腹腔镜腹壁结构分离和神经肌肉阻滞对腹腔内高压影响的动物实验研究
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摘要
第一部分腹腔镜腹壁结构分离对腹腔内高压影响的动物实验研究
背景
在自主呼吸人群,腹腔内压(intra-abdominal pressure,IAP)的正常值为OmmHg或轻度负压。IAP升高导致两种病理情况:腹腔内高压(intra-abdominalhypertension,IAH)和腹腔间室综合征(abdominal compartment syndrome,ACS)。IAH通常定义为IAP≥12mmHg或APP≤60mmHg(APP=MAP-IAP)。ACS是指病理状态导致IAP急性升高增高(IAP≥20mmHg和/或APP＜60mmHg),影响至少一个器官功能或导致严重的伤口并发症。典型的ACS表现为气道压升高、少尿和心排出量减少。除了腹部创伤、腹部大手术,很多临床状况可导致ACS,包括腹主动脉破裂、腹水、腹腔内出血、卵巢肿瘤、和出血坏死性胰腺炎、液体复苏等。很多病人需要开放腹腔减压;腹腔高压的释放可改善通气、增加内脏血流或心排出量,并改善肾功能。而继发性ACS和部分重症胰腺炎的病人,并不需要处理腹腔内容,若开放腹腔减压,并不得已用合成材料临时关闭腹腔,可增加肠外瘘、腹腔内脓肿和巨大切口疝形成的风险。1990年,Ramirez等几位整形外科医师首次描述了“结构分离(components separation)”,这是一种降低腹壁张力、利于关闭腹壁缺陷的技术——通过连续切开腹壁筋膜,腹壁得以松弛而一期关闭。腹腔镜技术的普及使皮下腹壁结构分离、增加腹膜腔容积、降低IAP而不需暴露内脏成为可能。
目的
1.建立猪的IAH模型。
2.观察IAH对猪的血液动力学影响。
3.探索腹腔镜腹壁结构分离的操作程式。
4.观察腹腔镜腹壁结构分离技术降低IAP的效果。
5.观察腹腔镜腹壁结构分离技术改善血液动力学的效果。
6.测量腹壁结构分离后新建平面的大小。
方法
1.6头巴马香猪于气管插管全麻下手术,通过腹腔灌注CO_2建立腹腔高压(IAH)模型,测定腰围(WL),观测平均动脉压(MAP)和心率(HR)、中心静脉压(CVP)的变化。
2.于腹肌平面上方建立皮下隧道,持续灌注CO_2维持5 mm Hg压力,在腹腔镜的监测下以超声刀切开腹外斜肌腱膜的止点,记录单侧减压和双侧减压后的IAP、WL、MAP、HR和CVP的变化。
3.手术结束,实施安乐死,尸体解剖,测量腹壁结构分离后新建平面的大小。
结果
1.建立IAH(25mmHg)后,WL为65.3±2.5cm,MAP为87.9±13.8mmHg,HR为115.3±8.6 bpm,CVP为10.8±2.2cmH_2O。
2.8头猪均耐受腹腔镜腹壁结构分离手术过程,平均手术时间42分钟(35～60分钟,依熟练程度不同),无中转开腹。皮下充气未造成明显皮下气肿。术中无明显出血。IAH建立后和手术中无动物死亡。
3.实施腹腔镜腹壁结构分离后,IAP降至16.0±1.5mmHg(P＜0.001),WL升至83.1±1.9cm(P＜0.001),MAP升至99.5±12.0mmHg(P=0.003),HR降至97.3±7.3bpm(P=0.001),CVP降至7.3±1.8 cmH_2O(P＜0.001)。
结论
1.IAP可造成巴马香猪的血液动力学改变。
2.腹腔镜腹壁结构分离可显著降低其IAH,从而改善血液动力学。
3.腹腔镜腹壁结构分离适用于不需处理腹腔内容的继发性ACS等情况。
第二部分神经肌肉阻滞对腹腔内高压影响的动物实验研究
背景
当腹腔间室综合征(ACS)药物难治时,外科减压成为标准疗法;换言之,对某些ACS或腹腔内高压(IAH)的病人,保守治疗或许有一定的疗效。神经肌肉阻滞药物(NMBA)有时用于气管插管和机械通气的危重病人,似乎可以具有缓解ACS/IAH的效果,从而使部分病人避免了外科减压。
目的
研究NMBAs在巴马香猪IAH模型中对腹腔内压力(IAP)的效果。
方法
20头巴马香猪被随机分为两组(各10头)。A组IAP=20mmHg,B组LAP=12 mmHg。20头猪均肌肉注射氯胺酮(25 mg/kg)诱导。A组通过腹腔灌注二氧化碳使IAP达到20 mmHg,B组使IAP达到12 mmHg。然后,静脉注射潘库溴铵(0.1mg/kg)。气管插管接呼吸机控制模式机械通气。5分钟后,测量IAP。
结果
潘库溴铵静脉注射后,IAP显著降低。A组从20 mmHg降至14.7±1.6 mmHg,平均降低5.3 mmHg(P＜0.001);B组从12 mmHg降至11.0±0.80 mmHg,平均降低1 mmHg(P=0.004)。
结论
在猪的IAH模型中,NMBAs可以降低IAP;并且在较高的IAP中效果更显著。NMBAs有利于ACS/IAH的治疗。
PartⅠThe effect of laparoscopic abdominal wall components separation on intra-abdominal hypertension in a porcine model
Background
Intra-abdominal pressure(IAP)≥12 mmHg or Abdominal perfusion pressure (APP)≤60 mmHg(APP=MAP-IAP) means intra-abdominal hypertension(IAH) according to the criterion of World Society of Abdominal Compartment Syndrome (WSACS),and sustained IAH have significant pathophysiological consequences.
Surgical decompression to reduce IAP should be performed when IAP greater than 20mmHg or APP less 60 mmHg which namely abdominal compartment syndrome(ACS).Open abdominal wall components separation,as a mature procedure,is used to develop a percutaneous approach that increased abdominal capacity and decreased abdominal pressure.Surgeons draw their inspiration from this procedure and try to a minimally invasive approach to reduce IAP of IAH or ACS for patients who are not required to open to manage intra-abdominal conditions. Therefore,we studied a laparoscopic abdominal wall components separation technique on an animal model of IAH.
Objective
This study was designed to establish a porcine model of intra-abdominal hypertension,to observe the changes of hemodynamics,to investigate the effect of improvement on IAP and hemodynamic parameters.
Methods
Eight anesthetized pigs were instrumented for measurement of central venous pressure,arterial pressure and intra-abdominal pressure(IAP).IAH to 25 mmHg was created by infusing carbon dioxide.Bilateral subcutaneous tunnels above the plane of the abdominal musculature were developed.The tunnel was maintained with 5 mm Hg pneumoabdominis.Dissection of the external oblique insertion and development of the plane between external and internal oblique muscles was performed using ultrasound scalpel monitored by laparoscope.Change in IAP and other physiological parameters were recorded.Finally,the new planes were measured in a post mortem dissection
Results
Following IAH,WL,MAP,HR and CVP changed significantly.After laparoscopic abdominal wall components separation,there was a significant decrease in IAP from 25 mmHg to 16.0±1.5mmHg(P＜0.001).Also,laparoscopie abdominal wall components separation increased WL by 5.6±2.0 cm(from 65.3±2.5cm to 83.1±1.9cm;P＜0.001).Due to abdominal depression,the MAP was significantly increased from to 87.9±13.8mmHg to 99.5±12.0mmHg(P=0.003).Moreover,there were several decreases in HR from 115.3±8.6 beat per minute(bpm) to 97.3±7.3 bpm (P=0.001),CVP from 10.8±2.2cmH_2O to7.3±1.8 cmH_2O(P＜0.001).In a post mortem dissection,the length of the tissue release was 19.0±2.9cm,while the width was3.9±0.9cm.
Conclusions
Our results have shown that IAH caused an adverse effect on hemodynamic parameters.Laparoscopic abdominal wall components separation,a minimally invasive procedure has demonstrated effectiveness on reducing IAP and improving hemodynamics in a porcine model of IAH.This technique is a feasible procedure for several conditions with IAH,such as secondly ACS,which do not require managing intra-abdominal contents.
PartⅡ
The effect of neuromuscular blockade on intra-abdominal hypertension in a porcine model
Background
Surgical abdominal decompression has long been the standard treatment for patients with abdominal compartment syndrome(ACS) when they were refractory to medical treatment options;to say in other words,certain patients with ACS or intra-abdominal hypertension(IAH) may reduce IAP by conservative therapy. Neuromuscular blockade agents(NMBAs),often used in the intensive care unit(ICU) to facilitate endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation in critically ill patient, appear to be effective in resolving ACS/IAH and avoiding or postponing the need for surgical decompression.
Objective
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of NMBA on IAH in porcine model.
Methods
In this study,20 pigs were randomized into 2 groups:group A(IAP=20mmHg) and group B(IAP=12 mmHg).All 20 pigs were induced with intramuscular ketamine (25 mg/kg).IAH to 20 mmHg was created by infusing carbon dioxide in Group A, while IAH to 12 mmHg in Group B.Then,pancuronium bromide(0.1 mg/kg) was administered bolus.Pigs were mechanically ventilated in controlled mode.5 minutes after the injection of pancuronium,the IAP was measured.
Results
After pancuronium bromide(0.1 mg/kg) was administered intravenously,there was a significant decrease in IAP from 20 mmHg to14.7±1.6 mmHg(mean reduction of 5.3 mmHg) in Group A(P＜0.001),12 mmHg to 11.0±0.80 mmHg(mean reduction of 1 mmHg) in Group B(P=0.004).
Conclusions
This study demonstrated that NMBA utilization reduced IAP in pigs with IAH. Specifically,pigs with higher IAP seem to be better in effect.As a conservative therapy,NMBAs may be useful in patients with IAH.
背景
在自主呼吸人群,腹腔内压(intra-abdominal pressure,IAP)的正常值为OmmHg或轻度负压。IAP升高导致两种病理情况:腹腔内高压(intra-abdominalhypertension,IAH)和腹腔间室综合征(abdominal compartment syndrome,ACS)。IAH通常定义为IAP≥12mmHg或APP≤60mmHg(APP=MAP-IAP)。ACS是指病理状态导致IAP急性升高增高(IAP≥20mmHg和/或APP＜60mmHg),影响至少一个器官功能或导致严重的伤口并发症。典型的ACS表现为气道压升高、少尿和心排出量减少。除了腹部创伤、腹部大手术,很多临床状况可导致ACS,包括腹主动脉破裂、腹水、腹腔内出血、卵巢肿瘤、和出血坏死性胰腺炎、液体复苏等。很多病人需要开放腹腔减压;腹腔高压的释放可改善通气、增加内脏血流或心排出量,并改善肾功能。而继发性ACS和部分重症胰腺炎的病人,并不需要处理腹腔内容,若开放腹腔减压,并不得已用合成材料临时关闭腹腔,可增加肠外瘘、腹腔内脓肿和巨大切口疝形成的风险。1990年,Ramirez等几位整形外科医师首次描述了“结构分离(components separation)”,这是一种降低腹壁张力、利于关闭腹壁缺陷的技术——通过连续切开腹壁筋膜,腹壁得以松弛而一期关闭。腹腔镜技术的普及使皮下腹壁结构分离、增加腹膜腔容积、降低IAP而不需暴露内脏成为可能。
目的
1.建立猪的IAH模型。
2.观察IAH对猪的血液动力学影响。
3.探索腹腔镜腹壁结构分离的操作程式。
4.观察腹腔镜腹壁结构分离技术降低IAP的效果。
5.观察腹腔镜腹壁结构分离技术改善血液动力学的效果。
6.测量腹壁结构分离后新建平面的大小。
方法
1.6头巴马香猪于气管插管全麻下手术,通过腹腔灌注CO_2建立腹腔高压(IAH)模型,测定腰围(WL),观测平均动脉压(MAP)和心率(HR)、中心静脉压(CVP)的变化。
2.于腹肌平面上方建立皮下隧道,持续灌注CO_2维持5 mm Hg压力,在腹腔镜的监测下以超声刀切开腹外斜肌腱膜的止点,记录单侧减压和双侧减压后的IAP、WL、MAP、HR和CVP的变化。
3.手术结束,实施安乐死,尸体解剖,测量腹壁结构分离后新建平面的大小。
结果
1.建立IAH(25mmHg)后,WL为65.3±2.5cm,MAP为87.9±13.8mmHg,HR为115.3±8.6 bpm,CVP为10.8±2.2cmH_2O。
2.8头猪均耐受腹腔镜腹壁结构分离手术过程,平均手术时间42分钟(35～60分钟,依熟练程度不同),无中转开腹。皮下充气未造成明显皮下气肿。术中无明显出血。IAH建立后和手术中无动物死亡。
3.实施腹腔镜腹壁结构分离后,IAP降至16.0±1.5mmHg(P＜0.001),WL升至83.1±1.9cm(P＜0.001),MAP升至99.5±12.0mmHg(P=0.003),HR降至97.3±7.3bpm(P=0.001),CVP降至7.3±1.8 cmH_2O(P＜0.001)。
结论
1.IAP可造成巴马香猪的血液动力学改变。
2.腹腔镜腹壁结构分离可显著降低其IAH,从而改善血液动力学。
3.腹腔镜腹壁结构分离适用于不需处理腹腔内容的继发性ACS等情况。
第二部分神经肌肉阻滞对腹腔内高压影响的动物实验研究
背景
当腹腔间室综合征(ACS)药物难治时,外科减压成为标准疗法;换言之,对某些ACS或腹腔内高压(IAH)的病人,保守治疗或许有一定的疗效。神经肌肉阻滞药物(NMBA)有时用于气管插管和机械通气的危重病人,似乎可以具有缓解ACS/IAH的效果,从而使部分病人避免了外科减压。
目的
研究NMBAs在巴马香猪IAH模型中对腹腔内压力(IAP)的效果。
方法
20头巴马香猪被随机分为两组(各10头)。A组IAP=20mmHg,B组LAP=12 mmHg。20头猪均肌肉注射氯胺酮(25 mg/kg)诱导。A组通过腹腔灌注二氧化碳使IAP达到20 mmHg,B组使IAP达到12 mmHg。然后,静脉注射潘库溴铵(0.1mg/kg)。气管插管接呼吸机控制模式机械通气。5分钟后,测量IAP。
结果
潘库溴铵静脉注射后,IAP显著降低。A组从20 mmHg降至14.7±1.6 mmHg,平均降低5.3 mmHg(P＜0.001);B组从12 mmHg降至11.0±0.80 mmHg,平均降低1 mmHg(P=0.004)。
结论
在猪的IAH模型中,NMBAs可以降低IAP;并且在较高的IAP中效果更显著。NMBAs有利于ACS/IAH的治疗。
PartⅠThe effect of laparoscopic abdominal wall components separation on intra-abdominal hypertension in a porcine model
Background
Intra-abdominal pressure(IAP)≥12 mmHg or Abdominal perfusion pressure (APP)≤60 mmHg(APP=MAP-IAP) means intra-abdominal hypertension(IAH) according to the criterion of World Society of Abdominal Compartment Syndrome (WSACS),and sustained IAH have significant pathophysiological consequences.
Surgical decompression to reduce IAP should be performed when IAP greater than 20mmHg or APP less 60 mmHg which namely abdominal compartment syndrome(ACS).Open abdominal wall components separation,as a mature procedure,is used to develop a percutaneous approach that increased abdominal capacity and decreased abdominal pressure.Surgeons draw their inspiration from this procedure and try to a minimally invasive approach to reduce IAP of IAH or ACS for patients who are not required to open to manage intra-abdominal conditions. Therefore,we studied a laparoscopic abdominal wall components separation technique on an animal model of IAH.
Objective
This study was designed to establish a porcine model of intra-abdominal hypertension,to observe the changes of hemodynamics,to investigate the effect of improvement on IAP and hemodynamic parameters.
Methods
Eight anesthetized pigs were instrumented for measurement of central venous pressure,arterial pressure and intra-abdominal pressure(IAP).IAH to 25 mmHg was created by infusing carbon dioxide.Bilateral subcutaneous tunnels above the plane of the abdominal musculature were developed.The tunnel was maintained with 5 mm Hg pneumoabdominis.Dissection of the external oblique insertion and development of the plane between external and internal oblique muscles was performed using ultrasound scalpel monitored by laparoscope.Change in IAP and other physiological parameters were recorded.Finally,the new planes were measured in a post mortem dissection
Results
Following IAH,WL,MAP,HR and CVP changed significantly.After laparoscopic abdominal wall components separation,there was a significant decrease in IAP from 25 mmHg to 16.0±1.5mmHg(P＜0.001).Also,laparoscopie abdominal wall components separation increased WL by 5.6±2.0 cm(from 65.3±2.5cm to 83.1±1.9cm;P＜0.001).Due to abdominal depression,the MAP was significantly increased from to 87.9±13.8mmHg to 99.5±12.0mmHg(P=0.003).Moreover,there were several decreases in HR from 115.3±8.6 beat per minute(bpm) to 97.3±7.3 bpm (P=0.001),CVP from 10.8±2.2cmH_2O to7.3±1.8 cmH_2O(P＜0.001).In a post mortem dissection,the length of the tissue release was 19.0±2.9cm,while the width was3.9±0.9cm.
Conclusions
Our results have shown that IAH caused an adverse effect on hemodynamic parameters.Laparoscopic abdominal wall components separation,a minimally invasive procedure has demonstrated effectiveness on reducing IAP and improving hemodynamics in a porcine model of IAH.This technique is a feasible procedure for several conditions with IAH,such as secondly ACS,which do not require managing intra-abdominal contents.
PartⅡ
The effect of neuromuscular blockade on intra-abdominal hypertension in a porcine model
Background
Surgical abdominal decompression has long been the standard treatment for patients with abdominal compartment syndrome(ACS) when they were refractory to medical treatment options;to say in other words,certain patients with ACS or intra-abdominal hypertension(IAH) may reduce IAP by conservative therapy. Neuromuscular blockade agents(NMBAs),often used in the intensive care unit(ICU) to facilitate endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation in critically ill patient, appear to be effective in resolving ACS/IAH and avoiding or postponing the need for surgical decompression.
Objective
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of NMBA on IAH in porcine model.
Methods
In this study,20 pigs were randomized into 2 groups:group A(IAP=20mmHg) and group B(IAP=12 mmHg).All 20 pigs were induced with intramuscular ketamine (25 mg/kg).IAH to 20 mmHg was created by infusing carbon dioxide in Group A, while IAH to 12 mmHg in Group B.Then,pancuronium bromide(0.1 mg/kg) was administered bolus.Pigs were mechanically ventilated in controlled mode.5 minutes after the injection of pancuronium,the IAP was measured.
Results
After pancuronium bromide(0.1 mg/kg) was administered intravenously,there was a significant decrease in IAP from 20 mmHg to14.7±1.6 mmHg(mean reduction of 5.3 mmHg) in Group A(P＜0.001),12 mmHg to 11.0±0.80 mmHg(mean reduction of 1 mmHg) in Group B(P=0.004).
Conclusions
This study demonstrated that NMBA utilization reduced IAP in pigs with IAH. Specifically,pigs with higher IAP seem to be better in effect.As a conservative therapy,NMBAs may be useful in patients with IAH.
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