背书连续认定问题研究
摘要
改革开放,尤其是市场经济体制的确立,为我国票据制度的推行和票据立法带来了契机。1996年1月1日《中华人民共和国票据法》的实施,标志着我国票据活动已经进入法制轨道,对我国社会主义市场经济法律体系的形成和发展具有划时代的意义。随着中国市场经济的发展,票据日益成为交易、信用、融资必不可少的工具。
票据的特点在于流通,票据流通的基础又在于票据的转让,因为票据具有可转让性。票据流通除了交付转让外,主要是通过背书转让完成的。背书是一切有价证券权利转让的重要方式,《支付结算办法》第33条规定:“以背书转让的票据,背书应当连续。持票人以背书的连续,证明其票据权利”,而对取得背书不连续票据的持票人,票据债务人可以拒绝付款。因而背书的连续是影响票据权利人的票据权利的重要因素。但我国现行票据法对背书连续认定的规定过于笼统,票据实务中对背书连续的认定也五花八门,这严重影响了票据流通、支付、信用等功能的正常发挥,损害了有关票据当事人的权益。因此,有必要理清背书连续认定的标准。
本文通过对背书连续的概念、效力及其认定要件的阐述,论证了背书连续认定对于票据转让的重大现实意义;然后分析说明了背书连续认定过程中的一般问题,包括背书不得记载事项、无效签章等对背书连续认定的影响;也分析了背书连续认定过程中的特别问题,包括空白背书、伪造背书等对背书连续认定的影响。
In modern trade, two sides often lie in different places or nations, so it is frequent to need to exchange or transfer money. The bill becomes the best tool of trade between different places. Currency is the characteristic of bill,and the foundation of bill’s currency lies in transference of bill. Currency of bill depends mainly on endorsement besides delivery. The succession of endorsement refers that the endorsee of ante-endorsement is the endorser of subsequent endorsement in the endorsements of bill from original assignee to last holder and so the endorsements are consecutive. The succession of endorsement comes down to the validity of bill’s transference. Furthermore it impact on the currency of bill. So it is one of the nuclear problems of livelong bill system. However, there is not consolidated prescribe about how to recognize the succession of endorsement in our country at present. Thus it is important for endorsement use and transference to make clear how to recognize the succession of endorsement.
The paper discusses general and especial problems in recognizing the succession of endorsement beginning from it’s important documents. And the paper consists of three parts. The first section is the survey of recognizing the succession of endorsement; The second section is the general problems in recognizing the succession of endorsement; The third section is the especial problems in recognizing the succession of endorsement.
The first section is the survey of recognizing the succession of endorsement. It expatiate the important documents in recognizing the succession of endorsement, explaining its great meaning in theory and practice. The succession of endorsement refers that the endorsee of ante- endorsement is the endorser of subsequent endorsement in the endorsements of bill from original assignee to last holder and so the endorsements are consecutive. The important documents in recognizing the succession of endorsement include the validity of every endorsement, the succession of endorsement’s recordation and the identity of endorser and endorsee. It has great significance to recognize the succession of endorsement for holder, payer and owner gaining bill by successive endorsement.
The second section is the general problems in recognizing the succession of endorsement. The forbidden records may interrupt series of endorsement of bill. Invalid signatures play an impact on recognizing the succession of endorsement. As to the identity of endorser and endorsee, the endorsement can be deemed to be successive if they are admittedly one man though it is different between shortened form and full name. Invalid endorsement also has influence on the succession of signatures. When name of endorsee is redirected, we should recognize the succession of endorsement according to the redirected name. The endorsement may be regarded to be successive when the print is redirected.
The third section is the especial problems in recognizing the succession of endorsement. The holder may prove his rights of bill by occupancy when original bill with blank endorsement is transferred with successive endorsement. In artificial endorsement of bill , only if the artificial endorsement accorded with the regulations concerned form of endorsement,the artificial endorsement would have no influence on the succession of endorsement of bill. The obliteration made by holder has no influence on the successive endorsement of bill. When the obliteration made by endorser has influence on the successive endorsement of bill,it can be regarded that no obliteration made by endorser. Whereas,when the obliteration made by endorser has no influence on the successive endorsement of bill,it can be acknowledged that no obliteration records. In endorsement by mandate, when the indorsed person take money by agency,the succession of endorsement inspected has the same standards as the common one. Endorsement of pledge has the similar principles and standards. The derivative acquisition of bills may cause certain degree effects on the succession of endorsement.
In a word, bill system is indispensable economy system and legal system. In economy the bill has many functions such as payment, currency, financing, credit and so on .It is of great negotiability. Bill system is the guarantee of bill currency’s rapidity and safety. As a result it is of great importance to perfect our bill system. But our law has on uniform provision about how to recognize the succession of endorsement needing be perfected to be suit for the development of market economy and international trade.
票据的特点在于流通,票据流通的基础又在于票据的转让,因为票据具有可转让性。票据流通除了交付转让外,主要是通过背书转让完成的。背书是一切有价证券权利转让的重要方式,《支付结算办法》第33条规定:“以背书转让的票据,背书应当连续。持票人以背书的连续,证明其票据权利”,而对取得背书不连续票据的持票人,票据债务人可以拒绝付款。因而背书的连续是影响票据权利人的票据权利的重要因素。但我国现行票据法对背书连续认定的规定过于笼统,票据实务中对背书连续的认定也五花八门,这严重影响了票据流通、支付、信用等功能的正常发挥,损害了有关票据当事人的权益。因此,有必要理清背书连续认定的标准。
本文通过对背书连续的概念、效力及其认定要件的阐述,论证了背书连续认定对于票据转让的重大现实意义;然后分析说明了背书连续认定过程中的一般问题,包括背书不得记载事项、无效签章等对背书连续认定的影响;也分析了背书连续认定过程中的特别问题,包括空白背书、伪造背书等对背书连续认定的影响。
In modern trade, two sides often lie in different places or nations, so it is frequent to need to exchange or transfer money. The bill becomes the best tool of trade between different places. Currency is the characteristic of bill,and the foundation of bill’s currency lies in transference of bill. Currency of bill depends mainly on endorsement besides delivery. The succession of endorsement refers that the endorsee of ante-endorsement is the endorser of subsequent endorsement in the endorsements of bill from original assignee to last holder and so the endorsements are consecutive. The succession of endorsement comes down to the validity of bill’s transference. Furthermore it impact on the currency of bill. So it is one of the nuclear problems of livelong bill system. However, there is not consolidated prescribe about how to recognize the succession of endorsement in our country at present. Thus it is important for endorsement use and transference to make clear how to recognize the succession of endorsement.
The paper discusses general and especial problems in recognizing the succession of endorsement beginning from it’s important documents. And the paper consists of three parts. The first section is the survey of recognizing the succession of endorsement; The second section is the general problems in recognizing the succession of endorsement; The third section is the especial problems in recognizing the succession of endorsement.
The first section is the survey of recognizing the succession of endorsement. It expatiate the important documents in recognizing the succession of endorsement, explaining its great meaning in theory and practice. The succession of endorsement refers that the endorsee of ante- endorsement is the endorser of subsequent endorsement in the endorsements of bill from original assignee to last holder and so the endorsements are consecutive. The important documents in recognizing the succession of endorsement include the validity of every endorsement, the succession of endorsement’s recordation and the identity of endorser and endorsee. It has great significance to recognize the succession of endorsement for holder, payer and owner gaining bill by successive endorsement.
The second section is the general problems in recognizing the succession of endorsement. The forbidden records may interrupt series of endorsement of bill. Invalid signatures play an impact on recognizing the succession of endorsement. As to the identity of endorser and endorsee, the endorsement can be deemed to be successive if they are admittedly one man though it is different between shortened form and full name. Invalid endorsement also has influence on the succession of signatures. When name of endorsee is redirected, we should recognize the succession of endorsement according to the redirected name. The endorsement may be regarded to be successive when the print is redirected.
The third section is the especial problems in recognizing the succession of endorsement. The holder may prove his rights of bill by occupancy when original bill with blank endorsement is transferred with successive endorsement. In artificial endorsement of bill , only if the artificial endorsement accorded with the regulations concerned form of endorsement,the artificial endorsement would have no influence on the succession of endorsement of bill. The obliteration made by holder has no influence on the successive endorsement of bill. When the obliteration made by endorser has influence on the successive endorsement of bill,it can be regarded that no obliteration made by endorser. Whereas,when the obliteration made by endorser has no influence on the successive endorsement of bill,it can be acknowledged that no obliteration records. In endorsement by mandate, when the indorsed person take money by agency,the succession of endorsement inspected has the same standards as the common one. Endorsement of pledge has the similar principles and standards. The derivative acquisition of bills may cause certain degree effects on the succession of endorsement.
In a word, bill system is indispensable economy system and legal system. In economy the bill has many functions such as payment, currency, financing, credit and so on .It is of great negotiability. Bill system is the guarantee of bill currency’s rapidity and safety. As a result it is of great importance to perfect our bill system. But our law has on uniform provision about how to recognize the succession of endorsement needing be perfected to be suit for the development of market economy and international trade.
引文
1.赵新华主编:《票据法》,法律出版社 2004 年版,第 96 页。
2.赵新华主编:《票据法》,法律出版社 2004 年版,第 97 页。
3.因各国票据法规定背书连续的目的主要在于证明持票人的票据权利在形式上是否合法有效,所以,背书连续通常系针对转让背书而言。实际上,在非转让背书中,如果委任背书或设质背书后又出现委任背书,也存在背书连续认定的问题,不过此时背书连续证明的是委任背书所产生的代理权是否合法有效而已。
4.多数学者认为此时应自第一背书人开始认定背书的连续,始符合背书关系连续的原义。参见施文森:《票据法新论》,自版 1997 年版,第122 页。
5.此种情形适用于夹有空白背书与完全背书的票据背书。参见梁宇贤:《票据法理论与实用》(下),五南图书出版公司 1980 年版,第 457 页。
6.张龙文:《票据法实务研究》,台湾汉林出版社 1976 年版,第 62 页。
7.谢石松:《票据法的理论与实务》,中山大学出版社 1995 年版,第 153 页。
8.姜建初:《票据原理与票据法比较》,法律出版社 1994 年版,第 89 页。
9.曾世雄、曾陈明汝、曾婉如:《票据法论》,中国人民大学出版社 2002年版,第 38 页。
10.参见卞耀武主编:《中华人民共和国票据法释义》,企业管理出版社1995 年版,第 11 页。
11.王保树主编:《商法》,法律出版社 2005 年版,第 351 页。
12.赵新华:《票据法论》,吉林大学出版社 1998 年版,第 221 页。
13.[英]杜德莱·理查逊:《流通票据及票据法规入门》,复旦大学出版社1990 年,第 68 页。
14.王小能:《票据法教程》,北京大学出版社 1994 年版,第 25 页。
15.谢怀栻：《票据法概论》，中国社会科学出版社 2007 年版,第 56 页。
1.阮赞林:《中外汇票背书制度的立法研究》,载《法学》1996 年第 10 期。
2.王中:《世界两大票据法系伪造背书效力的分歧及我国票据法的取向》,载《宁夏社会科学》1998 年第 5 期。
3.金纯:《论票据背书的连续性及其效力》,载《西南民族大学学报》(人文社科版)2005 年第 12 期。
4.高才子:《论入世后我国票据法的修改与完善》,载《人民司法》2002年第 1 期。
5.张燕强:《背书连续认定规则之探讨》,载《法律科学》(西北政法学院学报)2006 年第 1 期。
6.张燕强:《我国票据背书连续认定规则的完善》,载《法学》2006 年第 10 期。
7.白呈明:《票据法应确认空白背书的法理探析》,载《陕西经贸学院学报》2002 年第 3 期。
8.储稀梁、宋佳丽、翁洪服:《票据实务中背书连续的认定》,载《金融会计》2003 年第 10 期。
9.陈斌彬、李章辉:《票据背书伪造法律规制的比较及借鉴》,载《上海金融》2007 年第 9 期。
10.陈辉萍:《票据伪造法律制度比较与借鉴》,载《福建政法管理干部学院学报》2000 年第 2 期。
11.李有星:《票据伪造背书的法律问题研究》,载《浙江大学学报》(人文社会科学版)1999 年第 2 期。
12.王小能:《论票据背书的连续性》,载《中国法学》1999 年第 1 期。
1.赵新华:《票据法论》,吉林大学出版社 1998 年版。
2.赵新华主编:《票据法问题研究》,法律出版社 2002 年版。
3.汪世虎:《票据法律制度比较研究》,法律出版社 2003 年版。
4.谢石松:《票据法的理论与实务》,中山大学出版社 1995 年版。
5、吕来明:《票据法基本制度评判》,中国法制出版社 2003 年版。
6.于永芹:《票据法前沿问题研究》,北京大学出版社 2003 年版。
7.王小能:《中国票据法律制度研究》,北京大学出版社 2000 年版。
8.郑孟状:《票据法研究》,北京大学出版社 1999 年版。
9.刘家琛主编:《票据法原理与法律适用》,人民法院出版社 1996 年版。
10.余振龙、姚念慈主编:《国外票据法》,上海社会科学院出版社 1991年版。
11.张维新:《票据结算实务》,海天出版社 2000 年版。
12.梁宇贤:《票据法新论》,自行出版 1999 年版。
13.王保树主编:《中国商事法》,人民法院出版社 1996 年版。
14.谢怀栻：《票据法概论》，法律出版社 1990 年版。
15.张德荣主编:《票据诉讼》,法律出版社 2002 年版。
16.潘攀:《票据的法律冲突》,北京大学出版社 2002 年版。
2.赵新华主编:《票据法》,法律出版社 2004 年版,第 97 页。
3.因各国票据法规定背书连续的目的主要在于证明持票人的票据权利在形式上是否合法有效,所以,背书连续通常系针对转让背书而言。实际上,在非转让背书中,如果委任背书或设质背书后又出现委任背书,也存在背书连续认定的问题,不过此时背书连续证明的是委任背书所产生的代理权是否合法有效而已。
4.多数学者认为此时应自第一背书人开始认定背书的连续,始符合背书关系连续的原义。参见施文森:《票据法新论》,自版 1997 年版,第122 页。
5.此种情形适用于夹有空白背书与完全背书的票据背书。参见梁宇贤:《票据法理论与实用》(下),五南图书出版公司 1980 年版,第 457 页。
6.张龙文:《票据法实务研究》,台湾汉林出版社 1976 年版,第 62 页。
7.谢石松:《票据法的理论与实务》,中山大学出版社 1995 年版,第 153 页。
8.姜建初:《票据原理与票据法比较》,法律出版社 1994 年版,第 89 页。
9.曾世雄、曾陈明汝、曾婉如:《票据法论》,中国人民大学出版社 2002年版,第 38 页。
10.参见卞耀武主编:《中华人民共和国票据法释义》,企业管理出版社1995 年版,第 11 页。
11.王保树主编:《商法》,法律出版社 2005 年版,第 351 页。
12.赵新华:《票据法论》,吉林大学出版社 1998 年版,第 221 页。
13.[英]杜德莱·理查逊:《流通票据及票据法规入门》,复旦大学出版社1990 年,第 68 页。
14.王小能:《票据法教程》,北京大学出版社 1994 年版,第 25 页。
15.谢怀栻：《票据法概论》，中国社会科学出版社 2007 年版,第 56 页。
1.阮赞林:《中外汇票背书制度的立法研究》,载《法学》1996 年第 10 期。
2.王中:《世界两大票据法系伪造背书效力的分歧及我国票据法的取向》,载《宁夏社会科学》1998 年第 5 期。
3.金纯:《论票据背书的连续性及其效力》,载《西南民族大学学报》(人文社科版)2005 年第 12 期。
4.高才子:《论入世后我国票据法的修改与完善》,载《人民司法》2002年第 1 期。
5.张燕强:《背书连续认定规则之探讨》,载《法律科学》(西北政法学院学报)2006 年第 1 期。
6.张燕强:《我国票据背书连续认定规则的完善》,载《法学》2006 年第 10 期。
7.白呈明:《票据法应确认空白背书的法理探析》,载《陕西经贸学院学报》2002 年第 3 期。
8.储稀梁、宋佳丽、翁洪服:《票据实务中背书连续的认定》,载《金融会计》2003 年第 10 期。
9.陈斌彬、李章辉:《票据背书伪造法律规制的比较及借鉴》,载《上海金融》2007 年第 9 期。
10.陈辉萍:《票据伪造法律制度比较与借鉴》,载《福建政法管理干部学院学报》2000 年第 2 期。
11.李有星:《票据伪造背书的法律问题研究》,载《浙江大学学报》(人文社会科学版)1999 年第 2 期。
12.王小能:《论票据背书的连续性》,载《中国法学》1999 年第 1 期。
1.赵新华:《票据法论》,吉林大学出版社 1998 年版。
2.赵新华主编:《票据法问题研究》,法律出版社 2002 年版。
3.汪世虎:《票据法律制度比较研究》,法律出版社 2003 年版。
4.谢石松:《票据法的理论与实务》,中山大学出版社 1995 年版。
5、吕来明:《票据法基本制度评判》,中国法制出版社 2003 年版。
6.于永芹:《票据法前沿问题研究》,北京大学出版社 2003 年版。
7.王小能:《中国票据法律制度研究》,北京大学出版社 2000 年版。
8.郑孟状:《票据法研究》,北京大学出版社 1999 年版。
9.刘家琛主编:《票据法原理与法律适用》,人民法院出版社 1996 年版。
10.余振龙、姚念慈主编:《国外票据法》,上海社会科学院出版社 1991年版。
11.张维新:《票据结算实务》,海天出版社 2000 年版。
12.梁宇贤:《票据法新论》,自行出版 1999 年版。
13.王保树主编:《中国商事法》,人民法院出版社 1996 年版。
14.谢怀栻：《票据法概论》，法律出版社 1990 年版。
15.张德荣主编:《票据诉讼》,法律出版社 2002 年版。
16.潘攀:《票据的法律冲突》,北京大学出版社 2002 年版。