldPM,et al.Expresstion of somatostatin,cortistatin,and somatostatin receptors in human monocytes,macrophages,anddendritic cells[J].Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab,2003,285(2):344-353
[59]Danica M P,Ana K R,Natasa Z K et al.Somatostatin modulates T cells development in adult rat thymus[J].Regulatory Peptides,2007,142(3):101-110
[60]Kang B N,Jcong K S,Park S J,et al.Regulation of apoptosis by somatostatin andsbstance P in peritoneal macrophages[J].Regul Pept,2001,101(1-3):43-49
[61]李霞.生长抑素的免疫调节作用[J].国外医学免疫学分册,2004,27(3):157-160
[62]熊向华.基于P64K蛋白的胃泌素G17治疗性疫苗的研究[D].中国人民解放军军事医学科学院生物工程研究所,2004,5.30
[63]聂克.脾虚大鼠壁细胞胃泌素受体及黄芪的调控作用研究[D].广州中医药大学博士学位论文,2000.1.1
[64]李燕舞.补脾方药对脾虚大鼠壁细胞胃泌素受体及受体后信号传导调控研究[D].广州中医药大学博士学位论文,2005,4.1
[65]洪涛.大黄对运动应激性胃溃疡、胃泌素及自由基和运动耐力的影响[D].陕西师范大学硕士学位论文,2007,4.1
[66]孙凤蓬.胃泌素及其相关胃肠激素的研究进展[J].国外医学生理、病理科学于临床分 册.2000,20(3):229-231
[67]靳红,彭芳珍,刘玉如等.不同细菌刺激下离体圆小囊中胃泌素的动态表达[J].科学技术与工程,2005,5(4):269-271
[68]王樟凤,柴学文,饶友生.江西省养鸭业存在的主要问题[J].江西教育学院学报,2008,29(3):37-39
[69]罗俊春.肉鸭饲养关键技术[M].成都:四川科学技术出版社,2006
[70]胡薛英.养鸭必读[M].武汉:湖北科学技术出版社,2006
[71]李艳飞,高利.家禽维生素E营养与免疫的研究[M].北京,中国农业出版社,2007,11:125
[72]Sanchez-Refusta E,Ciriaco E,Germana G,et al.Age-relatedchanges in the medullary reticular epithelial cells of the pigeon bursa of Fabricius[J].Anatomical Record,1996,246:473-480
[73]刘克琳.鸡胚中枢免疫器官发育变化的观察[J].四川农业大学学报,1992,10(2):232-237
[74]王锡乐,刘艳华,贾玉萍等.不同日龄商品代雏鸡胸腺、法氏囊、脾脏重量与体重比动态规律[J].动物科技与动物医学,2004,21(9):34-36
[75]雷秋霞,李福昌.2-3月龄肉兔粗蛋白水平对营养物质利用、肉品品质及免疫指标影响的研究[J].中国养兔杂志,2006(3):22-26
[76]潘康成,方静,邓天怀.用数学模型拟合鸡胚胸腺生长发育的研究[J].中国家禽学报,2003,7(1):17-19
[77]Michael J H R.Antibodies,immunoglobulin genes andthe bursa of Fabricius in chicken B cell development[J].Developmental & Comparative Immunology,2006,30(1-2):101-118
[78]Le Douarin N.M.Studies of testosterone-inducedinvolution of the bursa of Fabricious [J].Devel.Biol.1980,14:40-50
[79]高舜德,张红卫,黄浙鸡的法氏囊表面上皮的扫描电镜观察[J].动物学研究,1982,3(3):263-268
[80]张红卫,高舜德,丛英姿等.关于法氏囊自然退化的研究[J].动物学报,1988,34(2):139-143
[81]陈芳,王政富,卢玉葵.番鸭胚胎期胸腺的组织发育[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2008,(2):73-74
[82]鲍恩东.鸡胚法氏囊的组织发育[J].畜牧兽医学报,1999,30(5):455-459
[83]高舜德,张红卫,黄浙.关于鸡法氏囊淋巴小结皮质部形成的研究[J].实验生物学报,1984,17:391-401
[84]Glick B,et al.Poult.Sci.1960,39:130
[85]李玉谷.广西新黄鸡腔上囊和胸腺的发育及其T淋巴细胞的分布[J].广西农学院学报,1990,9(2):53-60
[86]王丙云,王政禽,王宝琴.马冈鹅免疫与内分泌器官的发育变化以及酶制剂的作用[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2002,2:17-19
[87]胡野,凌志强,单小云.细胞凋亡的分子医学[M].北京:军事医学科学出版社,2002
[88]李玉谷,辛朝安,李楚宣等.鸭胸腺细胞自然凋亡的电镜观察[J].畜牧兽医学报,2000,31(6):571-575
[89]李玉谷,辛朝安.鹅胸腺细胞自然凋亡的电镜观察[J].中国兽医科技,2001,31(12):35-37
[90]李奎,康相涛,刘英.固始鸡中枢免疫器官细胞和自然凋亡细胞超微结构研究[J].畜牧兽医学报,2007,38(1):89-95
[91]黄行许,朴英杰,乔东访等.放线菌酮诱导大鼠胸腺细胞凋亡的电镜观察[J].解剖学杂志,1997,20(6):583-586
[92]Neiman P E,Thomas S J,Loring G.Induction of apoptosis during normal andneoplastic B-cell development in the bursa of Fabricius.Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.1991,88:5857-5861
[93]崔恒敏,陈怀涛.铜中毒对雏鸭免疫器官细胞凋亡影响的研究[J].畜牧兽医学报,2005,36(4):370-376
[94]Mahesh K,Jagdev M S.Response of embryonic chicken lymphoidcells to infectious bursal disease virus[J].Veterinary Immunology andlmmunopathology,2009,127(3-4):316-324
[95]Weihe E,Krekel J.The neuroimmune connection in human tonsils.Brain Behav Immunit,1991,5:41
[96]陈慧诚.降钙素基因相关肽及其在免疫系统的功能[J].动物医学进展,2006,27(6):50-53
[97]Gomariz RP,Lorenzo MJ,Cacicedo L,et al.Demonstration of immunoreactive vasoactive intestinal peptide(IR-VIP) and somatostatin(IR-SOM) in rat thymus.Brain Behav Immun.1990,4:151-61
[98]Gomariz RP,De La Fuente M,Hernanz A,et al.Occurrence of vasoactive intestinal peptide(VIP)in lymphoid organs from rat and mouse.Ann N Y Acad Sci.1992,650:13-8
[99]Dennis DT.Neuroendocrine interactions in the immune system[J].Cellular Immunology,2008,252(1-2):1-6
[100]谢启文.神经肽[M].复旦大学出版社,2004
[101]李丕鹏.脊椎动物免疫器官APUD细胞的存在和性质[J].动物学研究,1998,19(3):203-208
[102]Alberto B S,Danielle A w,DonaldB Palmer.Functional analysis of neuropeptides in avian thymocyte development[J].Developmental & Comparative Immunology,2008,32(4):410-412
[103]Buscail L,Vemejonl F,Paure P,et al.Regulation of cell proliferation by somatostatin[J].Ann Endocrmol,2002,63(3):213-218
[104]宋俊霞.兔圆小囊淋巴组织内脑肠肽类物质的免疫组织化学定位研究[D].中国农业大学硕士学位论文,2001