OFDM系统载波同步问题研究
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摘要
正交频分复用(OFDM)是一种高速数据传输技术,因其具有抗多径干扰、频谱利用率高等优点,已经广泛应用在非对称用户环路(ADSL)、数字音频广播(DAB)、高清晰度数字电视(HDTV)、无线局域网(WLAN)等系统中,并将成为下一代移动通信的核心技术之一。
在OFDM的研究与应用中,一个主要的问题就是OFDM对定时和频率偏移敏感,所以时域和频域同步也就显得尤为重要。当存在同步错误时,各子载波间的正交性被破坏,从而对OFDM系统的性能产生严重的影响。因此选择良好的同步方法是OFDM系统的关键技术之一。
本文主要研究了OFDM系统载波频率偏移估计的两类算法:基于循环前缀的盲估计算法和基于训练序列的非盲估计算法。对于前者详细分析了算法流程,并给出仿真结果;对于后者以IEEE802.11a的训练序列结构为例,讨论其长短序列联合估计的性能,最后研究了一种基于PN序列的载波频偏估计,并与一种低复杂度盲估计算法相结合,通过仿真验证其有效性。
最后对论文工作进行了总结,并就下一步工作进行了展望。
Nowadays OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) technique is widely used in wireless communication because of its high-speed data transmission and effectiveness in combating the frequency selective fading channel. The idea of OFDM was proposed in mid-1960s and was first used in several high-frequency military systems. But it’s only in the last decade, with the development of Digital Signal Processors (DSP) and Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) that applications of OFDM become possible. Now, OFDM technique has been adopted as the new European DAB standard, and HDTV standard. It is also a candidate technique of 4G mobile communication. The other standards include IEEE 802.11a (U.S.A), HIPERLAN2 (European), OFDM/UWB (802.15.3a), etc.
OFDM can be viewed as either a modulation technique or a multiplex technique. As a multi-carrier transmission technique, OFDM divides the available spectrum into many subcarriers, each one being modulated by a low data rate stream, so that each user can employ a number of carriers to transmit data simultaneously. The difference between OFDM and the traditional frequency division multiplexing (FDM) is that the subcarriers in OFDM to be modulated are orthogonal with each other. As a matter of fact, OFDM achieves a higher bandwidth efficiency. The other characteristic of OFDM is the employment of discrete Fourier transform (DFT) to replace the banks of sinusoidal generator and the demodulation which significantly reduces the implementation complexity of OFDM modems.
The main advantages of OFDM include immunity to delay spread and multipath,resistance to frequency selective fading and efficient bandwidth usage. The disadvantages of OFDM behave in two main aspects: synchronization and peak-to-average power ration(PAPR).
The main theme of this paper is study on carrier frequency synchronization in OFDM system. Synchronization is an important task for any communication system. Without accurate synchronization the transmitted data can not be received reliably. How to overcome the sensitivity to timing and frequency offset is one of the main research directions on OFDM. In OFDM system, synchronization tasks can be classified into three parts: symbol (timing) synchronization, frequency synchronization and sampling rate synchronization. The timing error is due to the propagation delay. The frequency offset arises from two sources: the mismatch between transmitter and receiver oscillators, Doppler effects in mobile radio channels. The sampling rate offset comes from different sampling frequency between receiver and sender.
The frequency offset estimation is an important problem in the OFDM system. The main problem arising from frequency offset is that it introduces inter-carrier interference (ICI) and destroys the orthogonalization between subcarriers. Frequency synchronization algorithms for existing OFDM systems can be divided in two main categories. First group of algorithms based on insertion of the cyclic prefix (CP).The advantage of this algorithm: the aid of the pilot symbols is not required, efficient bandwidth usage. The disadvantages: 1.The maximum frequency offset which can be corrected is limited to half the inter-carrier spacing. 2. These schemes are only effective when a large number of subcarriers are used, commonly more than 100. Second group of frequency synchronization algorithms uses train symbols or pilot. It can rectify the frequency offset in a larger scope, but the efficiency of bandwidth usage is limited.
This dissertation focuses on the main algorithms of the carrier frequency offset estimation. Two main algorithms have been discussed. The first one is non-data-aided blind estimation based on CP, the other is data-aided estimation based on training symbols. The content is divided into six chapters:
Chapter one has introduced the background of this theme, the study purpose and the developing trend nowadays. In the end of this chapter the main content of this paper will be put forward.
Chapter two has introduced the basic principle of OFDM. The main point is the arithmetic theory and the technique feature. In the meanwhile the real waveform and spectrum of OFDM signal are simulated. One of the main disadvantages in OFDM is the synchronization problem. It will be brought up emphatically in order to prepare for the next chapter.
Chapter three is a whole introduction and review on OFDM synchronization technique. It includes the influence that the synchronization offset brings to OFDM system. It also explains the main algorithms and their principles.
Chapter four has studied a main category on OFDM synchronization, frequency synchronization estimation using cyclic prefix. This method is also available within the algorithm of symbol synchronization using cyclic prefix. It will not waste the system’s bandwidth. But the obvious disadvantage is its low precision. There are other disadvantages for this algorithm, such as: the system must have enough numbers of subcarriers; the estimate effect is good enough in the AWGN environment, but in the frequency selective fading channel environment the effect will become worse because the relativity between signals is destroyed. In this case there must be improved algorithms to be put forward. In the end of this chapter several improved algorithms will be discussed.
Chapter five has mainly studied the train-symbol-aided frequency synchronization algorithm. This algorithm can be carried through both in time domain and frequency domain. Commonly the time domain approach is coarse synchronization with a limit estimation range; the frequency domain approach is fine synchronization or integer times estimation. Although this algorithm will lead some loss of bandwidth and increase the complexity in system realization, it has many advantages such as high estimate precision, flexible algorithm and bigger estimate range. So this algorithm has become a main study direction at the present time. In this dissertation the train symbol structure and the synchronization implement question of IEEE 802.11a will be studied. A low complex algorithm will be combined with the PN-aided frequency synchronization algorithm. The simulation result indicates the validity of it.
Chapter six has summarized the whole content of this dissertation, and made further prospects.
Carrier frequency synchronization is a hotspot in nowadays OFDM study domain, and the correlative algorithms and theories emerge in endlessly. This paper has just chosen several representative algorithms to study and simulate. Each of them has advantages and disadvantages. In actual application of OFDM we need analyze the practical situation.
在OFDM的研究与应用中,一个主要的问题就是OFDM对定时和频率偏移敏感,所以时域和频域同步也就显得尤为重要。当存在同步错误时,各子载波间的正交性被破坏,从而对OFDM系统的性能产生严重的影响。因此选择良好的同步方法是OFDM系统的关键技术之一。
本文主要研究了OFDM系统载波频率偏移估计的两类算法:基于循环前缀的盲估计算法和基于训练序列的非盲估计算法。对于前者详细分析了算法流程,并给出仿真结果;对于后者以IEEE802.11a的训练序列结构为例,讨论其长短序列联合估计的性能,最后研究了一种基于PN序列的载波频偏估计,并与一种低复杂度盲估计算法相结合,通过仿真验证其有效性。
最后对论文工作进行了总结,并就下一步工作进行了展望。
Nowadays OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) technique is widely used in wireless communication because of its high-speed data transmission and effectiveness in combating the frequency selective fading channel. The idea of OFDM was proposed in mid-1960s and was first used in several high-frequency military systems. But it’s only in the last decade, with the development of Digital Signal Processors (DSP) and Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) that applications of OFDM become possible. Now, OFDM technique has been adopted as the new European DAB standard, and HDTV standard. It is also a candidate technique of 4G mobile communication. The other standards include IEEE 802.11a (U.S.A), HIPERLAN2 (European), OFDM/UWB (802.15.3a), etc.
OFDM can be viewed as either a modulation technique or a multiplex technique. As a multi-carrier transmission technique, OFDM divides the available spectrum into many subcarriers, each one being modulated by a low data rate stream, so that each user can employ a number of carriers to transmit data simultaneously. The difference between OFDM and the traditional frequency division multiplexing (FDM) is that the subcarriers in OFDM to be modulated are orthogonal with each other. As a matter of fact, OFDM achieves a higher bandwidth efficiency. The other characteristic of OFDM is the employment of discrete Fourier transform (DFT) to replace the banks of sinusoidal generator and the demodulation which significantly reduces the implementation complexity of OFDM modems.
The main advantages of OFDM include immunity to delay spread and multipath,resistance to frequency selective fading and efficient bandwidth usage. The disadvantages of OFDM behave in two main aspects: synchronization and peak-to-average power ration(PAPR).
The main theme of this paper is study on carrier frequency synchronization in OFDM system. Synchronization is an important task for any communication system. Without accurate synchronization the transmitted data can not be received reliably. How to overcome the sensitivity to timing and frequency offset is one of the main research directions on OFDM. In OFDM system, synchronization tasks can be classified into three parts: symbol (timing) synchronization, frequency synchronization and sampling rate synchronization. The timing error is due to the propagation delay. The frequency offset arises from two sources: the mismatch between transmitter and receiver oscillators, Doppler effects in mobile radio channels. The sampling rate offset comes from different sampling frequency between receiver and sender.
The frequency offset estimation is an important problem in the OFDM system. The main problem arising from frequency offset is that it introduces inter-carrier interference (ICI) and destroys the orthogonalization between subcarriers. Frequency synchronization algorithms for existing OFDM systems can be divided in two main categories. First group of algorithms based on insertion of the cyclic prefix (CP).The advantage of this algorithm: the aid of the pilot symbols is not required, efficient bandwidth usage. The disadvantages: 1.The maximum frequency offset which can be corrected is limited to half the inter-carrier spacing. 2. These schemes are only effective when a large number of subcarriers are used, commonly more than 100. Second group of frequency synchronization algorithms uses train symbols or pilot. It can rectify the frequency offset in a larger scope, but the efficiency of bandwidth usage is limited.
This dissertation focuses on the main algorithms of the carrier frequency offset estimation. Two main algorithms have been discussed. The first one is non-data-aided blind estimation based on CP, the other is data-aided estimation based on training symbols. The content is divided into six chapters:
Chapter one has introduced the background of this theme, the study purpose and the developing trend nowadays. In the end of this chapter the main content of this paper will be put forward.
Chapter two has introduced the basic principle of OFDM. The main point is the arithmetic theory and the technique feature. In the meanwhile the real waveform and spectrum of OFDM signal are simulated. One of the main disadvantages in OFDM is the synchronization problem. It will be brought up emphatically in order to prepare for the next chapter.
Chapter three is a whole introduction and review on OFDM synchronization technique. It includes the influence that the synchronization offset brings to OFDM system. It also explains the main algorithms and their principles.
Chapter four has studied a main category on OFDM synchronization, frequency synchronization estimation using cyclic prefix. This method is also available within the algorithm of symbol synchronization using cyclic prefix. It will not waste the system’s bandwidth. But the obvious disadvantage is its low precision. There are other disadvantages for this algorithm, such as: the system must have enough numbers of subcarriers; the estimate effect is good enough in the AWGN environment, but in the frequency selective fading channel environment the effect will become worse because the relativity between signals is destroyed. In this case there must be improved algorithms to be put forward. In the end of this chapter several improved algorithms will be discussed.
Chapter five has mainly studied the train-symbol-aided frequency synchronization algorithm. This algorithm can be carried through both in time domain and frequency domain. Commonly the time domain approach is coarse synchronization with a limit estimation range; the frequency domain approach is fine synchronization or integer times estimation. Although this algorithm will lead some loss of bandwidth and increase the complexity in system realization, it has many advantages such as high estimate precision, flexible algorithm and bigger estimate range. So this algorithm has become a main study direction at the present time. In this dissertation the train symbol structure and the synchronization implement question of IEEE 802.11a will be studied. A low complex algorithm will be combined with the PN-aided frequency synchronization algorithm. The simulation result indicates the validity of it.
Chapter six has summarized the whole content of this dissertation, and made further prospects.
Carrier frequency synchronization is a hotspot in nowadays OFDM study domain, and the correlative algorithms and theories emerge in endlessly. This paper has just chosen several representative algorithms to study and simulate. Each of them has advantages and disadvantages. In actual application of OFDM we need analyze the practical situation.
引文
[1] 佟学俭,罗涛.OFDM 移动通信技术原理与应用.人民邮电出版社,2003.
[2] 王文博,郑侃.宽带无线通信 OFDM 技术.人民邮电出版社,2003.
[3] S.B. Weinstein,P.M. Ebert.Data Transmission by Frequency-Division Multiplexing Using the Discrete Fourier Transform.IEEE Trans. Commun. Technol.,1971,19(5):628-634.
[4] 尹长川,罗涛,佟学俭.正交频分复用技术.中兴通讯技术,2003(1).
[5] K.T. . Orthogonal frequency division multiplex synchronization techniques for frequency selective fading channels.IEEE Journal on Select. Areas in Comm,2001,19(6):999-1008.
[6] P. J. G..Digital Communication.2001.
[7] 秦连铭.OFDM 技术介绍-原理、特点、发展、应用现状与前景.中国矿业大学(北京)信息工程研究所.
[8] Z. Wan,G. B. Giannakis.Wireless multicarrier communications.IEEE Signal Process,2000,17(3):29-48.
[9] Michael Speth,Stefan A.Fechtel,Gunnar Fock.Optimum Receiver Design for Wireless Broad-Band System Using OFDM-Part I.IEEE Transaction On Communication,November 1999,47:1668-1677.
[10] 焦胜才,陈德荣.OFDM 技术及其应用.通信技术,2003(7):20-21.
[11] Heidi Steendam , M. Moeneclaey . Sensitivity of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexed systems to carrier and clock synchronization errors.Signal Processing,2000(80):1217-1229.
[12] Z. Cvetkovic,V. Tarokh,S.Yoon.Frequency synchronization in OFDM.IEEE,2004:373-376.
[13] 徐庆征等.OFDM 系统及其若干关键问题研究.移动通信,2004(8):74-76.
[14] V. d. B. J. J.,S. M.,B.P.O..ML estimation of time and frequency offsetin OFDM systems.IEEE transactions on signal processing,July 1997,45(7):1800-1805.
[15] T. Lv,J. Chen. ML estimation of timing and frequency offset using multiple OFDM symbols in OFDM systems. IEEE,2002.
[16] C. C. Chen,J. S. Lin.Iterative ML estimation for frequency offset and time synchronization in OFDM systems.IEEE Processing,2004:21-23.
[17] P. H. Moose . A technique for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing frequency offset correction . IEEE Transactions on communication,Oct 1994,42(10):2908-2913.
[18] S. T. M,C. D. C.Robust frequency and timing synchronization for OFDM.IEEE Trans. Commun.,1997,45(12):1613-1621.
[19] Y. Mostofi,D. C. C..Analysis of the effect of timing synchronization errors on pilot-aided OFDM systems.Asilomar conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, Monterey, California,2003,37(638-642).
[20] C. Li,T. S. Ng.Pilot-based carrier frequency offset estimation in OFDM systems. ICICS-PCM, Singapore.2003:874-878.
[21] Zorica Nikolic,Veljko Stankovic,Z. Peric.Frequency and Timing Offset Estimation Using Single Reference Symbol.Int. J. Electron. Commun,2003,57(4): 283-286.
[22] F. Yanzeng , W. Yumin . Frequency synchronization in OFDM systems.IEE 3G Mobile communication technologies,March 2001,477:92-98.
[23] M. Luise,M. Marselli,R. Reggiannini.Low-complexity blind carrier frequency recovery for OFDM signals over frequency selective radio channels.IEEE Transactions on communication,July 2002,50(7):1182-1188.
[24] H. Bolcskei.Blind estimation of symbol timing and carrier frequency offset in pulse shaping OFDM systems.IEEE,1999:2749-2752.
[25] I. Bradaric,A. P. Petropulu.Blind estimation of the carrier frequency offset in OFDM systems.IEEE Workshop on Signal Processing,2003,4:590-594.
[26] P. Ciblat,E. Serpedin.A fine blind frequency offset estimator for OFDM/OQAM systems.IEEE Transactions on signal processing,January 2004,52(1):291-296.
[27] R. Negi,J. C. M..Blind OFDM symbol synchronization in ISI channels [J].IEEE Trans. Communications,2002,50(9):1525-1534.
[28] J. Shentu,J. Armstrong.Blind Estimation of time and frequency offset for PCC-OFDM.IEEE,2001:702-706.
[29] S. T. M,C. D. C.Low-overhead,low complexity synchronization for OFDM.IEEE International Conference on Communications,1996:1301-1306.
[30] Hui Liu,U. Tureli.A High-Efficiency Carrier Estimator for OFDM Communications.IEEE Commun.Lett.,1998,2(4):104-106.
[31] U. Tureli,Hui Liu,M. D. Zoltowski.OFDM Blind Carrier Offset Estimation:ESPRIT.IEEE Trans. Commun.,2000,48(9):1459-1461.
[32] 李伟华,章蓓蕾,吴伟陵.OFDM 系统定时与频率偏移估计.北京邮电大学学报,2004,27(1):36-39.
[33] V. d. B. J.J.,S. M.,B. P.O..ML estimation of time and frequency offset in OFDM systems.IEEE transactions on signal processing,July 1997,45(7):1800-1805.
[34] 郑晓怡,罗汉文.OFDM 系统中的帧同步.通信技术,2002(10):10-12.
[35] 张海滨.正交频分复用的基本原理与关键技术.国防工业出版社,2006.
[36] 杜丽洁,赵晓晖,罗思维.OFDM 系统中一种改进的基于循环前缀的同步迭代算法.吉林大学学报(工学版),2007,37(1):177-181.
[37] 彭林等.第三代移动通信技术.2001:417-418.
[38] J. Heiskala,J. Terry.OFDM 无线局域网,2003.
[39] M. Jankiraman,R. Prasad.A novel algorithmic sychronisation technique for OFDM based wireless multimedia communications.IEEE,1999:528-533.
[40] K. Y. H,H. Y. K,H. J. J.An efficient frequency offset estimator for timing and frequency synchronization in OFDM systems.IEEE PacificRim Conference on Communications, Computers and Signal Processing,1999:580-583.
[41] K. Y. H,S. I,Y. S.An efficient frequency offset estimator for OFDM systems and its performance characteristics . IEEE Trans. On Vehicular Technology,2001,50(5):1307-1312.
[42] L. Mingqi,Z. Wenjun.A novel method of carrier frequency offset estimation for OFDM systems . IEEE Trans. on Consumer Electronics,2003,49(4):965-972.
[43] C. S , E. J. Powers . Efficient frequency-offset estimation in OFDM-based WLAN systems.Electronic Letters,2003,39(21):1554-1555.
[44] 杨晨阳,洪慧勇.基于训练序列的时域 OFDM 载波同步算法.北京航空航天大学学报,2005,31(2):157-161.
[45] 杨莉,周跃峰,胡亮亮.低复杂度 OFDM-WLAN 载波偏移估计补偿算法.通信技术,2003(10):76-78.
[46] B. S. Chen,C. L. Tsai.Frequency offset estimation in an OFDM system.IEEE Signal processing workshop on signal processing advance in wireless Communizations,March 2001:150-153.
[47] 邱岩,王卫兵,秦升平.一种低复杂度的载波偏移估计算法.计算机工程与设计,2005,26(5):1147-1216.
[48] P. M. I. Puig,J. S. Alvarez.Coarse frequency estimation OFDM packet oriented systems.IEEE,2001:2337-2340.
[49] U. Tureli,L. H.Blind carrier synchronization and channel identification for OFDM communications.IEEE International Conference,1998:3509-3512.
[50] 李芳芳,郑建宏.基于 PN 序列的 OFDM 系统同步过程研究.云南民族大学学报(自然科学版),2005,14(1):43-45.
[51] L. Wang,X. Shan,Y. Ren.A new synchronization algorithm for OFDM systems in multipath environment.IEEE,2002:255-259.
[2] 王文博,郑侃.宽带无线通信 OFDM 技术.人民邮电出版社,2003.
[3] S.B. Weinstein,P.M. Ebert.Data Transmission by Frequency-Division Multiplexing Using the Discrete Fourier Transform.IEEE Trans. Commun. Technol.,1971,19(5):628-634.
[4] 尹长川,罗涛,佟学俭.正交频分复用技术.中兴通讯技术,2003(1).
[5] K.T. . Orthogonal frequency division multiplex synchronization techniques for frequency selective fading channels.IEEE Journal on Select. Areas in Comm,2001,19(6):999-1008.
[6] P. J. G..Digital Communication.2001.
[7] 秦连铭.OFDM 技术介绍-原理、特点、发展、应用现状与前景.中国矿业大学(北京)信息工程研究所.
[8] Z. Wan,G. B. Giannakis.Wireless multicarrier communications.IEEE Signal Process,2000,17(3):29-48.
[9] Michael Speth,Stefan A.Fechtel,Gunnar Fock.Optimum Receiver Design for Wireless Broad-Band System Using OFDM-Part I.IEEE Transaction On Communication,November 1999,47:1668-1677.
[10] 焦胜才,陈德荣.OFDM 技术及其应用.通信技术,2003(7):20-21.
[11] Heidi Steendam , M. Moeneclaey . Sensitivity of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexed systems to carrier and clock synchronization errors.Signal Processing,2000(80):1217-1229.
[12] Z. Cvetkovic,V. Tarokh,S.Yoon.Frequency synchronization in OFDM.IEEE,2004:373-376.
[13] 徐庆征等.OFDM 系统及其若干关键问题研究.移动通信,2004(8):74-76.
[14] V. d. B. J. J.,S. M.,B.P.O..ML estimation of time and frequency offsetin OFDM systems.IEEE transactions on signal processing,July 1997,45(7):1800-1805.
[15] T. Lv,J. Chen. ML estimation of timing and frequency offset using multiple OFDM symbols in OFDM systems. IEEE,2002.
[16] C. C. Chen,J. S. Lin.Iterative ML estimation for frequency offset and time synchronization in OFDM systems.IEEE Processing,2004:21-23.
[17] P. H. Moose . A technique for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing frequency offset correction . IEEE Transactions on communication,Oct 1994,42(10):2908-2913.
[18] S. T. M,C. D. C.Robust frequency and timing synchronization for OFDM.IEEE Trans. Commun.,1997,45(12):1613-1621.
[19] Y. Mostofi,D. C. C..Analysis of the effect of timing synchronization errors on pilot-aided OFDM systems.Asilomar conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, Monterey, California,2003,37(638-642).
[20] C. Li,T. S. Ng.Pilot-based carrier frequency offset estimation in OFDM systems. ICICS-PCM, Singapore.2003:874-878.
[21] Zorica Nikolic,Veljko Stankovic,Z. Peric.Frequency and Timing Offset Estimation Using Single Reference Symbol.Int. J. Electron. Commun,2003,57(4): 283-286.
[22] F. Yanzeng , W. Yumin . Frequency synchronization in OFDM systems.IEE 3G Mobile communication technologies,March 2001,477:92-98.
[23] M. Luise,M. Marselli,R. Reggiannini.Low-complexity blind carrier frequency recovery for OFDM signals over frequency selective radio channels.IEEE Transactions on communication,July 2002,50(7):1182-1188.
[24] H. Bolcskei.Blind estimation of symbol timing and carrier frequency offset in pulse shaping OFDM systems.IEEE,1999:2749-2752.
[25] I. Bradaric,A. P. Petropulu.Blind estimation of the carrier frequency offset in OFDM systems.IEEE Workshop on Signal Processing,2003,4:590-594.
[26] P. Ciblat,E. Serpedin.A fine blind frequency offset estimator for OFDM/OQAM systems.IEEE Transactions on signal processing,January 2004,52(1):291-296.
[27] R. Negi,J. C. M..Blind OFDM symbol synchronization in ISI channels [J].IEEE Trans. Communications,2002,50(9):1525-1534.
[28] J. Shentu,J. Armstrong.Blind Estimation of time and frequency offset for PCC-OFDM.IEEE,2001:702-706.
[29] S. T. M,C. D. C.Low-overhead,low complexity synchronization for OFDM.IEEE International Conference on Communications,1996:1301-1306.
[30] Hui Liu,U. Tureli.A High-Efficiency Carrier Estimator for OFDM Communications.IEEE Commun.Lett.,1998,2(4):104-106.
[31] U. Tureli,Hui Liu,M. D. Zoltowski.OFDM Blind Carrier Offset Estimation:ESPRIT.IEEE Trans. Commun.,2000,48(9):1459-1461.
[32] 李伟华,章蓓蕾,吴伟陵.OFDM 系统定时与频率偏移估计.北京邮电大学学报,2004,27(1):36-39.
[33] V. d. B. J.J.,S. M.,B. P.O..ML estimation of time and frequency offset in OFDM systems.IEEE transactions on signal processing,July 1997,45(7):1800-1805.
[34] 郑晓怡,罗汉文.OFDM 系统中的帧同步.通信技术,2002(10):10-12.
[35] 张海滨.正交频分复用的基本原理与关键技术.国防工业出版社,2006.
[36] 杜丽洁,赵晓晖,罗思维.OFDM 系统中一种改进的基于循环前缀的同步迭代算法.吉林大学学报(工学版),2007,37(1):177-181.
[37] 彭林等.第三代移动通信技术.2001:417-418.
[38] J. Heiskala,J. Terry.OFDM 无线局域网,2003.
[39] M. Jankiraman,R. Prasad.A novel algorithmic sychronisation technique for OFDM based wireless multimedia communications.IEEE,1999:528-533.
[40] K. Y. H,H. Y. K,H. J. J.An efficient frequency offset estimator for timing and frequency synchronization in OFDM systems.IEEE PacificRim Conference on Communications, Computers and Signal Processing,1999:580-583.
[41] K. Y. H,S. I,Y. S.An efficient frequency offset estimator for OFDM systems and its performance characteristics . IEEE Trans. On Vehicular Technology,2001,50(5):1307-1312.
[42] L. Mingqi,Z. Wenjun.A novel method of carrier frequency offset estimation for OFDM systems . IEEE Trans. on Consumer Electronics,2003,49(4):965-972.
[43] C. S , E. J. Powers . Efficient frequency-offset estimation in OFDM-based WLAN systems.Electronic Letters,2003,39(21):1554-1555.
[44] 杨晨阳,洪慧勇.基于训练序列的时域 OFDM 载波同步算法.北京航空航天大学学报,2005,31(2):157-161.
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