负荷及盐度对好氧颗粒污泥的形成过程及EPS特性的影响
|
摘要
好氧颗粒污泥由于其密实的结构、良好的沉淀性能及较好的水处理效果已引起广泛的关注。好氧颗粒污泥作为近期发展起来的一种特殊的生物膜工艺,它的形成也是一种自我固定的生物过程,其胞外物质EPS在该过程中起着非常重要的作用。
本研究以西安市邓家村污水处理厂二沉池回流污泥做为接种污泥,在四个相同的序批式反应器(SBR)内和不同条件下培养形成好氧颗粒污泥。通过考察污泥颗粒化的过程,研究了在不同负荷及盐度条件下,好氧颗粒污泥的形成过程及其物理特性。同时结合比耗氧速率(SOUR)、孔隙率和生物处理效果对好氧颗粒污泥的EPS特性做了进一步的探索。
结果表明:(1)在SBR反应器中形成的好氧颗粒污泥,其物理特性——颗粒沉速、颗粒密度、SVI,与进水有机负荷、含盐量高低无绝对的相关性,但进水有机负荷对其物理特性有明显的影响;此外,相对于含盐量,负荷对好氧颗粒污泥EPS的变化影响更大。推测其原因可能是由于微生物在逐步调整含盐量过程中已经被驯化,而被驯化的微生物种群的差异性主要取决于有机负荷;(2)低负荷低含盐条件下,细胞主要通过胞外多聚物的架桥作用而连接在一起,从而形成了颗粒污泥。而在高负荷高含盐量条件下,颗粒主要是以丝状菌的相互缠绕作为骨架而形成的;(3)试验结果表明:好氧颗粒污泥中EPS糖和SOUR之间、EPS蛋白和孔隙率之间均呈负相关;(4)通过研究,我们发现含盐量为2.5%条件下颗粒污泥容易发生解体,推测其解体的原因主要是在低负荷低含盐条件下由于所分泌的胞外多聚物较多,使得颗粒外围比较松散,并且易堵塞传质通道,从而内部微生物易发生水解,导致颗粒空洞的形成;另外该条件下丝状菌未能成为优势菌群而大量繁殖,因此不能形成颗粒所需骨架。
Aerobic granules have received extensive attention because of its compact structure,good sedimentation and effecicency for wastewater treatment.The aerobic granules could be considered as one of the biofilm process,the formation of which is also a process of self-immobilization,and thus the extracellular polymeric substances(EPS) play an important role,which is scope of this study.
The seed sludge in this sludge was taken from with returning activated sludge line from a secondary settling tank in a wastewter treatment plant.Four identical sequencing batch reactors(SBRs) were used in this study with different operational conditions.The granualtion process and its phycochemical properties of aerobic granules were examined under different organic loading rates(OLRs) and salinities. Especially,the characteristics of EPS and its relationship between specific oxygen uptake rate(SOUR),porosity and biological treatment effeciencis were investigated.
The results showed that:(1) The physical properties of aerobic granules,i.e., settling velocity,density and SVI had inconsiderable correlation with salinities,but had considerable correlation with OLRs;Addtionally,the OLRs affected the EPS more than the salinities,which could be explained that microorganisms in the reactors had became accustomed to different salinities during the gradually change period of salinities;(2) It was assumed that under the conditions of a low OLR and salinity,the formation of the aerobic granules was mainly due to the interlinkage of EPS,and those of high influent OLR and salinity,the framework formed by filaments accounted for the formation of the aerobic granules;(3) The experiment found two negative correlations in the aerobic granules:one was between EPS carbohydrate and SOUR,and the other was between EPS protein and porosity;(4) Aerobic granules formed under the salinity of 2.5%was prone to disintergration.
本研究以西安市邓家村污水处理厂二沉池回流污泥做为接种污泥,在四个相同的序批式反应器(SBR)内和不同条件下培养形成好氧颗粒污泥。通过考察污泥颗粒化的过程,研究了在不同负荷及盐度条件下,好氧颗粒污泥的形成过程及其物理特性。同时结合比耗氧速率(SOUR)、孔隙率和生物处理效果对好氧颗粒污泥的EPS特性做了进一步的探索。
结果表明:(1)在SBR反应器中形成的好氧颗粒污泥,其物理特性——颗粒沉速、颗粒密度、SVI,与进水有机负荷、含盐量高低无绝对的相关性,但进水有机负荷对其物理特性有明显的影响;此外,相对于含盐量,负荷对好氧颗粒污泥EPS的变化影响更大。推测其原因可能是由于微生物在逐步调整含盐量过程中已经被驯化,而被驯化的微生物种群的差异性主要取决于有机负荷;(2)低负荷低含盐条件下,细胞主要通过胞外多聚物的架桥作用而连接在一起,从而形成了颗粒污泥。而在高负荷高含盐量条件下,颗粒主要是以丝状菌的相互缠绕作为骨架而形成的;(3)试验结果表明:好氧颗粒污泥中EPS糖和SOUR之间、EPS蛋白和孔隙率之间均呈负相关;(4)通过研究,我们发现含盐量为2.5%条件下颗粒污泥容易发生解体,推测其解体的原因主要是在低负荷低含盐条件下由于所分泌的胞外多聚物较多,使得颗粒外围比较松散,并且易堵塞传质通道,从而内部微生物易发生水解,导致颗粒空洞的形成;另外该条件下丝状菌未能成为优势菌群而大量繁殖,因此不能形成颗粒所需骨架。
Aerobic granules have received extensive attention because of its compact structure,good sedimentation and effecicency for wastewater treatment.The aerobic granules could be considered as one of the biofilm process,the formation of which is also a process of self-immobilization,and thus the extracellular polymeric substances(EPS) play an important role,which is scope of this study.
The seed sludge in this sludge was taken from with returning activated sludge line from a secondary settling tank in a wastewter treatment plant.Four identical sequencing batch reactors(SBRs) were used in this study with different operational conditions.The granualtion process and its phycochemical properties of aerobic granules were examined under different organic loading rates(OLRs) and salinities. Especially,the characteristics of EPS and its relationship between specific oxygen uptake rate(SOUR),porosity and biological treatment effeciencis were investigated.
The results showed that:(1) The physical properties of aerobic granules,i.e., settling velocity,density and SVI had inconsiderable correlation with salinities,but had considerable correlation with OLRs;Addtionally,the OLRs affected the EPS more than the salinities,which could be explained that microorganisms in the reactors had became accustomed to different salinities during the gradually change period of salinities;(2) It was assumed that under the conditions of a low OLR and salinity,the formation of the aerobic granules was mainly due to the interlinkage of EPS,and those of high influent OLR and salinity,the framework formed by filaments accounted for the formation of the aerobic granules;(3) The experiment found two negative correlations in the aerobic granules:one was between EPS carbohydrate and SOUR,and the other was between EPS protein and porosity;(4) Aerobic granules formed under the salinity of 2.5%was prone to disintergration.
引文
[1]缪应祺.水污染控制工程[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2002
[2]高廷耀.水污染控制工程[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1989
[3]金鹏康.水环境工程学tM].西安:西安建筑科技大学出版社,2004
[4]刘雨.生物膜法污水处理技术[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2000
[5]杨健,章非娟,余志荣.有机工业废水处理理论与技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004.60-75
[6]Beeftink H H.Anaerobic Bacterial Aggregates[M].Netherlands:University of Amsterdam,1987
[7]Liu Y Q,Tay J H.State of the art of biogranulation technology for wastewater treatment[J].Biotechnol,2004,22:533-633
[8]Li Z H,Wang X C.Thermogravimetrie characteristics of aerobic granules developed at different salinities[J].Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology,2008,83:359-364
[9]周律,钱易.好氧颗粒污泥的形成和技术条件[J].给水排水,1995,04:12-14
[10]王芳.SBAR中好氧颗粒污泥的培养及其特性研究[D].大连:大连理工大学,2004
[11]仲海涛,胡勇有,张宪宁等.颗粒污泥技术在污水处理中的应用研究进展[J].江苏环境科技,2006,19(4):35-38
[12]Young J C,McCarty P L.The anaerobic filter for waste treatment[J].Journal of Water Pollution Control Federation,1969,41(suppl):160-173
[13]刘志杰,陆正禹,李静等.处理啤酒废水的生产性UASB反应器常温下培养颗粒污泥的过程及工艺条件[J].中国沼气,1994,12:3-7
[14]贺延龄.废水的厌氧生物处理[M].北京:中国轻工业出版社,1998
[15]Kosaric N.The characteristics of granules form up flow anaerobic sludge blanket rectors[J].Wat Res,1990,24(12):1473-1482
[16]赵一章,张辉,唐一.高活性厌氧颗粒污泥微生物特性和形成机理的研究[J].微生物学报,1994,34:50-54
[17]高廷东等.UASB-CASS工艺处理脱墨漂白浆废水研究[J].给水排水,2004,30(8):58-60
[18]Kennedy E J,Lentz E M.Treatment of landfill leachate using sequencing batch and continuous flow up flow anaerobic sludge blanket(UASB) reactors[J].Water Research,2000,34(14):P3640-3656
[19]董春娟,吕炳南.EGSB反应器内颗粒污泥的快速培养及特性研究[J].中国给水排水,2006,22(15):62-66
[20]陈敏,吴静,陆正禹等.内循环厌氧膨胀床反应器颗粒污泥特性[J].环境科学,2004, 25(6):127-131
[21]张彦波,樊江利.UBF反应器在抗生素废水处理工程中的应用[J].工业用水与废水,2004,35(3):60-62
[22]凡广生,李多松.ASBR工艺的改进探讨[J].中国环保产业,2005,11:34-35
[23]竺建荣,胡纪萃,顾夏声.颗粒污泥的产甲烷细菌及结构模型初探[J].微生物学通报,1993,33(4):304-309
[24]Grotenhuis J P C,Smit M.Bacteriological composition and structure of granular sludge adapted to different substates[J].Appl Environ Microbiol,1991,57(7):1942-1953
[25]Morgan J W,Evison L M,Forste C F.The internal architecture of anaerobic sludge granules[J].J them Tech Biotech,1991,50:211-223
[26]Macleod F A,Cuiot S R,Costerton J W.Layered structure of bacterial aggregates produced in an upflow anaerobic sludge bed and filter reactor[J].Appl Environ Microbio,1900,56:1598-1607
[27]Quarmby J,Forster C F.An examination of the structure of UASB granules[J].War Res,1995,29(11):2449-2460
[28]Thaveesri J.Granulation and sludge bed stability in upflow anaerobic sludge bed reactors in relation to surface thermodynamics[J].Appl Environ Microbiol,1995,61(10):3681-1697
[29]Harada H,Endo G,Tohya Y,et al.High rate performance and its related characteristics of granulate sludges in UASB reactors treating various wastewaters[C].Proceedings on the fifth international symposium of anaerobic digestion,Bologna,Italy,1988:1011-1020
[30]Mishima K,Nakamura M.Self-immobilization of aerobic activated sludge-apilot study of aerobic upflow sludge blanket process in municipal sewagetreatment[J].Water Science and Technology,1991,23(4-6):981-990
[31]IrvineR L.Controlled unsteady state processes and technologies anovervies[J].Wat Sci Tech,1997,35(1):1-10
[32]Morgenrot H E,Sherdent.Aerobic granular sludge in a sequencing batch reactor[J].Wat Res,1997,31(12):3191-3194
[33]Peng D C,Nicola S B,Jean P,et al.Aerobic granular sludge:A case report[J].War Res,1999,33(3):890-893
[34]Beun J J,Hendrik S A.Aerobic granulation in a sequencing batch reactor[J].Wat Res,1999,33(10):2283-2290
[35]卢然超,张晓健,张悦,等.SBR工艺运行条件对好氧污泥颗粒化和除磷效果的影响[J].环境科学,2001,22(2):578-581
[36]薛嘉,黄钧.废水处理一体化生物反应器的发展[J].应用与环境生物学报,2006,12(4): 595-599
[37]竺建荣,刘纯新,何建中,等.厌-好氧交替工艺的生物除磷特性研究[J].环境科学学报,1999,19(4):394-398
[38]杨麒,李小明,曾光明,等.SBR系统中同步硝化反硝化好氧颗粒污泥的培养[J].环境科学,2003,24:94-98
[39]王强,陈坚,堵国成,等.选择压法培育好氧颗粒污泥的试验[J].环境科学,2003,24:99-104
[40]张鉴达.好氧颗粒污泥的培养及其工艺研究[D].山东:山东大学,2006
[41]黄钧,李毅军,刘东渝,等.三种工业废水颗粒污泥的化学及微生物学相组成[J].应用与环境生物学报,1995,1(3):252-259
[42]Tay J H,Ivanov V,Pan S,et al.Specific layer in aerobically gorwn microbial granules[J].Lett Appl Microbio,2004,34:254-257
[43]Jang A,Yoon Y,Kim I,et al.Characterization and evaluation of aerobic granules in SBR[J].J biotech,2003,105:71-82
[44]郑晓英,陈卫.好氧颗粒污泥特性及其在工业废水处理中的应用[J].水资源保护,2005,21(3):35-38
[45]Tay J H,Tay S T L,Ivanov V,et al.Biomass and porosity profile in microbial granules used for aerobic wastewater treatment[J].Lett Appl Microbio,2003,10:361
[46]Liu Y,Tay J H.The essential role of hydrodynamic shearforce in the formation of biofilm and granular sludge[J].War Res,2002,36(24):1653-1665
[47]Pratt L A,Kolter R.Genetic analysis of E.coli biofilm formation:roles of flagella,motility,chemotaxis and type Ⅰ Pili[J].Mol Microbiol,1995,30:285-293
[48]Liu Y,Yang S F,Qin L,et al.A thermodynamic intepretation of cell hydrophobicity in aerobic granulation[J].Appl Mierobio Bioteehnol,2003,64(3):410-415
[49]崔成武,纪树兰,高景峰,等.好氧颗粒污泥的形成机理[J].水处理技术,2006,32(2):1
[50]王凯军.活性污泥膨胀的机理与控制[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1992
[51]王耀东.盐胁迫条件下好氧颗粒污泥形成过程及成长模式研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2008
[52]史晓慧,刘芳,刘虹等.进料有机负荷调控培养好氧颗粒污泥的试验研究[J].环境科学,2007,28(5):1026-1032
[53]Mcswain B S,Irvine R L and Wilderer P A.The effect of intermittent feeding on aerobic granule structure[J].Water Sci Technol,2004,49:19-25
[54]Liu Q S,Tay J H and Liu Y.Substrate concentration-independent aerobic granulation in sequential aerobic sludge blanket reactor[J].Environ Technol,2003,24:1235-1243
[55]王瑛,杨冠,董丽等.好氧颗粒污泥技术[J].四川环境,2008,27(6):78-80
[56]金仁村,郑平,胡宝兰.好氧污泥颗粒化机理及其影响因素[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2006,32(2):200-205
[57]竺建荣,刘纯新.好氧颗粒活性污泥的培养及理化特性研究[J].环境科学,1999,20(2):39-41
[58]王芳,杨风林,张兴文等.不同有机负荷下好氧颗粒污泥的特性[J].中国给水排水,2004,20(11):46-48
[59]崔成武,纪树兰,任海燕等.好氧颗粒污泥形成的影响因素及应用[J].中国给水排水,2005,21(10):31-34
[60]Moy BY P,Tay J H,Toh S K.High organic loading influences the physical characteristics of aerobic sludge granules[J].Lett Appl Microbiol,2002,34:407-412
[61]刘正.高含盐废水生物处理技术探讨[J].给水排水,2001,27(11):54-56
[62]Tay S T,Moy B Y,Jiang H L,et al.Rapid cultivation of stable aerobic phenol- degrading granules using acetate-fed granules as microbial seed[J].Journal of Bioteenology,2005,115(4):387-395
[63]杨麟,李小明,曾光明等.SBR系统中同步硝化反硝化好氧颗粒污泥的培养[J].环境科学,2003,24(4):94-98
[64]蔡建波,李小明,曾光明等.好氧颗粒污泥的性质及在污水处理中的应用[J].净水技术,2005,24(6):34-37
[65]李延军.好氧颗粒污泥胞外聚合物的产生与分布[D].无锡:江南大学,2006
[66]Horan N J,Eccles C R.Purification and characterization of extracellular polysae -charide from activated sludge[J].Water Research,1986,20:1427-1432
[67]Durmaz B,Sanin F D.Effect of carbon to nitrogen ratio on the composition of microbial extraeellular polymers in activated sludge[J].Water Science and Technology,2001,44(10):221-229
[68]Mahmoud N,Zeeman G,Gijzen H,et al.Solids removal in upflow anaerobic reactors,a review[J].Bioresouree and Technology,2003,90:1-9
[69]Shen F C.The effect of selected heavy metals on anaerobic granules and their extracellular polymeric substance[J].Wat Res,1993,27(3):25-33
[70]Zhang T,Fang H H P.Quantification of extracellular polymeric substances in biofilms by confocal laser scanning microscopy[J].Biotechnol Lett,2001,23(1):405-409
[71]Fukuzaki S,Nishiol N,Nagai S.High rote performance and characterisation of granular methanogenic sludges in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors fed with various defined substrates[J].Fermentation and Bioengineering,1995,79:354-359
[72]Fang H H P,Liu H,Zhang T.Characterization of a hydrogen producing granular sludge[J].Biotechnology and Bioengineering,2002,78:44-52
[73]Nielsen P H,Jahn A,Palmgren R.Conceptual model for production and composition of exopolymers in biofilms[J].Wat Sci Tech,1997,36(2):11-9
[74]Pavoni J L,Tenney M W,Echelberger J W F.Bacterial extracellular polymers and biological flocculation[J].Journal of Water Pollution Control,1972,44:414-431
[75]Ghigo J M.Are there biofilm specific physiological pathways beyond a reasonable doubt[J].Research of Microbiology,2003,154:1-8
[76]Rouxhet P G,Mozes N.Physical chemistry of the interaction between attached microorga -nisms and their support[J].Water Science and Technology,1990,22:1-16
[77]Schmidt J E,Ahring B K.Extracellular polymers in granular sludge from different upflow anaerobic sludge blanket(UASB)reactors[J].Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,1994,42:457-462
[78]Tay J H,Liu Q S,Liu Y.Microscopic observation of aerobic granulation in sequential aerobic sludge blanket reactor[J].Journal of Applied Microbiology,2001,91:168-175
[79]Jiang H L,Tay J H,Tay S T L.Aggregation of immobilized activated sludge into aerobically grown microbial granule for the aerobic biodegradation of phenol[J].Letter of Applied Microbiology,2002,35:439-445
[80]Ross W.The phenomenon of sludge pelletization in the anaerobic treatment of a maize processing plant[J].Water SA,1984,10(4):197-204
[81]Frolund B,Palmgren R,Keiding K,et al.Extraction of extracellular polymers from activated sludge using a cation exchange resin[J].Water Research,1996,30:1749-1758
[82]Stoscheck C M.Quantitation of Protein[J].Methods Enzymol,1999,182:50-68
[83]Martinez F O,Lema J,Mendez R,et al.Role of exopolymeric protein on the settleability of nitrifying sludges[J].Bioresource and Technology,2004,94:43-48
[84]Jorand F,Boue-blgne F,BlockL J C,et al.Hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties of activated sludge exopolymeric substances[J].Water Science and Technology,1998,37:307-315
[85]张蓉蓉,任洪强,魏翔.好氧颗粒污泥处理高浓度氨氮废水的研究[J].环境污染与防治,2006,28(10):788-791
[86]Zheng Y M,Yu H Q.Determination of the pore size distribution and porosity of aerobic granules using size -exclusion chromatography[J].Water Reserch,2007,41:39-46
[87].Tay J H,Pan S,He Y X,et al.Effect of organic loading rate on aerobic granulation.Ⅱ:Characteristics of aerobic granules[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering,2004,130:1102-1109
[88]Ivanov V,Tay S T L,Liu Q Y,et al.Formation and structure of granulated microbial aggregates used in aerobic wastewater treatment[J].Water Science and Technology,2005,52:13-19
[89]Gao B Y,Zhu X B,Xu C H,et al.Influence of extracellular polymeric substances on microbial activity and cell hydrophobicity in biofilms[J].Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnol -ogy,2008,83:227-232
[90]谢珊.SBR系统中好氧颗粒污泥同步硝化反硝化特性研究[D].湖南:湖南大学,2004,28-32
[2]高廷耀.水污染控制工程[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1989
[3]金鹏康.水环境工程学tM].西安:西安建筑科技大学出版社,2004
[4]刘雨.生物膜法污水处理技术[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2000
[5]杨健,章非娟,余志荣.有机工业废水处理理论与技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004.60-75
[6]Beeftink H H.Anaerobic Bacterial Aggregates[M].Netherlands:University of Amsterdam,1987
[7]Liu Y Q,Tay J H.State of the art of biogranulation technology for wastewater treatment[J].Biotechnol,2004,22:533-633
[8]Li Z H,Wang X C.Thermogravimetrie characteristics of aerobic granules developed at different salinities[J].Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology,2008,83:359-364
[9]周律,钱易.好氧颗粒污泥的形成和技术条件[J].给水排水,1995,04:12-14
[10]王芳.SBAR中好氧颗粒污泥的培养及其特性研究[D].大连:大连理工大学,2004
[11]仲海涛,胡勇有,张宪宁等.颗粒污泥技术在污水处理中的应用研究进展[J].江苏环境科技,2006,19(4):35-38
[12]Young J C,McCarty P L.The anaerobic filter for waste treatment[J].Journal of Water Pollution Control Federation,1969,41(suppl):160-173
[13]刘志杰,陆正禹,李静等.处理啤酒废水的生产性UASB反应器常温下培养颗粒污泥的过程及工艺条件[J].中国沼气,1994,12:3-7
[14]贺延龄.废水的厌氧生物处理[M].北京:中国轻工业出版社,1998
[15]Kosaric N.The characteristics of granules form up flow anaerobic sludge blanket rectors[J].Wat Res,1990,24(12):1473-1482
[16]赵一章,张辉,唐一.高活性厌氧颗粒污泥微生物特性和形成机理的研究[J].微生物学报,1994,34:50-54
[17]高廷东等.UASB-CASS工艺处理脱墨漂白浆废水研究[J].给水排水,2004,30(8):58-60
[18]Kennedy E J,Lentz E M.Treatment of landfill leachate using sequencing batch and continuous flow up flow anaerobic sludge blanket(UASB) reactors[J].Water Research,2000,34(14):P3640-3656
[19]董春娟,吕炳南.EGSB反应器内颗粒污泥的快速培养及特性研究[J].中国给水排水,2006,22(15):62-66
[20]陈敏,吴静,陆正禹等.内循环厌氧膨胀床反应器颗粒污泥特性[J].环境科学,2004, 25(6):127-131
[21]张彦波,樊江利.UBF反应器在抗生素废水处理工程中的应用[J].工业用水与废水,2004,35(3):60-62
[22]凡广生,李多松.ASBR工艺的改进探讨[J].中国环保产业,2005,11:34-35
[23]竺建荣,胡纪萃,顾夏声.颗粒污泥的产甲烷细菌及结构模型初探[J].微生物学通报,1993,33(4):304-309
[24]Grotenhuis J P C,Smit M.Bacteriological composition and structure of granular sludge adapted to different substates[J].Appl Environ Microbiol,1991,57(7):1942-1953
[25]Morgan J W,Evison L M,Forste C F.The internal architecture of anaerobic sludge granules[J].J them Tech Biotech,1991,50:211-223
[26]Macleod F A,Cuiot S R,Costerton J W.Layered structure of bacterial aggregates produced in an upflow anaerobic sludge bed and filter reactor[J].Appl Environ Microbio,1900,56:1598-1607
[27]Quarmby J,Forster C F.An examination of the structure of UASB granules[J].War Res,1995,29(11):2449-2460
[28]Thaveesri J.Granulation and sludge bed stability in upflow anaerobic sludge bed reactors in relation to surface thermodynamics[J].Appl Environ Microbiol,1995,61(10):3681-1697
[29]Harada H,Endo G,Tohya Y,et al.High rate performance and its related characteristics of granulate sludges in UASB reactors treating various wastewaters[C].Proceedings on the fifth international symposium of anaerobic digestion,Bologna,Italy,1988:1011-1020
[30]Mishima K,Nakamura M.Self-immobilization of aerobic activated sludge-apilot study of aerobic upflow sludge blanket process in municipal sewagetreatment[J].Water Science and Technology,1991,23(4-6):981-990
[31]IrvineR L.Controlled unsteady state processes and technologies anovervies[J].Wat Sci Tech,1997,35(1):1-10
[32]Morgenrot H E,Sherdent.Aerobic granular sludge in a sequencing batch reactor[J].Wat Res,1997,31(12):3191-3194
[33]Peng D C,Nicola S B,Jean P,et al.Aerobic granular sludge:A case report[J].War Res,1999,33(3):890-893
[34]Beun J J,Hendrik S A.Aerobic granulation in a sequencing batch reactor[J].Wat Res,1999,33(10):2283-2290
[35]卢然超,张晓健,张悦,等.SBR工艺运行条件对好氧污泥颗粒化和除磷效果的影响[J].环境科学,2001,22(2):578-581
[36]薛嘉,黄钧.废水处理一体化生物反应器的发展[J].应用与环境生物学报,2006,12(4): 595-599
[37]竺建荣,刘纯新,何建中,等.厌-好氧交替工艺的生物除磷特性研究[J].环境科学学报,1999,19(4):394-398
[38]杨麒,李小明,曾光明,等.SBR系统中同步硝化反硝化好氧颗粒污泥的培养[J].环境科学,2003,24:94-98
[39]王强,陈坚,堵国成,等.选择压法培育好氧颗粒污泥的试验[J].环境科学,2003,24:99-104
[40]张鉴达.好氧颗粒污泥的培养及其工艺研究[D].山东:山东大学,2006
[41]黄钧,李毅军,刘东渝,等.三种工业废水颗粒污泥的化学及微生物学相组成[J].应用与环境生物学报,1995,1(3):252-259
[42]Tay J H,Ivanov V,Pan S,et al.Specific layer in aerobically gorwn microbial granules[J].Lett Appl Microbio,2004,34:254-257
[43]Jang A,Yoon Y,Kim I,et al.Characterization and evaluation of aerobic granules in SBR[J].J biotech,2003,105:71-82
[44]郑晓英,陈卫.好氧颗粒污泥特性及其在工业废水处理中的应用[J].水资源保护,2005,21(3):35-38
[45]Tay J H,Tay S T L,Ivanov V,et al.Biomass and porosity profile in microbial granules used for aerobic wastewater treatment[J].Lett Appl Microbio,2003,10:361
[46]Liu Y,Tay J H.The essential role of hydrodynamic shearforce in the formation of biofilm and granular sludge[J].War Res,2002,36(24):1653-1665
[47]Pratt L A,Kolter R.Genetic analysis of E.coli biofilm formation:roles of flagella,motility,chemotaxis and type Ⅰ Pili[J].Mol Microbiol,1995,30:285-293
[48]Liu Y,Yang S F,Qin L,et al.A thermodynamic intepretation of cell hydrophobicity in aerobic granulation[J].Appl Mierobio Bioteehnol,2003,64(3):410-415
[49]崔成武,纪树兰,高景峰,等.好氧颗粒污泥的形成机理[J].水处理技术,2006,32(2):1
[50]王凯军.活性污泥膨胀的机理与控制[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1992
[51]王耀东.盐胁迫条件下好氧颗粒污泥形成过程及成长模式研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2008
[52]史晓慧,刘芳,刘虹等.进料有机负荷调控培养好氧颗粒污泥的试验研究[J].环境科学,2007,28(5):1026-1032
[53]Mcswain B S,Irvine R L and Wilderer P A.The effect of intermittent feeding on aerobic granule structure[J].Water Sci Technol,2004,49:19-25
[54]Liu Q S,Tay J H and Liu Y.Substrate concentration-independent aerobic granulation in sequential aerobic sludge blanket reactor[J].Environ Technol,2003,24:1235-1243
[55]王瑛,杨冠,董丽等.好氧颗粒污泥技术[J].四川环境,2008,27(6):78-80
[56]金仁村,郑平,胡宝兰.好氧污泥颗粒化机理及其影响因素[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2006,32(2):200-205
[57]竺建荣,刘纯新.好氧颗粒活性污泥的培养及理化特性研究[J].环境科学,1999,20(2):39-41
[58]王芳,杨风林,张兴文等.不同有机负荷下好氧颗粒污泥的特性[J].中国给水排水,2004,20(11):46-48
[59]崔成武,纪树兰,任海燕等.好氧颗粒污泥形成的影响因素及应用[J].中国给水排水,2005,21(10):31-34
[60]Moy BY P,Tay J H,Toh S K.High organic loading influences the physical characteristics of aerobic sludge granules[J].Lett Appl Microbiol,2002,34:407-412
[61]刘正.高含盐废水生物处理技术探讨[J].给水排水,2001,27(11):54-56
[62]Tay S T,Moy B Y,Jiang H L,et al.Rapid cultivation of stable aerobic phenol- degrading granules using acetate-fed granules as microbial seed[J].Journal of Bioteenology,2005,115(4):387-395
[63]杨麟,李小明,曾光明等.SBR系统中同步硝化反硝化好氧颗粒污泥的培养[J].环境科学,2003,24(4):94-98
[64]蔡建波,李小明,曾光明等.好氧颗粒污泥的性质及在污水处理中的应用[J].净水技术,2005,24(6):34-37
[65]李延军.好氧颗粒污泥胞外聚合物的产生与分布[D].无锡:江南大学,2006
[66]Horan N J,Eccles C R.Purification and characterization of extracellular polysae -charide from activated sludge[J].Water Research,1986,20:1427-1432
[67]Durmaz B,Sanin F D.Effect of carbon to nitrogen ratio on the composition of microbial extraeellular polymers in activated sludge[J].Water Science and Technology,2001,44(10):221-229
[68]Mahmoud N,Zeeman G,Gijzen H,et al.Solids removal in upflow anaerobic reactors,a review[J].Bioresouree and Technology,2003,90:1-9
[69]Shen F C.The effect of selected heavy metals on anaerobic granules and their extracellular polymeric substance[J].Wat Res,1993,27(3):25-33
[70]Zhang T,Fang H H P.Quantification of extracellular polymeric substances in biofilms by confocal laser scanning microscopy[J].Biotechnol Lett,2001,23(1):405-409
[71]Fukuzaki S,Nishiol N,Nagai S.High rote performance and characterisation of granular methanogenic sludges in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors fed with various defined substrates[J].Fermentation and Bioengineering,1995,79:354-359
[72]Fang H H P,Liu H,Zhang T.Characterization of a hydrogen producing granular sludge[J].Biotechnology and Bioengineering,2002,78:44-52
[73]Nielsen P H,Jahn A,Palmgren R.Conceptual model for production and composition of exopolymers in biofilms[J].Wat Sci Tech,1997,36(2):11-9
[74]Pavoni J L,Tenney M W,Echelberger J W F.Bacterial extracellular polymers and biological flocculation[J].Journal of Water Pollution Control,1972,44:414-431
[75]Ghigo J M.Are there biofilm specific physiological pathways beyond a reasonable doubt[J].Research of Microbiology,2003,154:1-8
[76]Rouxhet P G,Mozes N.Physical chemistry of the interaction between attached microorga -nisms and their support[J].Water Science and Technology,1990,22:1-16
[77]Schmidt J E,Ahring B K.Extracellular polymers in granular sludge from different upflow anaerobic sludge blanket(UASB)reactors[J].Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,1994,42:457-462
[78]Tay J H,Liu Q S,Liu Y.Microscopic observation of aerobic granulation in sequential aerobic sludge blanket reactor[J].Journal of Applied Microbiology,2001,91:168-175
[79]Jiang H L,Tay J H,Tay S T L.Aggregation of immobilized activated sludge into aerobically grown microbial granule for the aerobic biodegradation of phenol[J].Letter of Applied Microbiology,2002,35:439-445
[80]Ross W.The phenomenon of sludge pelletization in the anaerobic treatment of a maize processing plant[J].Water SA,1984,10(4):197-204
[81]Frolund B,Palmgren R,Keiding K,et al.Extraction of extracellular polymers from activated sludge using a cation exchange resin[J].Water Research,1996,30:1749-1758
[82]Stoscheck C M.Quantitation of Protein[J].Methods Enzymol,1999,182:50-68
[83]Martinez F O,Lema J,Mendez R,et al.Role of exopolymeric protein on the settleability of nitrifying sludges[J].Bioresource and Technology,2004,94:43-48
[84]Jorand F,Boue-blgne F,BlockL J C,et al.Hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties of activated sludge exopolymeric substances[J].Water Science and Technology,1998,37:307-315
[85]张蓉蓉,任洪强,魏翔.好氧颗粒污泥处理高浓度氨氮废水的研究[J].环境污染与防治,2006,28(10):788-791
[86]Zheng Y M,Yu H Q.Determination of the pore size distribution and porosity of aerobic granules using size -exclusion chromatography[J].Water Reserch,2007,41:39-46
[87].Tay J H,Pan S,He Y X,et al.Effect of organic loading rate on aerobic granulation.Ⅱ:Characteristics of aerobic granules[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering,2004,130:1102-1109
[88]Ivanov V,Tay S T L,Liu Q Y,et al.Formation and structure of granulated microbial aggregates used in aerobic wastewater treatment[J].Water Science and Technology,2005,52:13-19
[89]Gao B Y,Zhu X B,Xu C H,et al.Influence of extracellular polymeric substances on microbial activity and cell hydrophobicity in biofilms[J].Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnol -ogy,2008,83:227-232
[90]谢珊.SBR系统中好氧颗粒污泥同步硝化反硝化特性研究[D].湖南:湖南大学,2004,28-32