社会网络对新创企业融资方式及其绩效的影响研究
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摘要
企业在创建、生存和发展的过程中都需要投入、保持和再投入一定的资金为前提,资金对新创企业的创建和成长起到了至关重要的作用,满足新创企业对资金的需求成为创业者在企业发展的每一个阶段都必须考虑的问题。
创业者自身资金的限制再加上新创企业对资金的大量需求导致企业自身拥有的资金无法满足企业各方面的发展需求,因此,通过外部主体进行融资显得尤为重要。但是由于新创企业规模小、可用于抵押的有形资产少、企业的财务信息不透明、经营的不确定性大、抵抗外部经济冲击的能力弱、缺乏信用历史记录等特点,造成新创企业往往难以取得外部投资者的信任,在寻求和获取外部资金时困难重重,资金不足往往成为新创企业创建和成长过程中瓶颈。
随着社会资本理论向组织管理领域的渗透,社会网络已经成为解决新创企业资金信息沟通和传播,进而获得外部融资的有效途径。尽管社会网络和创业融资理论研究在我国学术界尚处于萌芽状态,但在我国创业活动中网络对于新创企业融资获取和新创企业绩效提升的重要作用已经得到重视和认同,社会网络对新创企业融资的影响机理随之受到关注。
国内外一些学者在社会网络和新创企业融资研究领域取得了一些成果,但目前的研究仍处于探索阶段,已有的研究缺乏系统性和深入性。相对于国外“创业研究网络方法”的兴起,国内学术界尚缺乏有关企业家个体社会资本效用问题的实证研究。此外,以往学者们在谈及创业者社会网络时,往往更多地讨论了它的“果”,即创业者社会网络对其创业行为的影响；而较少述及它的“因”,即何种因素会影响到创业过程中创业者对其社会网络的动员和运用。基于以上研究现状,本文依据权衡理论、代理理论、融资优序理论和社会网络理论作为理论基础,在对目前社会网络、新创企业融资和新创企业绩效的相关理论文献和发展实践综合分析的基础上,将社会网络、新创企业融资方式以及新创企业绩效三个要素有机地整合到一个框架体系内,拟建立各要素之间的影响机理模型并提出相关理论假设,系统地研究社会网络对新创企业融资方式的影响,并以新创企业绩效作为创业融资活动的最终表现。
论文在研究方法上,采用了定性分析与定量分析相结合的方法来进行。除对所研究的三大核心问题进行了系统地文献梳理与理论分析论证之外,还运用了个人访谈、调查问卷和大规模样本统计处理等来进行实证研究,力求研究结果的合理和实用。
通过实证检验,论文获得的主要研究结论是：
1、社会网络对新创企业融资方式的影响机理：社会网络规模与新创企业内源债务融资正相关,与新创企业外源融资正相关；社会网络异质性与内源权益融资负相关,与新创企业外源融资正相关；社会网络强度与新创企业内源权益融负相关；与新创企业内源债务融资正相关；与新创企业外源融资正相关。
2、新创企业融资方式对新创企业绩效的影响方面：新创企业内源权益融资选取与新创企业绩效正相关；新创企业内源债务融资获取与新创企业绩效正相关；新创企业外源权益融资获取与新创企业绩效正相关；新创企业外源债务融资获取与新创企业绩效正相关。
相对创业者社会网络问题的其他研究成果,本研究的创新和发展主要体现在以下几个方面：(1)从多个角度阐述了中国创业企业家社会网络的三个构成维度。在对中国创业者的社会网络结构特性进行全方位考察的基础上,阐发了中国创业者社会网络的主要获取途径,并通过实际数据验证了创业者社会网络来源各影响因素的具体作用方向。(2)建立新的模型检验了中国创业者社会网络对新创企业融资方式及其绩效的影响。在获取第一手调研数据的基础上,就社会网络的结构维度对新创企业融资方式及其绩效所产生的影响进行了经验性检验,用国内尚欠缺的实证研究结果揭示了中国创业者社会网络对融资方式及其绩效的作用机理。(3)从创业者的社会网络入手,系统构造了创业者社会网络、新创企业融资方式与新创企业绩效之间的关系框架,提高了创业者社会网络理论研究的预测力和解释力,并进一步丰富了社会网络研究的已有成果。
New venture Finance has been continuing a popular topic in academic research. Investment, maintaining and re-investment a certain amount of funds is the presupposition for the creation, survival and development of new ventures. The capital plays the pivotal role for the establishing and growth of new venture. Identification of the capital requirement becomes the primary consideration for entrepreneurs on each stage of new venture process.
The large demand of capital, especially in the setting up period, bring on the problem that the self-owning raising from the enterprises is unable to meet various business needs for new venture development, therefore, external financing appears to be very important. However, because of the constraints of new venture, such as small-scale assets, the majority of intangible assets, non-transparent financial information, management uncertainty, weakly to endure for the external economic shocking, coupled with lack of credit history, resulting weak credit guarantee, it is difficult to obtain the confidence of external investors. Seeking and acquisition of external finance becomes arduous. Capital issue turns to be the biggest "bottleneck" problem during the creation and grow-up process of start-up. Countering the characteristics and the difficulties faced by the new venture,
entrepreneurial network acts a crucial role as the access to funding information and communication and proceed to be effective solution to external finance attainment. According to the inquisition, the range of entrepreneur social network has a direct influence on entrepreneurial financing activities. Meanwhile Social Network Theory becomes a powerful tool for the explanation on entrepreneurial financing phenomenon gradually. Despite the research on entrepreneurial network and entrepreneurial finance is still in the initial state in China, the essential function of entrepreneurial network on acquirement of entrepreneurial finance and further enhancing of new venture performance has been recognized. More and more concerning on the research of impact of the network on entrepreneurial finance is being paid attention to. Although some results has been showed in the research field of entrepreneurial
finance and entrepreneurial network, the present research still needs to be improved in systematization and depth. The general study is mainly concerned on the function of entrepreneurial network on entrepreneurial finance summarily. Unfortunately, domestic academes seldom study the efficiency of entrepreneur's social networks empirically, while foreign researchers have been interested in "the network approach to entrepreneurship" broadly. Furthermore, when present researchers were talking about entrepreneur's social networks, they usually emphasized particularly on its "result", the influence of entrepreneur's social capital to entrepreneurial action, rather than its "cause', the factors which impact on the mobilization of social capital by entrepreneurs during their entrepreneurial process.
According to this research space, this dissertation has a comprehensive analysis on the present theoretical and development practice literatures of entrepreneurial network, entrepreneurial finance and new venture performance. On the basis of Trade-off Theory, Agency Theory, Pecking Order Theory and Social Network Theory, this dissertation integrates the entrepreneurial network, entrepreneurial finance and new venture performance into one organic system framework, and constructs the theoretical concept model of the effect mechanism among the elements of entrepreneurial network, entrepreneurial finance and new venture performance, then puts forward the relevant theoretical hypotheses. With this model the systematical study on the effect of entrepreneurial network on new venture finance is carried out, furthermore the new venture performance is utilized as the ultimate results of entrepreneurial finance activities.
To the methodology, the dissertation uses qualitative analysis and the quantitative analysis. Besides the systemic literature review and theoretical discuss about three key questions involved in this study, the dissertation also uses individual visiting, investigating in small scope and questionnaire statistic in large scale to ensure the study result in reason and in practice.
By the empirical testing, the main conclusions of the dissertation are as follows:
First is the effect mechanism of entrepreneurial network on new venture finance type, including network size has the positive effect on the access to the internal debt finance and the external finance for new venture; network heterogeneity has the negative effect on the access to internal equity finance and the positive effect on the access to the external finance for new venture; network intensity has the negative effect on the access to internal equity finance, has the positive effect on the access to the internal debt finance and the external finance for new venture
Second is the impact of new venture finance type on new venture performance, including the positive impact of internal equity finance on new venture performance, the positive impact of internal debt finance on new venture performance, the positive impact of external equity finance on new venture performance and the positive impact of external debt finance on new venture performance. Third is the selection preference of entrepreneurs to the different new venture finance type, including is the selection preference of internal equity finance is stronger than external equity finance.
In contrast to other research about entrepreneur's social network, the innovation and theoretical development of this research are embodied in several aspects:(1)It expatiates on three dimensions of Chinese entrepreneur's social network. Based on the comprehensive review to the structural and resource feature of entrepreneur's social network, it puts forward access approaches of social network, and tests them empirically.(2)It builds a new model to test the impact from entrepreneur's social network to financing options and performance. Using the data from first hand, it explores the influence from structural and resource dimensions of social network to financing options and performance empirically.(3)Using the concept of "social network", it constitutes a framework systematically to explain the relation among the origin of social network, financing options and performance. The framework will improve the ability of forecast and interpretation of entrepreneur's social network theory, and enrich the outcomes of social network research.
创业者自身资金的限制再加上新创企业对资金的大量需求导致企业自身拥有的资金无法满足企业各方面的发展需求,因此,通过外部主体进行融资显得尤为重要。但是由于新创企业规模小、可用于抵押的有形资产少、企业的财务信息不透明、经营的不确定性大、抵抗外部经济冲击的能力弱、缺乏信用历史记录等特点,造成新创企业往往难以取得外部投资者的信任,在寻求和获取外部资金时困难重重,资金不足往往成为新创企业创建和成长过程中瓶颈。
随着社会资本理论向组织管理领域的渗透,社会网络已经成为解决新创企业资金信息沟通和传播,进而获得外部融资的有效途径。尽管社会网络和创业融资理论研究在我国学术界尚处于萌芽状态,但在我国创业活动中网络对于新创企业融资获取和新创企业绩效提升的重要作用已经得到重视和认同,社会网络对新创企业融资的影响机理随之受到关注。
国内外一些学者在社会网络和新创企业融资研究领域取得了一些成果,但目前的研究仍处于探索阶段,已有的研究缺乏系统性和深入性。相对于国外“创业研究网络方法”的兴起,国内学术界尚缺乏有关企业家个体社会资本效用问题的实证研究。此外,以往学者们在谈及创业者社会网络时,往往更多地讨论了它的“果”,即创业者社会网络对其创业行为的影响；而较少述及它的“因”,即何种因素会影响到创业过程中创业者对其社会网络的动员和运用。基于以上研究现状,本文依据权衡理论、代理理论、融资优序理论和社会网络理论作为理论基础,在对目前社会网络、新创企业融资和新创企业绩效的相关理论文献和发展实践综合分析的基础上,将社会网络、新创企业融资方式以及新创企业绩效三个要素有机地整合到一个框架体系内,拟建立各要素之间的影响机理模型并提出相关理论假设,系统地研究社会网络对新创企业融资方式的影响,并以新创企业绩效作为创业融资活动的最终表现。
论文在研究方法上,采用了定性分析与定量分析相结合的方法来进行。除对所研究的三大核心问题进行了系统地文献梳理与理论分析论证之外,还运用了个人访谈、调查问卷和大规模样本统计处理等来进行实证研究,力求研究结果的合理和实用。
通过实证检验,论文获得的主要研究结论是：
1、社会网络对新创企业融资方式的影响机理：社会网络规模与新创企业内源债务融资正相关,与新创企业外源融资正相关；社会网络异质性与内源权益融资负相关,与新创企业外源融资正相关；社会网络强度与新创企业内源权益融负相关；与新创企业内源债务融资正相关；与新创企业外源融资正相关。
2、新创企业融资方式对新创企业绩效的影响方面：新创企业内源权益融资选取与新创企业绩效正相关；新创企业内源债务融资获取与新创企业绩效正相关；新创企业外源权益融资获取与新创企业绩效正相关；新创企业外源债务融资获取与新创企业绩效正相关。
相对创业者社会网络问题的其他研究成果,本研究的创新和发展主要体现在以下几个方面：(1)从多个角度阐述了中国创业企业家社会网络的三个构成维度。在对中国创业者的社会网络结构特性进行全方位考察的基础上,阐发了中国创业者社会网络的主要获取途径,并通过实际数据验证了创业者社会网络来源各影响因素的具体作用方向。(2)建立新的模型检验了中国创业者社会网络对新创企业融资方式及其绩效的影响。在获取第一手调研数据的基础上,就社会网络的结构维度对新创企业融资方式及其绩效所产生的影响进行了经验性检验,用国内尚欠缺的实证研究结果揭示了中国创业者社会网络对融资方式及其绩效的作用机理。(3)从创业者的社会网络入手,系统构造了创业者社会网络、新创企业融资方式与新创企业绩效之间的关系框架,提高了创业者社会网络理论研究的预测力和解释力,并进一步丰富了社会网络研究的已有成果。
New venture Finance has been continuing a popular topic in academic research. Investment, maintaining and re-investment a certain amount of funds is the presupposition for the creation, survival and development of new ventures. The capital plays the pivotal role for the establishing and growth of new venture. Identification of the capital requirement becomes the primary consideration for entrepreneurs on each stage of new venture process.
The large demand of capital, especially in the setting up period, bring on the problem that the self-owning raising from the enterprises is unable to meet various business needs for new venture development, therefore, external financing appears to be very important. However, because of the constraints of new venture, such as small-scale assets, the majority of intangible assets, non-transparent financial information, management uncertainty, weakly to endure for the external economic shocking, coupled with lack of credit history, resulting weak credit guarantee, it is difficult to obtain the confidence of external investors. Seeking and acquisition of external finance becomes arduous. Capital issue turns to be the biggest "bottleneck" problem during the creation and grow-up process of start-up. Countering the characteristics and the difficulties faced by the new venture,
entrepreneurial network acts a crucial role as the access to funding information and communication and proceed to be effective solution to external finance attainment. According to the inquisition, the range of entrepreneur social network has a direct influence on entrepreneurial financing activities. Meanwhile Social Network Theory becomes a powerful tool for the explanation on entrepreneurial financing phenomenon gradually. Despite the research on entrepreneurial network and entrepreneurial finance is still in the initial state in China, the essential function of entrepreneurial network on acquirement of entrepreneurial finance and further enhancing of new venture performance has been recognized. More and more concerning on the research of impact of the network on entrepreneurial finance is being paid attention to. Although some results has been showed in the research field of entrepreneurial
finance and entrepreneurial network, the present research still needs to be improved in systematization and depth. The general study is mainly concerned on the function of entrepreneurial network on entrepreneurial finance summarily. Unfortunately, domestic academes seldom study the efficiency of entrepreneur's social networks empirically, while foreign researchers have been interested in "the network approach to entrepreneurship" broadly. Furthermore, when present researchers were talking about entrepreneur's social networks, they usually emphasized particularly on its "result", the influence of entrepreneur's social capital to entrepreneurial action, rather than its "cause', the factors which impact on the mobilization of social capital by entrepreneurs during their entrepreneurial process.
According to this research space, this dissertation has a comprehensive analysis on the present theoretical and development practice literatures of entrepreneurial network, entrepreneurial finance and new venture performance. On the basis of Trade-off Theory, Agency Theory, Pecking Order Theory and Social Network Theory, this dissertation integrates the entrepreneurial network, entrepreneurial finance and new venture performance into one organic system framework, and constructs the theoretical concept model of the effect mechanism among the elements of entrepreneurial network, entrepreneurial finance and new venture performance, then puts forward the relevant theoretical hypotheses. With this model the systematical study on the effect of entrepreneurial network on new venture finance is carried out, furthermore the new venture performance is utilized as the ultimate results of entrepreneurial finance activities.
To the methodology, the dissertation uses qualitative analysis and the quantitative analysis. Besides the systemic literature review and theoretical discuss about three key questions involved in this study, the dissertation also uses individual visiting, investigating in small scope and questionnaire statistic in large scale to ensure the study result in reason and in practice.
By the empirical testing, the main conclusions of the dissertation are as follows:
First is the effect mechanism of entrepreneurial network on new venture finance type, including network size has the positive effect on the access to the internal debt finance and the external finance for new venture; network heterogeneity has the negative effect on the access to internal equity finance and the positive effect on the access to the external finance for new venture; network intensity has the negative effect on the access to internal equity finance, has the positive effect on the access to the internal debt finance and the external finance for new venture
Second is the impact of new venture finance type on new venture performance, including the positive impact of internal equity finance on new venture performance, the positive impact of internal debt finance on new venture performance, the positive impact of external equity finance on new venture performance and the positive impact of external debt finance on new venture performance. Third is the selection preference of entrepreneurs to the different new venture finance type, including is the selection preference of internal equity finance is stronger than external equity finance.
In contrast to other research about entrepreneur's social network, the innovation and theoretical development of this research are embodied in several aspects:(1)It expatiates on three dimensions of Chinese entrepreneur's social network. Based on the comprehensive review to the structural and resource feature of entrepreneur's social network, it puts forward access approaches of social network, and tests them empirically.(2)It builds a new model to test the impact from entrepreneur's social network to financing options and performance. Using the data from first hand, it explores the influence from structural and resource dimensions of social network to financing options and performance empirically.(3)Using the concept of "social network", it constitutes a framework systematically to explain the relation among the origin of social network, financing options and performance. The framework will improve the ability of forecast and interpretation of entrepreneur's social network theory, and enrich the outcomes of social network research.
引文
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