不同精粗比日粮对荷斯坦奶牛钙、磷、镁、锌消化代谢和泌乳性能的影响
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摘要
试验选用4头体重为490±20kg安装有瘤胃、十二指肠、回肠末端瘘管的初产泌乳荷斯坦奶牛。采用4×4拉丁方设计，以玉米、豆粕、小麦麸为精料来源，苜蓿、羊草及玉米青贮为粗料来源设计出精粗比分别为30:70（羊草+精料）、30:70（羊草+苜蓿＋玉米青贮＋精料）、50:50（羊草+苜蓿＋玉米青贮＋精料）和65:35（羊草+苜蓿＋玉米青贮＋精料）的四种日粮，分别用LCG、LC、MC、HC表示。研究不同精粗比日粮对奶牛瘤胃发酵和日粮中钙（Ca）、磷（P）、镁（Mg），锌（Zn）表观消化率及泌乳性能的影响。结果表明：
1．Ca、P、Mg、Zn的表观消化率均随着日粮中精料水平的提高而呈增加趋势且差异显著（P<0.05）。试验各组Ca的表观消化率分别为5.37%、27.60%、28.14%、43.29%；P的表观消化率分别为：57.55%、69.05%、69.01%、70.96%；Mg的表观消化率分别为：–37.48%、9.23%、22.96%、37.03%；Zn的表观消化率分别为：15.69%、19.56%、19.49%、37.42%。Ca、P、Mg、Zn在体内的存留量随着日粮中精料比例的提高而呈增加趋势。因此，在生产实践中应该根据日粮中精粗比例的不同和粗料组成的不同调整Ca、P、Mg、Zn的实际供给量，从而满足其需要量。
2．不同精粗比日粮对奶牛同一时间点及饲喂同一日粮奶牛采食前后血液中Ca、P、Mg、Zn浓度和碱性磷酸酶（ALP）活性之间均无显著差异（P>0.05）。
3．饲喂不同日粮奶牛瘤胃液pH值分别为：6.56、6.49、6.47、6.25（P<0.05）；总挥发酸浓度：104.37、104.95、109.31、112.65mmol/L（P<0.05）；丙酸浓度：21.98、24.56、27.39、28.94mmol/L(P<0.01)；丁酸浓度：11.07、10.86、13.60、14.56mmol/L(P<0.01)；乙酸/丙酸：3.29、2.86、2.51、2.41(P<0.01)；乙酸浓度：71.32、69.53、68.32、61.14mmol/L(P>.05)。
4．本试验中日粮粗蛋白的含量随着精料比例的提高而增加，从而使得奶牛瘤胃液中NH3_N浓度随着日粮精粗比例的提高而增加，试验各组瘤胃液H3_N浓度 分别为：10.50、14.57、22.46、23.34mg/dl，差异极显著（P<0.01）。
5．不同精粗比日粮对奶牛产乳量（P<0.01）、4.0%FCM（P<0.01）、乳脂和乳蛋白(P<0.05)的影响差异显著。产乳量和4.0%FCM随着日粮精粗比例的提高而
提高，试验各组产乳量分别为15.04、15.36、17.47和19.30kg/d。LCG组的乳脂率最低，其它各组乳脂率均随着精粗比例的提高而降低，乳脂率分别为：3.89%、4.42%、4.41%和4.34%。同一精粗比日粮，LC比LCG日粮乳脂率提高2.13%；乳蛋白分别是3.37%、3.36%、3.56%和3.66%，随着精粗比例的提高有所提高。试验各组乳中Ca、P、Mg、Zn的浓度差异均不显著（P>0.05）。
Four Holstein cows（490±20kg body weight）fitted with permanent ruminal，duodenum and ileum cannulas were used in a 4×4 Latin square design experiment to study the effects of different concentrate to forage ratios in dietary on rumen fermentation, metabolism of mineral（Ca，P，Mg，Zn） and milk production for dairy cattle. The basal diets consisted of corn grain,soybean meal, wheat bran, alfalfa ,hay and corn silage with concentrate to forage ratio of 30:70,50:50 and 65:35.Diets with concentrate:forage ratio of 30:70 contained two diets, one forage was consisted with only hay grass, the other was hay grass, alfalfa and corn silage as forage. Treatments were expressed with LCG, LC, MC and HC. The results showed that:
Apparent digestibility of Ca（5.27%,27.60%,28.14%,43.29%）,P（57.55%,69.05%,69.01%,70.96%），Mg（–37.48%,9.23%,22.96%,37.03%）,Zn（15.69%,19.56%,19.49%,37.42%） was increased by the ratios of concentrate and forage. There were no significant difference with concentration of Ca, P, Mg, Zn in the blood with different diets at before and after feed(P>0.05).
There were significant difference on ruminal pH value(P<0.05), NH3-N(P<0.01), total volatile fatty acid(VFA)（P<0.05）, propionate(P<0.01), butyrate(P<0.01) and acetate: propionate ratios(P<0.01) ;there were no significant effects on acetate(P>.05). VFA, propionate, NH3-N were increased by concentrate, however pH , acetate, acetate: propionate ratios and butyrate were increased.
There were significant difference on milk yield(P<0.01),FCM(P<0.01), milk fat and milk protein(P<0.05). Milk yield(15.04,15.36,17.47and19.30kg/d),FCM, milk protein(3.37%,3.36%,3.56% and 3.66%) are increased by concentrate. milk fat(3.89%) of LCG is the most lowest. The other is 4.42%, 4.41% and 4.34%. There was no significant difference in the concentration of Ca ,P , Mg and Zn in milk.
1．Ca、P、Mg、Zn的表观消化率均随着日粮中精料水平的提高而呈增加趋势且差异显著（P<0.05）。试验各组Ca的表观消化率分别为5.37%、27.60%、28.14%、43.29%；P的表观消化率分别为：57.55%、69.05%、69.01%、70.96%；Mg的表观消化率分别为：–37.48%、9.23%、22.96%、37.03%；Zn的表观消化率分别为：15.69%、19.56%、19.49%、37.42%。Ca、P、Mg、Zn在体内的存留量随着日粮中精料比例的提高而呈增加趋势。因此，在生产实践中应该根据日粮中精粗比例的不同和粗料组成的不同调整Ca、P、Mg、Zn的实际供给量，从而满足其需要量。
2．不同精粗比日粮对奶牛同一时间点及饲喂同一日粮奶牛采食前后血液中Ca、P、Mg、Zn浓度和碱性磷酸酶（ALP）活性之间均无显著差异（P>0.05）。
3．饲喂不同日粮奶牛瘤胃液pH值分别为：6.56、6.49、6.47、6.25（P<0.05）；总挥发酸浓度：104.37、104.95、109.31、112.65mmol/L（P<0.05）；丙酸浓度：21.98、24.56、27.39、28.94mmol/L(P<0.01)；丁酸浓度：11.07、10.86、13.60、14.56mmol/L(P<0.01)；乙酸/丙酸：3.29、2.86、2.51、2.41(P<0.01)；乙酸浓度：71.32、69.53、68.32、61.14mmol/L(P>.05)。
4．本试验中日粮粗蛋白的含量随着精料比例的提高而增加，从而使得奶牛瘤胃液中NH3_N浓度随着日粮精粗比例的提高而增加，试验各组瘤胃液H3_N浓度 分别为：10.50、14.57、22.46、23.34mg/dl，差异极显著（P<0.01）。
5．不同精粗比日粮对奶牛产乳量（P<0.01）、4.0%FCM（P<0.01）、乳脂和乳蛋白(P<0.05)的影响差异显著。产乳量和4.0%FCM随着日粮精粗比例的提高而
提高，试验各组产乳量分别为15.04、15.36、17.47和19.30kg/d。LCG组的乳脂率最低，其它各组乳脂率均随着精粗比例的提高而降低，乳脂率分别为：3.89%、4.42%、4.41%和4.34%。同一精粗比日粮，LC比LCG日粮乳脂率提高2.13%；乳蛋白分别是3.37%、3.36%、3.56%和3.66%，随着精粗比例的提高有所提高。试验各组乳中Ca、P、Mg、Zn的浓度差异均不显著（P>0.05）。
Four Holstein cows（490±20kg body weight）fitted with permanent ruminal，duodenum and ileum cannulas were used in a 4×4 Latin square design experiment to study the effects of different concentrate to forage ratios in dietary on rumen fermentation, metabolism of mineral（Ca，P，Mg，Zn） and milk production for dairy cattle. The basal diets consisted of corn grain,soybean meal, wheat bran, alfalfa ,hay and corn silage with concentrate to forage ratio of 30:70,50:50 and 65:35.Diets with concentrate:forage ratio of 30:70 contained two diets, one forage was consisted with only hay grass, the other was hay grass, alfalfa and corn silage as forage. Treatments were expressed with LCG, LC, MC and HC. The results showed that:
Apparent digestibility of Ca（5.27%,27.60%,28.14%,43.29%）,P（57.55%,69.05%,69.01%,70.96%），Mg（–37.48%,9.23%,22.96%,37.03%）,Zn（15.69%,19.56%,19.49%,37.42%） was increased by the ratios of concentrate and forage. There were no significant difference with concentration of Ca, P, Mg, Zn in the blood with different diets at before and after feed(P>0.05).
There were significant difference on ruminal pH value(P<0.05), NH3-N(P<0.01), total volatile fatty acid(VFA)（P<0.05）, propionate(P<0.01), butyrate(P<0.01) and acetate: propionate ratios(P<0.01) ;there were no significant effects on acetate(P>.05). VFA, propionate, NH3-N were increased by concentrate, however pH , acetate, acetate: propionate ratios and butyrate were increased.
There were significant difference on milk yield(P<0.01),FCM(P<0.01), milk fat and milk protein(P<0.05). Milk yield(15.04,15.36,17.47and19.30kg/d),FCM, milk protein(3.37%,3.36%,3.56% and 3.66%) are increased by concentrate. milk fat(3.89%) of LCG is the most lowest. The other is 4.42%, 4.41% and 4.34%. There was no significant difference in the concentration of Ca ,P , Mg and Zn in milk.
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