鄱阳湖区淡水蚌类资源现状、多样性格局及其对不同环境因子的响应
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摘要
淡水蚌类是淡水生态系统中一类非常重要的水生生物,它们运动缓慢,生活区域相对固定,对环境变化的耐受能力较弱,是淡水生物类群中分布最广、最易受到威胁的类群之一。淡水蚌类是食物链上的重要环节和淡水生物群落的重要组成部分,可作为小型动物、底层鱼类和一些鸟类的食物。淡水蚌类作为滤食者,通过滤食营养物质、有机物和浮游生物来改良水质。淡水蚌类在淡水生态系统中起着重要作用,其生物量和密度往往都在底栖动物中占优势,如果淡水湖泊或是河流中的淡水蚌类消失,将会引起一系列的生态问题。
鄱阳湖区生境复杂,淡水蚌类物种繁多、资源丰富,但人类活动严重地破坏淡水蚌类的生境。长期以来,许多学者对鄱阳湖的淡水蚌类资源进行了系统的调查和研究,但基本是定性采集和分析,所以对鄱阳湖的淡水蚌类资源进行定量调查显得很有必要。本文分不同湖区、不同用途类型湖泊、不同生境对淡水蚌类进行系统的定量采集和调查,并分析说明了淡水蚌类对不同环境因子的响应状况,为鄱阳湖淡水蚌类的种类组成和资源状况提供了资料,对鄱阳湖淡水蚌类的资源利用和保护、以及拟建的鄱阳湖水利枢纽工程可能对淡水蚌类带来的影响具有较大的参考价值。
主要研究结果如下：
1.鄱阳湖淡水蚌类有13属42种,中国特有种有32种；优势种为圆顶珠蚌和洞穴丽蚌,它们在各采样湖区都有分布。每个采样湖区标本所含属数、种数和相对丰度相差较大；各属所含种数和相对丰度差异较大；各采样湖区、各属之间生物量和密度存在较大差异。全湖淡水蚌类密度和生物量分别为(0.28±0.22)ind/m2和(4.08±3.96)g/m2。在种群结构方面,舟形无齿蚌、褶纹冠蚌、背瘤丽蚌、鱼尾楔蚌、猪耳丽蚌、扭蚌、中国尖嵴蚌、真柱矛蚌、洞穴丽蚌、背角无齿蚌、圆背角无齿蚌、刻裂丽蚌、绢丝丽蚌和圆头楔蚌属于增长型；短褶矛蚌、射线裂脊蚌、蚶形无齿蚌和圆顶珠蚌属于稳定型；多瘤丽蚌、椭圆背角无齿蚌、球形无齿蚌和棘裂脊蚌属于衰退型。
2.青岚湖是天然湖泊,淡水蚌类有11属35种,中国特有种有28种；优势种为圆顶珠蚌、洞穴丽蚌和中国尖嵴蚌,它们在每个季节标本中都占较大的比例。淡水蚌类属、种数在每个季节相差不大,以秋季11属、21种为最多；标本各属所含种数差异较大,以丽蚌属9种、无齿蚌属8种最多；夏季生物量和密度最大,分别为22.75 g/m2和0.81 ind/m2;秋季生物量和密度最小,分别为10.00g/m2和0.31 ind/m2;全年平均生物量为(15.94±5.26)g/m2,全年平均密度为(0.59±0.21)ind/m2。在种群结构方面,球形无齿蚌、射线裂脊蚌、楔形丽蚌、圆背角无齿蚌、扭蚌和蚶形无齿蚌属于增长型；圆顶珠蚌、洞穴丽蚌、中国尖嵴蚌、褶纹冠蚌、短褶矛蚌和棘裂脊蚌属于稳定型；河无齿蚌、三角帆蚌、真柱矛蚌、卵形尖嵴蚌、椭圆背角无齿蚌和鱼尾楔蚌属于衰退型。
3.军山湖是增殖湖泊,淡水蚌类有9属16种,中国特有种有9种；优势种为圆顶珠蚌和洞穴丽蚌,它们的密度和生物量分别为0.10 ind/m2和0.24g/m2、0.04 ind/m2和0.26g/m2,分别占全湖密度和生物量的52.47%和31.07%、21.30%和33.83%。标本各属所含种数差异较大,以无齿蚌属4种、矛蚌属3种最多。青岚湖淡水蚌类密度和生物量分别是军山湖的大约3倍和20.70倍,两湖群落相似系数为41.67。作为天然湖泊的青岚湖比作为增殖湖泊的军山湖面积小很多,但青岚湖淡水蚌类资源比军山湖丰富,说明人工增殖对军山湖淡水蚌类资源有较大的影响。
4.大湖池、神塘湖和东湖都是鄱阳湖区的浅水湖泊,太子河是一条河沟,饶河、修河、信江、赣江都是鄱阳湖的重要水系。这些采样区域淡水蚌类共有14属40种,中国特有种有32种,洞穴丽蚌、圆顶珠蚌和蚶形无齿蚌在各采样区域都有分布。太子河淡水蚌类有10属23种,中国特有种有16种；饶河淡水蚌类有8属17种,中国特有种有10种；大湖池淡水蚌类有4属7种,中国特有种有3种；神塘湖淡水蚌类有5属6种,中国特有种有2种；东湖淡水蚌类有3属7种,中国特有种有2种；修河的淡水蚌类有10属14种,中国特有种有7种；信江的淡水蚌类有12属27种,中国特有种有22种；赣江的的淡水蚌类有13属29种,中国特有种有21种。河道淡水蚌类的属数、种数、中国特有种数、密度和生物量均大于浅水湖泊,各属在河道的种数总体多于在浅水湖的种数,说明河道的淡水蚌类资源比浅水湖泊丰富。
5.淡水蚌类对不同的环境因子产生不同的响应。在淤泥底质中的淡水蚌类平均种数最多,达5.67种；水草底质最少,为1.84种。淤泥底质的密度和生物量最大,分别为0.62 ind/m2和13.42g/m2；水草底质最小,分别仅为0.002 ind/m2和0.044g/m2。水深<2.0m的水体中蚌类平均种数最多,达5.71种；水深>6.0 m最少,为1.14种。水深<2.0 m的水体中密度和生物量最大,分别为0.71 ind/m2和13.09 g/m2；水深>6.0 m最小,分别仅为0.04 ind/m2和0.62g/m2。流速较缓的水体中蚌类平均种数最多,达5.18种；流速平缓最少,为1.92种。流速较缓的水体中密度和生物量最大,分别为0.63 ind/m2和13.74 g/m2；流速平缓最小,分别只有0.004ind/m2和0.086g/m2。透明度30-50cm的水体中蚌类平均种数最多,达5.83种；透明度>70cm最少,为1.63种。透明度30-50cm的水体中密度和生物量最大,分别为0.73ind/m2和16.33g/m2；透明度>70 cm最小,分别只有0.08 ind/m2和1.64g/m2。
6.不同淡水蚌类干露死亡的半数有效时间ET50(d)长短不一,总的趋势是：洞穴丽蚌>中国尖嵴蚌>褶纹冠蚌>扭蚌>射线裂脊蚌>短褶矛蚌>真柱矛蚌>圆背角无齿蚌>蚶形无齿蚌>球形无齿蚌,说明贝壳比较厚的蚌类比贝壳比较薄的蚌类更耐干旱。规格不同的同种蚌类,呈现出大规格蚌类比小规格蚌类更耐干旱的趋势,并且规格相差越大,这种趋势越明显,说明成年蚌比幼蚌有更强的耐干旱能力。
Freshwater mussels is one class of very important aquatic organisms in freshwater ecosystems. With slow motion, living area relatively fixed, weak tolerance to environmental change, freshwater mussels that one of the freshwater taxonomic groups is the most vulnerable to the threat and its distribution is the widest. Freshwater mussels which can be used as food for the small animals, groundfish and birds is an important part of the food chain and important component of the freshwater biomes. As filter feeders, freshwater mussels can improve water quality through filtering food nutrients, organic matter and plankton. Freshwater mussels play an important role in freshwater ecosystems whose biomass and density are often dominant in the benthic animals. It will cause a series of ecological problems if freshwater mussels disappear in the freshwater lakes or rivers.
There are complicated habitats, abundant species and rich resources of freshwater mussels in Poyang Lake, however, many habitats of freshwater mussels have been seriously damaged by human activity. Over the years, many scholars have systematically investigated and studied the resources of freshwater mussels in Poyang Lake, but their methods are basically qualitative collection and analysis, so it is very necessary to carry out a quantitative survey on the resources of freshwater mussels in Poyang Lake. In this article, freshwater mussels' quantitative collection and investigation had been systematically done according to different sampling areas, different types of uses and different habitats of Poyang Lake area, and the response of freshwater mussels to different environmental factors had been analyzed, both of which will provide information on species composition and resources status of freshwater mussels in Poyang Lake and they also have great reference value on the utilization and protection of freshwater mussels and the impact of the proposed hydro projects on freshwater mussels in Poyang Lake.
The main results are as follows:
1. There are 42 species belonging to 13 genera of freshwater mussels in Poyang Lake, of which 32 species are the Chinese endemic species. Both Unio douglasiae (Gray) and Lamprotula caveata (Heude) are dominant species and they are distributed in all sampling areas of Poyang Lake. The difference among genera, species and relative abundance of every sampling area is quite large, so it is with the species and relative abundance contained in genera and the biomass and density of all sampling areas and genera. The density and biomass of freshwater mussels in the whole lake are (0.28±0.22) ind/m2 and (4.08±3.96) g/m2 respectively. In terms of population structure, the growth form concludes Anodonta eascaphys, Cristaria plicata, Lamprotula leai, Cuneopsis pisciculus, Lamprotula rochechouarti, Arconaia.lanceolata, Acuticosta chinensis, Lanceolara eucylindrica, Lamprotula caveata, Anodonta woodiana oodiana, Anodonta woodiana pacifica, Lamprotula scripta, Lamprotula fibrosa and Cuneopsis heudei; the stable form concludes Lanceolara grayana, Schistodesmus lampreyanus, Anodonta arcaeformis and Unio douglasiae; the involution form concludes Lamprotula polysticta, Anodonta woodiana elliptica, Anodonta globosula and Schistodesmus spinosus.
2. Qinlan Lake is a natural lake which has 35 species belonging to 11 genera of freshwater mussels. Chinese endemic species is 28. The dominant species are Unio douglasiae-Lamprotula caveata and Acuticosta chinensis which take a large proportion in specimens of each season. Freshwater mussels have small difference with seasons. The number of genera and species of freshwater mussels in autumn is 11 genera and 21 species respectively, being the maximum. Species of each genus of specimens are quite different, up to a maximum of 9 species belonging to Lamprotula and 8 species belonging to Anodonta. The biomass and density in summer are the maximum, being 22.75 g/m2 and 0.81 ind/m respectively; while those in autumn are the minimum, being and 10.00 g/m2 0.31 ind/m2 respectively. The average annual biomass and density are (15.94±5.26) g/m and (0.59±0.21) ind/m2 respectively. In terms of population structure, the growth form concludes Anodonta globosula, Schistodesmus lampreyanus, Lamprotula bazini, Anodonta woodiana pacifica, Arconaia lanceolata and Anodonta arcaeformis; the stable form concludes Unio douglasiae, Lamprotula caveata, Acuticosta chinensis, Cristaria plicata, Lanceolara grayana and Schistodesmus spinosus; the involution form concludes Anodonta fluminea, Hyriopsis cumingii, Lanceolara eucylindrica, Acuticosta ovata, Anodonta woodiana elliptica and Cuneopsis pisciculus.
3. Junshan Lake is a proliferative lake which has 16 species belonging to 9 genera of freshwater mussels. The number of Chinese endemic species is 9. The dominant species are Unio douglasiae and Lamprotula caveata. The density and biomass of Unio douglasiae are 0.10 ind/m2 and 0.24g/m2 respectively, which is 52.47% and 31.07% of the total density and biomass of Junshan lake; the density and biomass of Lamprotula caveata are 0.04 ind/m2 and 0.26g/m2 respectively, which is 21.30% and 33.83% of total density and biomass of Junshan lake. Species of each genus of specimens are quite different, up to a maximum of 4 species belonging to Anodonta and 3 species belonging to Lanceolara. The density and biomass of freshwater mussels of Qinglan Lake are about 3 times and 20.70 times as much as those of Junshan Lake. The community similarity coefficient between the two lakes is 41.67. Qinglan Lake is a natural lake and its area is more diminutive than that of Junshan Lake which is a proliferative lake. But the resources of freshwater mussels in Qinglan Lake are more abundant than those in Junshan lake, which explains that artificial proliferating has major influence on resources of freshwater mussels in Junshan Lake.
4. Dahuchi Lake, Shentanghu Lake and Donghu Lake are all shallow lakes in Poyang Lake area. Taizihe River is a gully while Raohe River, Xiuhe River, Xinjiang River and Ganjiang River are all the important river systems of Poyang Lake. The total freshwater mussels of all sampling areas are 40 species belonging to 14 genera, of which the number of Chinese endemic species is 32. Lamprotula caveata, Unio douglasiae and Anodonta arcaeformis are distributed in all sampling areas. There are 23 species belonging to 10 genera and 16 Chinese endemic species in Taizihe River, 17 species belonging to 8 genera and 10 Chinese endemic species in Raohe River,7 species belonging to 4 genera and 3 Chinese endemic species in Dahuchi Lake,6 species belonging to 5 genera and 2 Chinese endemic species in Shentanghu Lake,7 species belonging to 3 genera and 2 Chinese endemic species in Donghu Lake,14 species belonging to 10 genera and 7 Chinese endemic species in Xiuhe River,27 species belonging to 12 genera and 22 Chinese endemic species in Xinjiang River and 29 species belonging to 13 genera and 21 Chinese endemic species in Ganjiang River respectively. The number of genera, species and Chinese endemic species, densities and biomasses of freshwater mussels in rivers is more than that in shallow lakes, so it is with the number of overall species belonging to each genus. All indicate that the resources of freshwater mussels in rivers are much more abundant than those in shallow lakes.
5. Freshwater mussels produce different responses to different environmental factors. The average number of species of freshwater mussels in silt sediment is the most, being 5.67 species; in aquatic sediment is the least, being 1.84 species.The density and biomass of freshwater mussels in silt sediment are 0.62 ind/m2 and 13.42 g/m2 as the most; in aquatic sediments are the least, being only 0.002 ind/m2 and 0.044 g/m2 respectively. The average number of species of freshwater mussels living in the depth from 0 to 2 meters are the most, being 5.71 species; while that exceeding 6 meters are 1.14 species as the least. The density and biomass of freshwater mussels living in the depth from 0 to 2 meters are 0.71 ind/m2 and 13.09 g/m2 as the most; that exceeding 6 meters are the least, being only 0.04 ind/m2 and 0.62 g/m2 respectively. The average number of species of freshwater mussels in moderately flowing water are the most, being 5.18 species; while that in gently flowing water are 1.92 species as the least. The density and biomass of freshwater mussels in moderately flowing water are the most, being 0.63 ind/m2 and 13.74 g/m2 respectively; while those in gently flowing water are 0.004 ind/m2 and 0.086 g/m2 as the least. The average number of species of freshwater mussels are the most when the transparency is 30 to 50 centimeters, being 5.83 species; while that exceeding 70 centimeters are 1.63 species as the least. The density and biomass of freshwater mussels are the most when the transparency is 30 to 50 centimeters, being 0.73 ind/m2 and 16.33 g/m2 respectively; while that exceeding 70 centimeters are 0.08 ind/m2 and 1.64 g/m2 as the least.
6. Different freshwater mussels have different median effective time [ET50 (d)] of drying death. The general trend is:Lamprotula caveata> Acuticosta chinensis> Cristaria plicata> Arconaia.lanceolata> Schistodesmus lampreyanus> Lanceolara grayana> Lanceolara eucylindrica> Anodonta woodiana pacifica> Anodonta arcaeformis> Anodonta globosula, indicating that freshwater mussels of thick shells are more resistant to drought than those of thin shells. To freshwater mussels of different size, the bigger ones are more resistant to drought than the smaller ones. And the larger the difference is, the more obvious the trend is, which indicate that the adult mussels'drought-resistant capacity is stronger than the juvenile mussels'.
鄱阳湖区生境复杂,淡水蚌类物种繁多、资源丰富,但人类活动严重地破坏淡水蚌类的生境。长期以来,许多学者对鄱阳湖的淡水蚌类资源进行了系统的调查和研究,但基本是定性采集和分析,所以对鄱阳湖的淡水蚌类资源进行定量调查显得很有必要。本文分不同湖区、不同用途类型湖泊、不同生境对淡水蚌类进行系统的定量采集和调查,并分析说明了淡水蚌类对不同环境因子的响应状况,为鄱阳湖淡水蚌类的种类组成和资源状况提供了资料,对鄱阳湖淡水蚌类的资源利用和保护、以及拟建的鄱阳湖水利枢纽工程可能对淡水蚌类带来的影响具有较大的参考价值。
主要研究结果如下：
1.鄱阳湖淡水蚌类有13属42种,中国特有种有32种；优势种为圆顶珠蚌和洞穴丽蚌,它们在各采样湖区都有分布。每个采样湖区标本所含属数、种数和相对丰度相差较大；各属所含种数和相对丰度差异较大；各采样湖区、各属之间生物量和密度存在较大差异。全湖淡水蚌类密度和生物量分别为(0.28±0.22)ind/m2和(4.08±3.96)g/m2。在种群结构方面,舟形无齿蚌、褶纹冠蚌、背瘤丽蚌、鱼尾楔蚌、猪耳丽蚌、扭蚌、中国尖嵴蚌、真柱矛蚌、洞穴丽蚌、背角无齿蚌、圆背角无齿蚌、刻裂丽蚌、绢丝丽蚌和圆头楔蚌属于增长型；短褶矛蚌、射线裂脊蚌、蚶形无齿蚌和圆顶珠蚌属于稳定型；多瘤丽蚌、椭圆背角无齿蚌、球形无齿蚌和棘裂脊蚌属于衰退型。
2.青岚湖是天然湖泊,淡水蚌类有11属35种,中国特有种有28种；优势种为圆顶珠蚌、洞穴丽蚌和中国尖嵴蚌,它们在每个季节标本中都占较大的比例。淡水蚌类属、种数在每个季节相差不大,以秋季11属、21种为最多；标本各属所含种数差异较大,以丽蚌属9种、无齿蚌属8种最多；夏季生物量和密度最大,分别为22.75 g/m2和0.81 ind/m2;秋季生物量和密度最小,分别为10.00g/m2和0.31 ind/m2;全年平均生物量为(15.94±5.26)g/m2,全年平均密度为(0.59±0.21)ind/m2。在种群结构方面,球形无齿蚌、射线裂脊蚌、楔形丽蚌、圆背角无齿蚌、扭蚌和蚶形无齿蚌属于增长型；圆顶珠蚌、洞穴丽蚌、中国尖嵴蚌、褶纹冠蚌、短褶矛蚌和棘裂脊蚌属于稳定型；河无齿蚌、三角帆蚌、真柱矛蚌、卵形尖嵴蚌、椭圆背角无齿蚌和鱼尾楔蚌属于衰退型。
3.军山湖是增殖湖泊,淡水蚌类有9属16种,中国特有种有9种；优势种为圆顶珠蚌和洞穴丽蚌,它们的密度和生物量分别为0.10 ind/m2和0.24g/m2、0.04 ind/m2和0.26g/m2,分别占全湖密度和生物量的52.47%和31.07%、21.30%和33.83%。标本各属所含种数差异较大,以无齿蚌属4种、矛蚌属3种最多。青岚湖淡水蚌类密度和生物量分别是军山湖的大约3倍和20.70倍,两湖群落相似系数为41.67。作为天然湖泊的青岚湖比作为增殖湖泊的军山湖面积小很多,但青岚湖淡水蚌类资源比军山湖丰富,说明人工增殖对军山湖淡水蚌类资源有较大的影响。
4.大湖池、神塘湖和东湖都是鄱阳湖区的浅水湖泊,太子河是一条河沟,饶河、修河、信江、赣江都是鄱阳湖的重要水系。这些采样区域淡水蚌类共有14属40种,中国特有种有32种,洞穴丽蚌、圆顶珠蚌和蚶形无齿蚌在各采样区域都有分布。太子河淡水蚌类有10属23种,中国特有种有16种；饶河淡水蚌类有8属17种,中国特有种有10种；大湖池淡水蚌类有4属7种,中国特有种有3种；神塘湖淡水蚌类有5属6种,中国特有种有2种；东湖淡水蚌类有3属7种,中国特有种有2种；修河的淡水蚌类有10属14种,中国特有种有7种；信江的淡水蚌类有12属27种,中国特有种有22种；赣江的的淡水蚌类有13属29种,中国特有种有21种。河道淡水蚌类的属数、种数、中国特有种数、密度和生物量均大于浅水湖泊,各属在河道的种数总体多于在浅水湖的种数,说明河道的淡水蚌类资源比浅水湖泊丰富。
5.淡水蚌类对不同的环境因子产生不同的响应。在淤泥底质中的淡水蚌类平均种数最多,达5.67种；水草底质最少,为1.84种。淤泥底质的密度和生物量最大,分别为0.62 ind/m2和13.42g/m2；水草底质最小,分别仅为0.002 ind/m2和0.044g/m2。水深<2.0m的水体中蚌类平均种数最多,达5.71种；水深>6.0 m最少,为1.14种。水深<2.0 m的水体中密度和生物量最大,分别为0.71 ind/m2和13.09 g/m2；水深>6.0 m最小,分别仅为0.04 ind/m2和0.62g/m2。流速较缓的水体中蚌类平均种数最多,达5.18种；流速平缓最少,为1.92种。流速较缓的水体中密度和生物量最大,分别为0.63 ind/m2和13.74 g/m2；流速平缓最小,分别只有0.004ind/m2和0.086g/m2。透明度30-50cm的水体中蚌类平均种数最多,达5.83种；透明度>70cm最少,为1.63种。透明度30-50cm的水体中密度和生物量最大,分别为0.73ind/m2和16.33g/m2；透明度>70 cm最小,分别只有0.08 ind/m2和1.64g/m2。
6.不同淡水蚌类干露死亡的半数有效时间ET50(d)长短不一,总的趋势是：洞穴丽蚌>中国尖嵴蚌>褶纹冠蚌>扭蚌>射线裂脊蚌>短褶矛蚌>真柱矛蚌>圆背角无齿蚌>蚶形无齿蚌>球形无齿蚌,说明贝壳比较厚的蚌类比贝壳比较薄的蚌类更耐干旱。规格不同的同种蚌类,呈现出大规格蚌类比小规格蚌类更耐干旱的趋势,并且规格相差越大,这种趋势越明显,说明成年蚌比幼蚌有更强的耐干旱能力。
Freshwater mussels is one class of very important aquatic organisms in freshwater ecosystems. With slow motion, living area relatively fixed, weak tolerance to environmental change, freshwater mussels that one of the freshwater taxonomic groups is the most vulnerable to the threat and its distribution is the widest. Freshwater mussels which can be used as food for the small animals, groundfish and birds is an important part of the food chain and important component of the freshwater biomes. As filter feeders, freshwater mussels can improve water quality through filtering food nutrients, organic matter and plankton. Freshwater mussels play an important role in freshwater ecosystems whose biomass and density are often dominant in the benthic animals. It will cause a series of ecological problems if freshwater mussels disappear in the freshwater lakes or rivers.
There are complicated habitats, abundant species and rich resources of freshwater mussels in Poyang Lake, however, many habitats of freshwater mussels have been seriously damaged by human activity. Over the years, many scholars have systematically investigated and studied the resources of freshwater mussels in Poyang Lake, but their methods are basically qualitative collection and analysis, so it is very necessary to carry out a quantitative survey on the resources of freshwater mussels in Poyang Lake. In this article, freshwater mussels' quantitative collection and investigation had been systematically done according to different sampling areas, different types of uses and different habitats of Poyang Lake area, and the response of freshwater mussels to different environmental factors had been analyzed, both of which will provide information on species composition and resources status of freshwater mussels in Poyang Lake and they also have great reference value on the utilization and protection of freshwater mussels and the impact of the proposed hydro projects on freshwater mussels in Poyang Lake.
The main results are as follows:
1. There are 42 species belonging to 13 genera of freshwater mussels in Poyang Lake, of which 32 species are the Chinese endemic species. Both Unio douglasiae (Gray) and Lamprotula caveata (Heude) are dominant species and they are distributed in all sampling areas of Poyang Lake. The difference among genera, species and relative abundance of every sampling area is quite large, so it is with the species and relative abundance contained in genera and the biomass and density of all sampling areas and genera. The density and biomass of freshwater mussels in the whole lake are (0.28±0.22) ind/m2 and (4.08±3.96) g/m2 respectively. In terms of population structure, the growth form concludes Anodonta eascaphys, Cristaria plicata, Lamprotula leai, Cuneopsis pisciculus, Lamprotula rochechouarti, Arconaia.lanceolata, Acuticosta chinensis, Lanceolara eucylindrica, Lamprotula caveata, Anodonta woodiana oodiana, Anodonta woodiana pacifica, Lamprotula scripta, Lamprotula fibrosa and Cuneopsis heudei; the stable form concludes Lanceolara grayana, Schistodesmus lampreyanus, Anodonta arcaeformis and Unio douglasiae; the involution form concludes Lamprotula polysticta, Anodonta woodiana elliptica, Anodonta globosula and Schistodesmus spinosus.
2. Qinlan Lake is a natural lake which has 35 species belonging to 11 genera of freshwater mussels. Chinese endemic species is 28. The dominant species are Unio douglasiae-Lamprotula caveata and Acuticosta chinensis which take a large proportion in specimens of each season. Freshwater mussels have small difference with seasons. The number of genera and species of freshwater mussels in autumn is 11 genera and 21 species respectively, being the maximum. Species of each genus of specimens are quite different, up to a maximum of 9 species belonging to Lamprotula and 8 species belonging to Anodonta. The biomass and density in summer are the maximum, being 22.75 g/m2 and 0.81 ind/m respectively; while those in autumn are the minimum, being and 10.00 g/m2 0.31 ind/m2 respectively. The average annual biomass and density are (15.94±5.26) g/m and (0.59±0.21) ind/m2 respectively. In terms of population structure, the growth form concludes Anodonta globosula, Schistodesmus lampreyanus, Lamprotula bazini, Anodonta woodiana pacifica, Arconaia lanceolata and Anodonta arcaeformis; the stable form concludes Unio douglasiae, Lamprotula caveata, Acuticosta chinensis, Cristaria plicata, Lanceolara grayana and Schistodesmus spinosus; the involution form concludes Anodonta fluminea, Hyriopsis cumingii, Lanceolara eucylindrica, Acuticosta ovata, Anodonta woodiana elliptica and Cuneopsis pisciculus.
3. Junshan Lake is a proliferative lake which has 16 species belonging to 9 genera of freshwater mussels. The number of Chinese endemic species is 9. The dominant species are Unio douglasiae and Lamprotula caveata. The density and biomass of Unio douglasiae are 0.10 ind/m2 and 0.24g/m2 respectively, which is 52.47% and 31.07% of the total density and biomass of Junshan lake; the density and biomass of Lamprotula caveata are 0.04 ind/m2 and 0.26g/m2 respectively, which is 21.30% and 33.83% of total density and biomass of Junshan lake. Species of each genus of specimens are quite different, up to a maximum of 4 species belonging to Anodonta and 3 species belonging to Lanceolara. The density and biomass of freshwater mussels of Qinglan Lake are about 3 times and 20.70 times as much as those of Junshan Lake. The community similarity coefficient between the two lakes is 41.67. Qinglan Lake is a natural lake and its area is more diminutive than that of Junshan Lake which is a proliferative lake. But the resources of freshwater mussels in Qinglan Lake are more abundant than those in Junshan lake, which explains that artificial proliferating has major influence on resources of freshwater mussels in Junshan Lake.
4. Dahuchi Lake, Shentanghu Lake and Donghu Lake are all shallow lakes in Poyang Lake area. Taizihe River is a gully while Raohe River, Xiuhe River, Xinjiang River and Ganjiang River are all the important river systems of Poyang Lake. The total freshwater mussels of all sampling areas are 40 species belonging to 14 genera, of which the number of Chinese endemic species is 32. Lamprotula caveata, Unio douglasiae and Anodonta arcaeformis are distributed in all sampling areas. There are 23 species belonging to 10 genera and 16 Chinese endemic species in Taizihe River, 17 species belonging to 8 genera and 10 Chinese endemic species in Raohe River,7 species belonging to 4 genera and 3 Chinese endemic species in Dahuchi Lake,6 species belonging to 5 genera and 2 Chinese endemic species in Shentanghu Lake,7 species belonging to 3 genera and 2 Chinese endemic species in Donghu Lake,14 species belonging to 10 genera and 7 Chinese endemic species in Xiuhe River,27 species belonging to 12 genera and 22 Chinese endemic species in Xinjiang River and 29 species belonging to 13 genera and 21 Chinese endemic species in Ganjiang River respectively. The number of genera, species and Chinese endemic species, densities and biomasses of freshwater mussels in rivers is more than that in shallow lakes, so it is with the number of overall species belonging to each genus. All indicate that the resources of freshwater mussels in rivers are much more abundant than those in shallow lakes.
5. Freshwater mussels produce different responses to different environmental factors. The average number of species of freshwater mussels in silt sediment is the most, being 5.67 species; in aquatic sediment is the least, being 1.84 species.The density and biomass of freshwater mussels in silt sediment are 0.62 ind/m2 and 13.42 g/m2 as the most; in aquatic sediments are the least, being only 0.002 ind/m2 and 0.044 g/m2 respectively. The average number of species of freshwater mussels living in the depth from 0 to 2 meters are the most, being 5.71 species; while that exceeding 6 meters are 1.14 species as the least. The density and biomass of freshwater mussels living in the depth from 0 to 2 meters are 0.71 ind/m2 and 13.09 g/m2 as the most; that exceeding 6 meters are the least, being only 0.04 ind/m2 and 0.62 g/m2 respectively. The average number of species of freshwater mussels in moderately flowing water are the most, being 5.18 species; while that in gently flowing water are 1.92 species as the least. The density and biomass of freshwater mussels in moderately flowing water are the most, being 0.63 ind/m2 and 13.74 g/m2 respectively; while those in gently flowing water are 0.004 ind/m2 and 0.086 g/m2 as the least. The average number of species of freshwater mussels are the most when the transparency is 30 to 50 centimeters, being 5.83 species; while that exceeding 70 centimeters are 1.63 species as the least. The density and biomass of freshwater mussels are the most when the transparency is 30 to 50 centimeters, being 0.73 ind/m2 and 16.33 g/m2 respectively; while that exceeding 70 centimeters are 0.08 ind/m2 and 1.64 g/m2 as the least.
6. Different freshwater mussels have different median effective time [ET50 (d)] of drying death. The general trend is:Lamprotula caveata> Acuticosta chinensis> Cristaria plicata> Arconaia.lanceolata> Schistodesmus lampreyanus> Lanceolara grayana> Lanceolara eucylindrica> Anodonta woodiana pacifica> Anodonta arcaeformis> Anodonta globosula, indicating that freshwater mussels of thick shells are more resistant to drought than those of thin shells. To freshwater mussels of different size, the bigger ones are more resistant to drought than the smaller ones. And the larger the difference is, the more obvious the trend is, which indicate that the adult mussels'drought-resistant capacity is stronger than the juvenile mussels'.
引文
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