不同食料对甜菜夜蛾发育繁殖和能源物质的影响研究
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摘要
甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua隶属鳞翅目、夜蛾科，是世界性的重要农业害虫之一。它具有分布范围广、寄主多、迁飞扩散能力强、喜温且耐高温等特性。该虫已知寄主达170种，涉及35科108属，主要危害蔬菜、棉花、烟草、玉米、花生、甜菜、花卉等植物。20世纪80年代以前，甜菜夜蛾在我国仅是一种偶发性害虫，很少造成严重危害，但自20世纪80年代中期以来，其在我国发生危害范围逐渐扩大，目前已遍及全国20多个省市，且有不断扩大的趋势，成灾频率高，危害日趋严重。本研究以昆虫营养生态学理论为基础，针对甜菜夜蛾生物生态学特点，对蛋白质、糖等主要营养物质和不同寄主植物对甜菜夜蛾生长发育以及体内能源物质的影响及其相互关系等几个方面进行了研究，现将结果总结如下：
1．人工饲料对甜菜夜蛾种发育、繁殖的影响
以实验室人工饲料为基础，通过改变人工饲料中酵母粉和葡萄糖的用量来达到改变其蛋白质和糖的含量，进而观察这两种营养成分含量的变化对甜菜夜蛾生长发育与种群动态面影响。实验结果表明，随着蛋白质和糖含量的增加，幼虫存活率增高，历期缩短，蛹历期缩短，成虫寿命增长，蛹重和平均每雌产卵量增加；在试验处理浓度范围内，甜菜夜蛾实验种群呈增长趋势。
2．寄主植物对甜菜夜蛾生长、发育和繁殖的影响
以重庆地区常见的三种甜菜夜蛾寄主植物(莴笋、蕹菜、小白菜)作为幼虫食料，观察其对甜菜夜蛾生长发育与繁殖的影响。实验结果表明，甜菜夜蛾取食莴笋、蕹菜、小白菜后，其幼虫历期、蛹历期、成虫寿命以及幼虫存活率、蛹重、平均每雌产卵量等方面存在不同程度地差异。以取食莴笋的甜菜夜蛾具有幼虫历期最短(13.0±0.56d)、存活率最高(44.8％)、成虫寿命最长(4.0±0.85d)并有最大蛹重(94.1±50.45mg)和最大平均产卵量(450.3±126.6)，同时其蛹历期(6.5±0.51d)；综合各个指标莴笋是适宜甜菜夜蛾取食的植物，其次是小白菜，相比较而言，取食对蕹菜甜菜夜蛾的发育繁殖不利。
3．人工饲料对甜菜夜蛾能源物质的影响研究
不同蛋白质含量人工饲料对甜菜夜蛾能源物质的影响试验结果表明：(1)随着人工饲料中蛋白质含量的增加，甜菜夜蛾2、3、4龄幼虫体内可溶性蛋白贮存量均存显著增加的趋势，而5龄幼虫体内可溶性蛋白贮存量呈现先增加后降低的趋势，在24g蛋白质／100g饲料(处理4)的条件下达到最大，体内可溶性蛋白贮存量3.1278mg／头。(2)2龄幼虫可溶性糖贮存量在各处理之间无显著差异，而3、4、5龄幼虫可溶性糖贮存量在各处理之间呈显著差异，但随人工饲料中蛋白质含量的增加其体内的可溶性糖贮存量呈现先增加后降低的趋势。(3)甜菜夜蛾2龄、3龄、4龄、5龄幼虫体内甘油三酯的贮存量随均呈现先增加后降低的趋势，并均在20g蛋白质／100g饲料(处理3)的条件下达到最大，分别为0.1889mg／头、0.8436mg／头、2.1759mg／头、3.5320mg／头。(4)甜菜夜蛾雌蛹、初羽化雌成虫体内可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖的贮存量均随食料蛋白质含量的增加而增加，而体内甘油三酯的贮存量在20g蛋白质／100g饲料(处理3)的条件下达到最大，分别为1.7830mg／头、1.8042 mg／头。
甜菜夜蛾取食不同糖含量食料对其体内能源物质的影响与取食不同蛋白质含量食料的影响呈相似趋势。
4．寄主植物对甜菜夜蛾能源物质的影响
甜菜夜蛾取食不同寄主植物后其体内储存的能源物质表现出明显的差异，各龄幼虫体内储存的蛋白质贮存量均为莴笋＞小白菜＞蕹菜，而可溶性糖贮存量为莴笋＞小白菜＞蕹菜；但幼虫体内的甘油三脂含量的变化却是小白菜＞蕹菜＞莴笋。
本实验在测定莴笋、蕹菜、小白菜等三种寄主植物中主要营养物质的含量，特别是粗蛋白和可溶性糖的含量基础上，分析了不同寄主营养成分含量的差异与甜菜夜蛾发育指标和体内储存能源物质之间的关系。综合比较三种寄主植物主要营养成分含量可知，蛋白质含量，蕹菜(2.223g／100g)最高，其次为小白菜(1.556g／100g)，莴笋叶(1.42lg／100g)最低；可溶性糖含量，莴笋叶(3.662g／100g)与蕹菜(3.652g／100g)无显著性差异，小白菜中可溶性糖含量较低，为1.159g／100g。相关性分析结果表明，寄主植物中粗蛋白含量与取食这些寄主植物的甜菜夜蛾的发育状态是呈负相关的，而粗蛋白含量与甜菜夜蛾幼虫体内的能源物质呈正相关；可溶性糖含量与甜菜夜蛾的生长发育和繁殖力相关性不明显。而寄主植物可溶性糖含量与甜菜夜蛾的能源物质呈负相关；可溶性糖含量与粗蛋白含量比值与甜菜夜蛾的生长发育和繁殖力呈正相关；而可溶性糖含量与粗蛋白含量比值变化的变化与甜菜夜蛾的能源物质呈负相关。因此作为昆虫两大重要组成和能源物质的糖和蛋白质，只有两者达到恰当的比例时，才能对昆虫的种群增长起到积极的促进作用。
Beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), also named Laphygma exigua Hübner, is one of important pests in the world. It has characteristics of wide distribute range, many host plants, strong ability of migration and dispersal, liking warm and ability of abiding high temperature. The endanger area distributes in Asia, North America, Europe, Australia andAfrica. Beet armyworm disserve vegetable, Beet armyworm is a kind of polyphagous pest, and they can eat 35 families 108 genera, 138 species of plants, including 28 kinds of field crops, 32 kinds of vegetables. Before the eighties of the 20th century, the beet armyworm was only a kind of sporadic pest in our country, but since 1986, beet armyworm has expanded in our country gradually, now, spread provinces and cities in our country more than 20, and have the tendency to expand constantly, cause high disaster frequency, endanger becoming more serious. Based on the insect nutrition ecology theory and in view of the beet armyworm bioecology characteristic, the systemic research of the influence of beet armyworm development, the population dynamics and AChE and CarE activity on protein, sugar and so on the main nutrients and different host plants, the larvae of beet armyworm feeding taxis to the different host plants were conducted. The results were summarized as follows.
1 The influence of different protein content and dextrose content on increase of beet armyworm population
Based on laboratory artificial diets, Penman changed the protein content and dextrose content in beet armyworm larva artificial diets by menthod of changing the component and dosage of artificial diets, and observed the influence of different treatments on larval development and adult fecundity. The results showed that the increase of the protein and dextrose content can promote the population of the beet armyworm to increase effectively. With the increase of the protein and dextrose content, larval survival rate increased, larval duration shortened, adult and pupa durations increased, pupa weight and average No. of egg laid by per female adult increased.
2 The influence of different host plants on increase of beet armyworm development and fecundity
Penman choiced three beet armyworm host plants (asparagus lettuce, water spinach, pakchoi) in Chongqing region as the larvae diets of beet armyworm, and observed the influence of different host plants on increase of beet armyworm development and fecundity. The results showed that the influence of larval period, survival rate, pupae period, pupae weight and adult duration、 adult fecundity of beet armyworm have varied degrees of differences with larvae feeding different host plants. Three beet armyworm host plants,with feeding asparagus lettuce, the beet armyworm larvae has the shortest larval period(13.0d±0.56), the highest survival rate(44.8%), the longest adult duration (4.0±0.85d) and the largest pupae weight (94.1±50.45mg) ;With feeding water spinach, the larval period (14.3±0.49d) , the survival rate (33.3%) , the pupae duration(6.1±0.64d),the adult duration(3.9±0.69d) and the pupae weight(56.5±10.32mg);With feeding pakchoi, the larval period (15.7±1.23d) , the survival rate (42.0%) , the pupae duration(4.5±0.60d),the adult duration (3.9±0.69d) and the pupae weight (63.6±6.56mg) .
3 The influence of different protein content and dextrose content on beet armyworm energy substances
Penman changed the protein content in beet armyworm larva artificial diets by menthod of changing the component of artificial diets.The results showed that : 1 In a laboratory experiment, 2nd-4th instar larval soluble protein of beet armyworm,increased with protein in the artificial diets within the range of the protein concentrations used, and 5th instar larval soluble protein with protein in the artificial diets to a certain point, followed by a decline.In 24% of the protein concentrations used(treatment4), larval has the largest soluble protein(3.1278mg/ larval).2 2nd instar larval soluble protein of beet armyworm has no significantly difference,3rd-4th instar larval glycogen of beet armyworm increased with protein in the artificial diets within the range of the protein concentrations used, to a certain point, followed by a decline.3 2nd-5th instar larval triglyceride of beet armyworm,increased with protein in the artificial diets within the range of the protein concentrations used, to a certain point, followed by a decline.In 20% of the protein concentrations used(treatment4), larval has the largest triglyceride (0.1889mg/larval、0.8436mg/larval、2.1759mg/ larval、3.5320mg/ larval).4 pupa, adults glycogen, soluble protein of beet armyworm,increased with protein in the artificial diets within the range of the protein concentrations used to a certain point, followed by a decline. In 20% of the protein concentrations used(treatment3), larval has the largest triglyceride (1.7830mg/larval、1.8042mg/larval).
The results showed the same with beet armyworm raised with changed the soluble sugar content in beet armyworm larva artificial diets.
4 The influence of different host plants on beet armyworm energy substances and host plants
Penman choiced three beet armyworm host plants (asparagus lettuce, water spinach, pakchoi) in Chongqing region as the larvae diets of beet armyworm. The results showed that the influence of larval energy substances increased with the development with beet armyworm larvae feeding different host plants.With feeding three beet armyworm host plants, larval soluble protein of beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) with asparagus lettuce feeding is higher than larval soluble protein of beet armyworm with asparagus lettuce feeding water spinach, larval soluble protein of beet armyworm with water spinach lettuce feeding is higher than larval soluble protein of beet armyworm with asparagus lettuce feeding pakchoi; the influence of larval glycogen of beet armyworm is asparagus lettuce＞water spinach＞pakchoi; the influence of larval triglyceride of beet armyworm is pakchoi＞water spinach＞asparagus lettuce.
At the same time penman determined the nutrition substances of three beet armyworm host plants (asparagus lettuce, water spinach, pakchoi), especially the crude protein and soluble sugar content,then analyzed the the relationship between the nutrition substances of three beet armyworm host plants and armyworm development, armyworm energy substances. The results showed that, among several kind of host plants, the crude protein content in water spinach (2.223g/100g) is asparagus lettuce feeding pakchoi; the influence of larval glycogen of beet armyworm is asparagus lettuce＞water spinach＞pakchoi; the influence of larval triglyceride of beet armyworm is pakchoi＞water spinach＞asparagus lettuce.
At the same time penman determined the nutrition substances of three beet armyworm host plants (asparagus lettuce, water spinach, pakchoi), especially the crude protein and soluble sugar content,then analyzed the the relationship between the nutrition substances of three beet armyworm host plants and armyworm development, armyworm energy substances. The results showed that, among several kind of host plants, the crude protein content in water spinach (2.223g/100g) is highest, next is pakchoi (1.556g/100g) , asparagus lettuce (1.421g/100g) is the lowest;but the soluble sugar content in asparagus lettuce (3.662g/100g) is highest, next is pakchoi (3.652 g/100g), pakchoi (1.159g/100g) is the lowest. The correlated analysis results showed, the development and fecundity with eating different host plants with crude protein content negative correlation; the last larval energy substances with crude protein content positive,with soluble sugar content negative correlation; the development and fecundity of beet armyworm with the ratio of soluble sugar content to crude protein content positive correlation, the last larval energy substances with the ratio of soluble sugar content to crude protein content negative correlation.As important content and energy: protein and soluble sugar,as well as their ratio in food plan would promote the population of the beet armyworm in proper field.
1．人工饲料对甜菜夜蛾种发育、繁殖的影响
以实验室人工饲料为基础，通过改变人工饲料中酵母粉和葡萄糖的用量来达到改变其蛋白质和糖的含量，进而观察这两种营养成分含量的变化对甜菜夜蛾生长发育与种群动态面影响。实验结果表明，随着蛋白质和糖含量的增加，幼虫存活率增高，历期缩短，蛹历期缩短，成虫寿命增长，蛹重和平均每雌产卵量增加；在试验处理浓度范围内，甜菜夜蛾实验种群呈增长趋势。
2．寄主植物对甜菜夜蛾生长、发育和繁殖的影响
以重庆地区常见的三种甜菜夜蛾寄主植物(莴笋、蕹菜、小白菜)作为幼虫食料，观察其对甜菜夜蛾生长发育与繁殖的影响。实验结果表明，甜菜夜蛾取食莴笋、蕹菜、小白菜后，其幼虫历期、蛹历期、成虫寿命以及幼虫存活率、蛹重、平均每雌产卵量等方面存在不同程度地差异。以取食莴笋的甜菜夜蛾具有幼虫历期最短(13.0±0.56d)、存活率最高(44.8％)、成虫寿命最长(4.0±0.85d)并有最大蛹重(94.1±50.45mg)和最大平均产卵量(450.3±126.6)，同时其蛹历期(6.5±0.51d)；综合各个指标莴笋是适宜甜菜夜蛾取食的植物，其次是小白菜，相比较而言，取食对蕹菜甜菜夜蛾的发育繁殖不利。
3．人工饲料对甜菜夜蛾能源物质的影响研究
不同蛋白质含量人工饲料对甜菜夜蛾能源物质的影响试验结果表明：(1)随着人工饲料中蛋白质含量的增加，甜菜夜蛾2、3、4龄幼虫体内可溶性蛋白贮存量均存显著增加的趋势，而5龄幼虫体内可溶性蛋白贮存量呈现先增加后降低的趋势，在24g蛋白质／100g饲料(处理4)的条件下达到最大，体内可溶性蛋白贮存量3.1278mg／头。(2)2龄幼虫可溶性糖贮存量在各处理之间无显著差异，而3、4、5龄幼虫可溶性糖贮存量在各处理之间呈显著差异，但随人工饲料中蛋白质含量的增加其体内的可溶性糖贮存量呈现先增加后降低的趋势。(3)甜菜夜蛾2龄、3龄、4龄、5龄幼虫体内甘油三酯的贮存量随均呈现先增加后降低的趋势，并均在20g蛋白质／100g饲料(处理3)的条件下达到最大，分别为0.1889mg／头、0.8436mg／头、2.1759mg／头、3.5320mg／头。(4)甜菜夜蛾雌蛹、初羽化雌成虫体内可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖的贮存量均随食料蛋白质含量的增加而增加，而体内甘油三酯的贮存量在20g蛋白质／100g饲料(处理3)的条件下达到最大，分别为1.7830mg／头、1.8042 mg／头。
甜菜夜蛾取食不同糖含量食料对其体内能源物质的影响与取食不同蛋白质含量食料的影响呈相似趋势。
4．寄主植物对甜菜夜蛾能源物质的影响
甜菜夜蛾取食不同寄主植物后其体内储存的能源物质表现出明显的差异，各龄幼虫体内储存的蛋白质贮存量均为莴笋＞小白菜＞蕹菜，而可溶性糖贮存量为莴笋＞小白菜＞蕹菜；但幼虫体内的甘油三脂含量的变化却是小白菜＞蕹菜＞莴笋。
本实验在测定莴笋、蕹菜、小白菜等三种寄主植物中主要营养物质的含量，特别是粗蛋白和可溶性糖的含量基础上，分析了不同寄主营养成分含量的差异与甜菜夜蛾发育指标和体内储存能源物质之间的关系。综合比较三种寄主植物主要营养成分含量可知，蛋白质含量，蕹菜(2.223g／100g)最高，其次为小白菜(1.556g／100g)，莴笋叶(1.42lg／100g)最低；可溶性糖含量，莴笋叶(3.662g／100g)与蕹菜(3.652g／100g)无显著性差异，小白菜中可溶性糖含量较低，为1.159g／100g。相关性分析结果表明，寄主植物中粗蛋白含量与取食这些寄主植物的甜菜夜蛾的发育状态是呈负相关的，而粗蛋白含量与甜菜夜蛾幼虫体内的能源物质呈正相关；可溶性糖含量与甜菜夜蛾的生长发育和繁殖力相关性不明显。而寄主植物可溶性糖含量与甜菜夜蛾的能源物质呈负相关；可溶性糖含量与粗蛋白含量比值与甜菜夜蛾的生长发育和繁殖力呈正相关；而可溶性糖含量与粗蛋白含量比值变化的变化与甜菜夜蛾的能源物质呈负相关。因此作为昆虫两大重要组成和能源物质的糖和蛋白质，只有两者达到恰当的比例时，才能对昆虫的种群增长起到积极的促进作用。
Beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), also named Laphygma exigua Hübner, is one of important pests in the world. It has characteristics of wide distribute range, many host plants, strong ability of migration and dispersal, liking warm and ability of abiding high temperature. The endanger area distributes in Asia, North America, Europe, Australia andAfrica. Beet armyworm disserve vegetable, Beet armyworm is a kind of polyphagous pest, and they can eat 35 families 108 genera, 138 species of plants, including 28 kinds of field crops, 32 kinds of vegetables. Before the eighties of the 20th century, the beet armyworm was only a kind of sporadic pest in our country, but since 1986, beet armyworm has expanded in our country gradually, now, spread provinces and cities in our country more than 20, and have the tendency to expand constantly, cause high disaster frequency, endanger becoming more serious. Based on the insect nutrition ecology theory and in view of the beet armyworm bioecology characteristic, the systemic research of the influence of beet armyworm development, the population dynamics and AChE and CarE activity on protein, sugar and so on the main nutrients and different host plants, the larvae of beet armyworm feeding taxis to the different host plants were conducted. The results were summarized as follows.
1 The influence of different protein content and dextrose content on increase of beet armyworm population
Based on laboratory artificial diets, Penman changed the protein content and dextrose content in beet armyworm larva artificial diets by menthod of changing the component and dosage of artificial diets, and observed the influence of different treatments on larval development and adult fecundity. The results showed that the increase of the protein and dextrose content can promote the population of the beet armyworm to increase effectively. With the increase of the protein and dextrose content, larval survival rate increased, larval duration shortened, adult and pupa durations increased, pupa weight and average No. of egg laid by per female adult increased.
2 The influence of different host plants on increase of beet armyworm development and fecundity
Penman choiced three beet armyworm host plants (asparagus lettuce, water spinach, pakchoi) in Chongqing region as the larvae diets of beet armyworm, and observed the influence of different host plants on increase of beet armyworm development and fecundity. The results showed that the influence of larval period, survival rate, pupae period, pupae weight and adult duration、 adult fecundity of beet armyworm have varied degrees of differences with larvae feeding different host plants. Three beet armyworm host plants,with feeding asparagus lettuce, the beet armyworm larvae has the shortest larval period(13.0d±0.56), the highest survival rate(44.8%), the longest adult duration (4.0±0.85d) and the largest pupae weight (94.1±50.45mg) ;With feeding water spinach, the larval period (14.3±0.49d) , the survival rate (33.3%) , the pupae duration(6.1±0.64d),the adult duration(3.9±0.69d) and the pupae weight(56.5±10.32mg);With feeding pakchoi, the larval period (15.7±1.23d) , the survival rate (42.0%) , the pupae duration(4.5±0.60d),the adult duration (3.9±0.69d) and the pupae weight (63.6±6.56mg) .
3 The influence of different protein content and dextrose content on beet armyworm energy substances
Penman changed the protein content in beet armyworm larva artificial diets by menthod of changing the component of artificial diets.The results showed that : 1 In a laboratory experiment, 2nd-4th instar larval soluble protein of beet armyworm,increased with protein in the artificial diets within the range of the protein concentrations used, and 5th instar larval soluble protein with protein in the artificial diets to a certain point, followed by a decline.In 24% of the protein concentrations used(treatment4), larval has the largest soluble protein(3.1278mg/ larval).2 2nd instar larval soluble protein of beet armyworm has no significantly difference,3rd-4th instar larval glycogen of beet armyworm increased with protein in the artificial diets within the range of the protein concentrations used, to a certain point, followed by a decline.3 2nd-5th instar larval triglyceride of beet armyworm,increased with protein in the artificial diets within the range of the protein concentrations used, to a certain point, followed by a decline.In 20% of the protein concentrations used(treatment4), larval has the largest triglyceride (0.1889mg/larval、0.8436mg/larval、2.1759mg/ larval、3.5320mg/ larval).4 pupa, adults glycogen, soluble protein of beet armyworm,increased with protein in the artificial diets within the range of the protein concentrations used to a certain point, followed by a decline. In 20% of the protein concentrations used(treatment3), larval has the largest triglyceride (1.7830mg/larval、1.8042mg/larval).
The results showed the same with beet armyworm raised with changed the soluble sugar content in beet armyworm larva artificial diets.
4 The influence of different host plants on beet armyworm energy substances and host plants
Penman choiced three beet armyworm host plants (asparagus lettuce, water spinach, pakchoi) in Chongqing region as the larvae diets of beet armyworm. The results showed that the influence of larval energy substances increased with the development with beet armyworm larvae feeding different host plants.With feeding three beet armyworm host plants, larval soluble protein of beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) with asparagus lettuce feeding is higher than larval soluble protein of beet armyworm with asparagus lettuce feeding water spinach, larval soluble protein of beet armyworm with water spinach lettuce feeding is higher than larval soluble protein of beet armyworm with asparagus lettuce feeding pakchoi; the influence of larval glycogen of beet armyworm is asparagus lettuce＞water spinach＞pakchoi; the influence of larval triglyceride of beet armyworm is pakchoi＞water spinach＞asparagus lettuce.
At the same time penman determined the nutrition substances of three beet armyworm host plants (asparagus lettuce, water spinach, pakchoi), especially the crude protein and soluble sugar content,then analyzed the the relationship between the nutrition substances of three beet armyworm host plants and armyworm development, armyworm energy substances. The results showed that, among several kind of host plants, the crude protein content in water spinach (2.223g/100g) is asparagus lettuce feeding pakchoi; the influence of larval glycogen of beet armyworm is asparagus lettuce＞water spinach＞pakchoi; the influence of larval triglyceride of beet armyworm is pakchoi＞water spinach＞asparagus lettuce.
At the same time penman determined the nutrition substances of three beet armyworm host plants (asparagus lettuce, water spinach, pakchoi), especially the crude protein and soluble sugar content,then analyzed the the relationship between the nutrition substances of three beet armyworm host plants and armyworm development, armyworm energy substances. The results showed that, among several kind of host plants, the crude protein content in water spinach (2.223g/100g) is highest, next is pakchoi (1.556g/100g) , asparagus lettuce (1.421g/100g) is the lowest;but the soluble sugar content in asparagus lettuce (3.662g/100g) is highest, next is pakchoi (3.652 g/100g), pakchoi (1.159g/100g) is the lowest. The correlated analysis results showed, the development and fecundity with eating different host plants with crude protein content negative correlation; the last larval energy substances with crude protein content positive,with soluble sugar content negative correlation; the development and fecundity of beet armyworm with the ratio of soluble sugar content to crude protein content positive correlation, the last larval energy substances with the ratio of soluble sugar content to crude protein content negative correlation.As important content and energy: protein and soluble sugar,as well as their ratio in food plan would promote the population of the beet armyworm in proper field.
引文
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