聚丙烯酰胺降解菌的筛选及降解特性研究
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摘要
部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(Hydrolyzed polyacrylamide, HPAM),是一种油田采油广泛使用的添加剂。在三次采油的过程中,HPAM作为驱油用的聚合物在采油过程中注入油层,使原油与水溶液之间流度比下降,降低水的粘性指数,从而提高原油采收率。但污水中含有的HPAM会改变水的理化性质,使原油乳化导致水中含油量增高,粘度增大且成分复杂难以降解；同时HPAM降解后产生的单体丙烯酰胺也会对人和动物的周围神经系统产生不可修复的损害。如何降解HPAM是油田在聚丙烯酰胺驱油中非常关注的问题。
聚丙烯酰胺在自然条件下自发降解缓慢,目前认为生物降解是聚合物无害化长效处理的新途径。近年来有关微生物降解HPAM的机理的研究主要集中在水解酶和胞外物质等方面,有研究认为微生物具有产生水解HPAM中酰胺基的还原酶类,参与氧化反应,同时可以使长链HPAM断裂成短链的、可被微生物吸收的小分子有机物,从而用于合成蛋白质等微生物生长必需物质；其他研究还表明一部分微生物能释放非蛋白类还原性物质,这些非蛋白类还原物质作用于聚合物,可以引发氧化反应导致聚合物链断裂：目前关于混合微生物的降解机制研究认为,混合生长的微生物可能是由于构成了某种微生态系统,各类微生物在系统中相互配合共同作用,而混合菌在微生物生态系统中具体协同机制有待研究。
本文从由陕西长庆油田泥浆池废液和油田废弃泥浆池周围土壤中分别分离筛选出两株对HPAM具有良好降解能力的菌株,对其进行了生理生化检测,初步确定编号CJ419为假单胞菌,FA16为枯草芽孢杆菌；以HPAM作为微生物生长的唯一碳源和氮源配置HPAM培养基,对两株菌分别降解HPAM的效果,以及同时作用于HPAM的降解效果进行了研究,重点检测两种菌协同降解时的生长情况和联合降解能力,初步探讨了两种菌协同降解聚合物的机理；对两株菌共同降解时的pH、温度、接种量、活化次数等参数进行了优化探讨；利用发酵手段制备了固体菌剂,模拟了扩大化试验,并利用正交手段对固体菌剂复配比例和扩大化试验中各参数进行了研究的并确定了最优值。
聚丙烯酰胺已成为石油开采后采出水中的主要污染物,对聚丙烯酰胺的降解研究已成为进年来的研究热点。本论文对聚丙烯酰胺的降解做了初步的探讨,对他人研究和扩大化处理有一定的指导意义。
Partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (Hydrolyzed polyacrylamide, HPAM), is an additive widely used in oilfields. In enhanced oil recovery process, HPAM was used as a polymer flooding process in the oil into the reservoir so that oil and water solution mobility ratio decreased to reduce the viscosity index of water and enhance oil recovery. But the water contained in HPAM will change the physical and chemical properties of water, while HPAM degradation resulting from the monomer acrylamide on humans and animals will be around nervous system can not repair the damage. How to degradation in the polyacrylamide HPAM is very concerned about the flooding problems.
Polyacrylamide degradation under natural conditions is spontaneous slow. The bio-degradation is a harmless way to long-term deal with the pollution. In recent years, the mechanism HPAM degradation mainly extracellular hydrolytic enzymes and substances, Some studies showed that the microorganism can produce in hydrolisis HPAM the amido reductases, oxidation and reaction, also can make long-chain HPAM break into short chains,which can be absorbed in the small molecular organic microorganisms, microbial growth for the synthesis of protein and other essential substances. Other studies also showed that some microorganisms can release non-protein class of reducing substances, reducing substances in the non-proteins acting on the polymer, leading to polymer strand breaks induced oxidation.Currently on the mechanism of mixed microbial degradation thought that mixed growth of microbes may constitute a kind of micro-ecological system because all kinds of microbes in the system complement each other common effect. And mixed bacteria in microbial ecosystems synergism was to be studied.
The degrading effect of two Hydrolyzed polyacrymide (HPAM) degrading bacteria was studied in polyacrylamide. HPAM degrading bacteria Pseudomonas migula CJ419 and Bacillus subtilis FA 16 was filtered. And Bacterial biomass and HPAM degradation rate were investigated. Focus on testing the growth of two strains collaboration and joint degradation. Degradation of the two strains together when pH, temperature, activation number, inoculation of other parameters were optimized. Preliminary study of two strains degradation mechanism of the polymer And had enlarged test,using Orthogonal experiment Optimizate the test parameters.
Polyacrylamide bio-degradation has become the major pollutants. The degradation of polyacrylamide has become a research hotspot in recent years. Polyacrylamide after oil extraction has become the major pollutants produced water, Study and magnifies the treatment of others have some guidance.
聚丙烯酰胺在自然条件下自发降解缓慢,目前认为生物降解是聚合物无害化长效处理的新途径。近年来有关微生物降解HPAM的机理的研究主要集中在水解酶和胞外物质等方面,有研究认为微生物具有产生水解HPAM中酰胺基的还原酶类,参与氧化反应,同时可以使长链HPAM断裂成短链的、可被微生物吸收的小分子有机物,从而用于合成蛋白质等微生物生长必需物质；其他研究还表明一部分微生物能释放非蛋白类还原性物质,这些非蛋白类还原物质作用于聚合物,可以引发氧化反应导致聚合物链断裂：目前关于混合微生物的降解机制研究认为,混合生长的微生物可能是由于构成了某种微生态系统,各类微生物在系统中相互配合共同作用,而混合菌在微生物生态系统中具体协同机制有待研究。
本文从由陕西长庆油田泥浆池废液和油田废弃泥浆池周围土壤中分别分离筛选出两株对HPAM具有良好降解能力的菌株,对其进行了生理生化检测,初步确定编号CJ419为假单胞菌,FA16为枯草芽孢杆菌；以HPAM作为微生物生长的唯一碳源和氮源配置HPAM培养基,对两株菌分别降解HPAM的效果,以及同时作用于HPAM的降解效果进行了研究,重点检测两种菌协同降解时的生长情况和联合降解能力,初步探讨了两种菌协同降解聚合物的机理；对两株菌共同降解时的pH、温度、接种量、活化次数等参数进行了优化探讨；利用发酵手段制备了固体菌剂,模拟了扩大化试验,并利用正交手段对固体菌剂复配比例和扩大化试验中各参数进行了研究的并确定了最优值。
聚丙烯酰胺已成为石油开采后采出水中的主要污染物,对聚丙烯酰胺的降解研究已成为进年来的研究热点。本论文对聚丙烯酰胺的降解做了初步的探讨,对他人研究和扩大化处理有一定的指导意义。
Partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (Hydrolyzed polyacrylamide, HPAM), is an additive widely used in oilfields. In enhanced oil recovery process, HPAM was used as a polymer flooding process in the oil into the reservoir so that oil and water solution mobility ratio decreased to reduce the viscosity index of water and enhance oil recovery. But the water contained in HPAM will change the physical and chemical properties of water, while HPAM degradation resulting from the monomer acrylamide on humans and animals will be around nervous system can not repair the damage. How to degradation in the polyacrylamide HPAM is very concerned about the flooding problems.
Polyacrylamide degradation under natural conditions is spontaneous slow. The bio-degradation is a harmless way to long-term deal with the pollution. In recent years, the mechanism HPAM degradation mainly extracellular hydrolytic enzymes and substances, Some studies showed that the microorganism can produce in hydrolisis HPAM the amido reductases, oxidation and reaction, also can make long-chain HPAM break into short chains,which can be absorbed in the small molecular organic microorganisms, microbial growth for the synthesis of protein and other essential substances. Other studies also showed that some microorganisms can release non-protein class of reducing substances, reducing substances in the non-proteins acting on the polymer, leading to polymer strand breaks induced oxidation.Currently on the mechanism of mixed microbial degradation thought that mixed growth of microbes may constitute a kind of micro-ecological system because all kinds of microbes in the system complement each other common effect. And mixed bacteria in microbial ecosystems synergism was to be studied.
The degrading effect of two Hydrolyzed polyacrymide (HPAM) degrading bacteria was studied in polyacrylamide. HPAM degrading bacteria Pseudomonas migula CJ419 and Bacillus subtilis FA 16 was filtered. And Bacterial biomass and HPAM degradation rate were investigated. Focus on testing the growth of two strains collaboration and joint degradation. Degradation of the two strains together when pH, temperature, activation number, inoculation of other parameters were optimized. Preliminary study of two strains degradation mechanism of the polymer And had enlarged test,using Orthogonal experiment Optimizate the test parameters.
Polyacrylamide bio-degradation has become the major pollutants. The degradation of polyacrylamide has become a research hotspot in recent years. Polyacrylamide after oil extraction has become the major pollutants produced water, Study and magnifies the treatment of others have some guidance.
引文
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[5]Alireza Soudmand-asli, S. Shahab Ayatollahi, Hassan Mohabatkar, et al. The in situ microbial enhanced oil recovery in fractured porous media[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2007,58(2):161-172
[6]Schaffie, M. Ranjbar. Geochemical alteration of crude oils during thermal recovery processes[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2000,26(1-4):57-65
[7]Tor Austad, Knut Taugb(?)l. Chemical flooding of oil reservoirs 2. Dissociative surfactant-polymer interaction with a negative effect on oil recovery[J] Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects,1995,103(2):73-81
[8]周承俊,杨为民,周文乐,等.三次采油用梳形丙烯酰胺类共聚物的研究进展[J].材料导报：综述篇,2009,23(11)：68-71
[9]徐正顺,张居和,冯子辉,等.大庆油田水驱及聚合物驱油藏剩余油黏度特征研究[J].中国科学D辑：地球科学,2009,39(12)：1709～1720
[10]D.J.Pye. Improved Secondary Reovery by Control of Water Mobility[J]. J.P.Tech.1964, 231:911-916
[11]B.B.Sandiford. Laboratory and Field Studies of Water Floods Using Polymer Solution to Inerease Oil Reeovery[J]. J.P.Tech.1964,40(10):917-922.
[12]陈立滇.国外聚合物驱油现场试验述评.油田化学[J].1984,(2)：39-53
[13]胡旸,吕树祥,邱元来.采油废水中聚丙烯酰胺降解研究进展[J].杭州化工,2009,39(3)：15-19
[14]刘德新,赵修太,邱广敏.驱油用聚丙烯酰胺降解研究进展[J].高分子材料科学与工程,2008,24(9)：27～31
[15]李宜强,沈传海,景贵成,等.微生物降解HPAM的机理及应用[J].石油勘探与开发,2006,33(6)：738～743
[16]Hsing-Yuan Yen, Mu-Hoe Yang. The ultrasonic degradation of polyacrylamide solution[J]. Polymer Testing,2003,22(4):129-131
[17]邹启贤；陆正禹.油田废水处理综述[J].工业水处理,Industrial Water Treatment,编辑部邮箱2001,08(1-3)：33
[18]柳志刚,姚学俊.聚丙烯酰胺在不同水处理应用中的探讨[J].广东化工,2008,3(35)：62-64
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