低温环路热管流动与传热特性研究
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摘要
通过对国内外的研究成果分析，发现对LHP的研究主要集中在常温领域，对低温LHP的研究较少。由于CLHP系统内部的运行工况，尤其是系统的启动过程非常复杂，目前对此还不是非常地了解，所以，本文主要研究分析CLHP系统的启动特性。
首先，本文描述了低温环路热管(CLHP)系统及其主要部件的结构原理，并对其核心部件蒸发器与储液器之间的能量传递关系进行了详细的阐述，还说明了低温与常温环路热管之间的主要不同结构一次回路的工作原理。
然后又利用热网络法建立了CLHP系统的瞬态数值模型，主要分析了系统主要结构参数、环境寄生热以及主、次回路液体管路的匹配方式对系统启动性能的影响，还分析了次蒸发器的加热功率、系统充注量、冷源温度等对系统启动性能的影响。
Since the loop heat pipe was invented, many efforts has been made. Butthe investigationes of the cryogenic loop heat pipe are few. Because theworking conditions especially the startup process of the cryogenic loop heatpipe system are very complex, we have know a few about this at the presenttime. So, this paper mainly investigates the startup characteristics of thecryogenic loop heat pipe system.
First, this paper describes the development of an advanced cryogenicintegration device—the cryogenic loop heat pipe. A cryogenic loop heat pipeutilizes the latent heat of vaporization of a working fluid to transfer heatand the surface tension forces forms in fine-pore wicks to circulate theworking fluid. Design procedure for different cryogenic loop heat pipeconfigurations and the function of secondary wick are discussed.
Then the cryogenic loop beat pipe transient numerical model is establishedby using the nodal or lumped parameter method. Some factors of affecting thesystem start-up capability, such as primary configuration parameter of thesystem, heat load increased to the evaporator, quantity of in pouring,temperature of heat sink, parasitical heat, temperature of ambient and thebeing way of secondary loop and so on, are included. Finally, some parametersof affecting the system after startup capability are analyzed briefly.
首先，本文描述了低温环路热管(CLHP)系统及其主要部件的结构原理，并对其核心部件蒸发器与储液器之间的能量传递关系进行了详细的阐述，还说明了低温与常温环路热管之间的主要不同结构一次回路的工作原理。
然后又利用热网络法建立了CLHP系统的瞬态数值模型，主要分析了系统主要结构参数、环境寄生热以及主、次回路液体管路的匹配方式对系统启动性能的影响，还分析了次蒸发器的加热功率、系统充注量、冷源温度等对系统启动性能的影响。
Since the loop heat pipe was invented, many efforts has been made. Butthe investigationes of the cryogenic loop heat pipe are few. Because theworking conditions especially the startup process of the cryogenic loop heatpipe system are very complex, we have know a few about this at the presenttime. So, this paper mainly investigates the startup characteristics of thecryogenic loop heat pipe system.
First, this paper describes the development of an advanced cryogenicintegration device—the cryogenic loop heat pipe. A cryogenic loop heat pipeutilizes the latent heat of vaporization of a working fluid to transfer heatand the surface tension forces forms in fine-pore wicks to circulate theworking fluid. Design procedure for different cryogenic loop heat pipeconfigurations and the function of secondary wick are discussed.
Then the cryogenic loop beat pipe transient numerical model is establishedby using the nodal or lumped parameter method. Some factors of affecting thesystem start-up capability, such as primary configuration parameter of thesystem, heat load increased to the evaporator, quantity of in pouring,temperature of heat sink, parasitical heat, temperature of ambient and thebeing way of secondary loop and so on, are included. Finally, some parametersof affecting the system after startup capability are analyzed briefly.
引文
1 闵桂荣，郭舜．航天器热控制(第二版)．北京：科学出版社，1998
2 胡会刚．中国航天器热控制技术进展．航天器工程．2001(10)：14-29
3 Rohana Chandratilleke, Hideo Hatakeyama, Hideki Nakagome. Development or Cryogenic Loop Heat Pipes. Cryogenics. 1998(38): (263-269)
4 钱吉裕．毛细泵回路流动与换热机理研究．南京理工大学动力学院博士论文．2005
5 杨贤飞．低温毛细抽吸两相流体凹路(CCPL)的结构设计和数值模拟．南京理工大学动力学院硕士论文．2004
6 Po-Ya Abel Chuang. An Improved Steady-state Model of Loop Heat Pipes Based on Experimental and Theoretical Analyses. PHD dissertation in The Pennsylvania State University, 2003
7 Theodore D. , Swanson. NASA Thermal Control Technologies for Robotic. Spacecraft Applied Thermal Engineering. 2003(23): 1055-1065
8 Jentung Ku. Recent Advances in Capillary Pumped Loop Technology. AIAA 97
9 J. Ku. Operating Characteristics of Loop Heat Pipes. SAE, No. 1999-01-2007
10 K. Tanaka, A. Okamota and K. Matsui. Design and Application of the Capillary Pumped Loop for the Future Satellite. AIAA, 98—1390
11 Q. Mo, J. T. Liang. A Novel Design and Experimental Study of a Cryogenic Loop Heat Pipe with High Heat Transfer Capability. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2006(49): (770-776)
12 Triem T. Hoang, Tamara A.O' Connell, Dmitry K. Khrustalev, Jentung Ku. Cryogenic Advanced Loop Heat Pipe in Temperature Range of 20-30 K. International Heat Pipe Conference, Moscow, Russia. May 2002
13 Yu F. Maydanik. Review Loop heat pipes. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2005(25): 635-657
14 C. S. Chang, B. J. Huang, Yu. F. Maydanik. Feasibility of a mini LHP for CPU cooling of a Notebook PC. Proc. of 12th Int.. Heat Pipe Conference, Russia: Moscow. 2002: 390-393
15 V. G. Pastukhov, Yu. F. Maidanik, C.V. Vershinin, M. A. Korukov. Miniature loop heat. pipes for electronics cooling. Applied Thermal Engneering, 2003, 23: 1125-1135
16 苗建印，侯增祺，曹剑锋．环路热管内工质流动特性的研究．中国空间科学技术．2001(4)：57-63
17 苗建印，曹剑锋，侯增祺．LHP在模拟空间环境下的性能试验研究．工程热物理学报．2003，24(1)：88-90
18 Triem T. Hoang, Jentung Ku. Advanced Loop Heat Pipes For Spacecraft Thermal Control. 8th AIAA/ASME Joint Thermophysics and Heat Transfer Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, 2002-3094
19 Triem T. Hoang, Jentung Ku, Tamara A. O' Connell. Management of Parasitics in Cryogenic Advanced Loop Heat Pipes. AIAA, 2002
20 Dmitry K. Khrustalev, Sergey Y. Semenov. Advanced in Low-Temperature, Cryogenic, and Miniature Loop Heat Pipes. Presentation at the 12 Annual Spacecraft Thermal Control. Technology Workshop, El Segundo. March 2003
21 Triem T. Hoang, Tamara A. O' Connell, Jentung Ku, C. Dan Butler, Theodore D. Swanson, Dmitry K. Khrustalev. Design Optimization of a Hydrogen Advanced Loop Heat Pipe for Space-Based IR Sensor and Detector Cryocooling. Proceedings of' SPIE Vol. 5172: 86-96, 2003
22 Triem T. Hoang, ramara A.O' Connell, Jentung Ku, C. Dan Butler, Theodore D. Swanson. Performance Demonstration of a Hydrogen Advanced Loop Heat Pipe for 20-30K Cryocooling of Far Infrared Sensors. Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 5904: 2005
23 向艳超，侯增祺，张加迅．环路热管技术(LHP)的发展现状．工程热物理学报．2004，25(4)：682-683
24 Zengqi Hou (侯增祺) et al. Experimental Study on a Capillary Pumped Loop Testing Model. Proceedings of 7th IHPC. USSR: Minsk. 1990
25 Zhang Jiaxun, Hou Zengqi. The effect of disturbance in the evaporator on the performance of capillary pumped loop. J. of Thermal science. 1999, 8(2): 120-124
26 张加迅，侯增祺．反向式蒸发器芯层内蒸汽阻力的分析计算．中国空间科学技术．1999(22)：8-14
27 Z. Hou(侯增祺) et al.. The Tests Study on the Unsteady Operation of Capillary Pumped Loop. Proceedings of 10th IHPC, Germany: Stuttgart. 1997
28 黄晓明，刘伟，韩延民．CPL蒸发器多孔芯传热传质特性的新数学模型．工程热物理学报．2004，25(4)：652-654
29 Qu Wei, Ma Tongze. Investigate on operational unsteady characteristics of CPL: the effects of evaportator and reserveoir. J. of Thermal Science. 1999, 8(2): 114-119
30 邓强．毛细泵环蒸发器内的传热和流动研究．中科院工程热物理所博士论文．1998
31 赵小翔．CPL技术在FY—1C卫星中的应用．上海航天．2001(2)：44-50
32 宣益民，钱吉裕，李强．CPL复合毛细芯流动性能及工质特性分析．工程热物理学报．2003(24)：1007-1009
33 钱吉裕，李强，宣益民．毛细泵回路(CPL)蒸发器的数值研究．中国空间科学技术．2005(25)：28-32
34 钱吉裕，李强，陈小波，宣益民．CPL系统的非稳态数值模拟．热能动力工程．2004(19)：605-609
35 韩延民，刘伟，黄晓明，许囡良．CPL冷凝器多孔芯及槽道内蒸气的冷凝分析．华中科技大学学报(自然科学版)．2003，31(7)：58-60
36 王强，刘伟，刘志春，黄晓明．CPL蒸发器多孔芯温压变化的数值模拟．华中科技大学学报(自然科学版)．2004，32(5)：87-89
37 张红星，林贵平，丁汀等．环路热管温度波动现象的实验分析．北京航空航天大学学报．2005，31(2)：116-120
38 牟其峥，屠传经．毛细抽吸两相回路蒸发器管内流动的理论分析．浙江大学学报(工学版)．2000，34(3)：253-256
39 莫青，蔡京辉，梁惊涛，周远．液氮温区低温网路热管的实验研究．真空与低温．2005，11(1)：19-21
40 莫青，梁惊涛，蔡京辉，周远．液氮温区重力辅助深冷回路热管的实验研究．低温工程．2005(1)：49-52
41 Heather L. Watson, B.S., M.S.. Thermal Analysis of a Loop Heat Pipe Evaporator and Compensation Chamber. Dissertation for the degree Doctor of New Mexico State University. 2001
42 Tarik Kaya, Triem T. Hoang, Jentung Ku, Mark K. Cheung. Mathematical Modeling of Loop Heat Pipes. AIAA, 1999-0477
43 Michelle L. Parker. Modeling of Loop Heat Pipes with Applications to Spacecraft Thermal Control. Dissertation for the degree Doctor of the University of Pennsylvania. 2000
44 Triem T. Hoang, Jentung Ku. Mathematical Modeling of Loop Heat Pipes with Multiple Evaporators and Multiple Condensers. AIAA, 2005-5682
45 K. R. Wrenn, S. J. Krein, T.T. Hoang, R.D. Allen. Verification of a Transient Loop Heat Pipe Model. Society of Automotive Engineers, inc. 1999
46 Tarik Kaya, Trien T. Hoang. Mathematical Modeling of Loop Heat Pipes with Two-phase Pressure Drop. AIAA, 99-33875
47 Tarik Kaya, Trien T. Hoang. Mathematical of Loop Heat Pipes and Experimental validation. J. Thermophysics and Heat Transfer. 1999(13): 314-320
48 Triem T. Hoang, Jentung Ku. Transient Modeling of Loop Heat Pipes. AIAA, 2003
49 Triem T. Hoang, Jentung Ku, Tamara A.O' Connell. Mathematical Modeling of Loop Heat Pipes with Multiple Capillary Pumps and Multiple Condensers Patti-steady State Simulations. AIAA, 2004-5577
50 Mullolland G.., Gerhart C., Gluck D., Stanley S.. Comparison between analytical prediction and experimental dada for a loop heat pipe. AIP Conference proceedings. 1999(158): 805-810
51 Brent Cullimore, Jane Baumann. Steady-State and Transient Loop Heat Pipe Modeling. Society of Automotive Engineers, inc. 2000
52 Pauken. M.,and Rodriguez. J.. Performance Characterization and model verification of a loop heat pipe. SAE Paper No. 200-01-2317
53 Tien C L. Minimun Meniscius Radius of Heat Pipes Wicking Material. Int. Jour. Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol 14, No. 11, 1971
54 马同泽，汪肇平，赵嘉琪．热管网状毛细芯毛细力及渗透率研究．工程热物理学报，1980，1(2)
55 马同泽，侯增祺，吴光銧．热管．北京：科学出版社．1983
56 罗志甲．毛细抽吸两相液体回流的动态仿真及3D演示．重庆大学硕士学位论文，2001
57 Pei-Xue Jiang, Ze-Pei Ren. Numerical Investigation of Forced Convection Heat Transfer in Porous Media using a Thermal Non-equilibrium Model. Int. J. of Heat Fluid Flow 22(2001)102-110
58 向艳超，姚伟，李劲东．环路热管蒸发器毛细芯传热流动特性的一维分析． 中国空间科学技术．2005(2)：16-21
59 刘志春，刘伟，杨会国，邓芳芳．CPL蒸发器毛细芯中流动与传热的场协同分析．工程热物理学报．2006，27(2)：295-297
60 闫茂龙，舒水明．蒸发器芯层内气液界面的波动原因．能源技术．2006，27(6)：249-251，294
61 张加迅，侯增祺．反向式毛细芯运行机理的分析．中国空间科学技术．2000(6)：43-49
62 Zhang JT, Wang B X. Effect of Capillarity at Liquid—Vapor Interface on Phase Change without Surfactant. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 45(2002) 2689-2694
63 Chemysheva, Yu. F. Maidanik, S.V. Vershinin. Heat exchange in the evaporator of a loop heat pipe with a biporous capillary structure. 11th Int. Heat Pipe Conf.. Japan: Tokyo, 1999
64 E．U．施林德尔．换热器设计手册(第二卷)．北京：机械工业出版社，1989．465-515
65 冯健美，屈宗长等．纯质制冷剂管内冷凝换热的计算方法．流体机械．2000，28(9)：60-65
66 Chi S W, Cygnarowicz T A. Theoretical Analyses of Cryogenic Heat Pipes, ASME Paper No. 70-HT/Spt-6,1970
67 Jane Baumann, Ed Kroliczek, Brent Cullimore, David Bugby. Development of the Cryogenic Capillary Pumped Loop. IECEC-98-1137
68 张祉祐．低温技术原理与装置．西安：西安交通大学出版社，1987
69 徐烈．低温绝热与贮运技术．北京：机械出版社，1999
70 杨世铭，陶文铨．传热学(第三版)．北京：高等教育出版社，1998
2 胡会刚．中国航天器热控制技术进展．航天器工程．2001(10)：14-29
3 Rohana Chandratilleke, Hideo Hatakeyama, Hideki Nakagome. Development or Cryogenic Loop Heat Pipes. Cryogenics. 1998(38): (263-269)
4 钱吉裕．毛细泵回路流动与换热机理研究．南京理工大学动力学院博士论文．2005
5 杨贤飞．低温毛细抽吸两相流体凹路(CCPL)的结构设计和数值模拟．南京理工大学动力学院硕士论文．2004
6 Po-Ya Abel Chuang. An Improved Steady-state Model of Loop Heat Pipes Based on Experimental and Theoretical Analyses. PHD dissertation in The Pennsylvania State University, 2003
7 Theodore D. , Swanson. NASA Thermal Control Technologies for Robotic. Spacecraft Applied Thermal Engineering. 2003(23): 1055-1065
8 Jentung Ku. Recent Advances in Capillary Pumped Loop Technology. AIAA 97
9 J. Ku. Operating Characteristics of Loop Heat Pipes. SAE, No. 1999-01-2007
10 K. Tanaka, A. Okamota and K. Matsui. Design and Application of the Capillary Pumped Loop for the Future Satellite. AIAA, 98—1390
11 Q. Mo, J. T. Liang. A Novel Design and Experimental Study of a Cryogenic Loop Heat Pipe with High Heat Transfer Capability. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2006(49): (770-776)
12 Triem T. Hoang, Tamara A.O' Connell, Dmitry K. Khrustalev, Jentung Ku. Cryogenic Advanced Loop Heat Pipe in Temperature Range of 20-30 K. International Heat Pipe Conference, Moscow, Russia. May 2002
13 Yu F. Maydanik. Review Loop heat pipes. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2005(25): 635-657
14 C. S. Chang, B. J. Huang, Yu. F. Maydanik. Feasibility of a mini LHP for CPU cooling of a Notebook PC. Proc. of 12th Int.. Heat Pipe Conference, Russia: Moscow. 2002: 390-393
15 V. G. Pastukhov, Yu. F. Maidanik, C.V. Vershinin, M. A. Korukov. Miniature loop heat. pipes for electronics cooling. Applied Thermal Engneering, 2003, 23: 1125-1135
16 苗建印，侯增祺，曹剑锋．环路热管内工质流动特性的研究．中国空间科学技术．2001(4)：57-63
17 苗建印，曹剑锋，侯增祺．LHP在模拟空间环境下的性能试验研究．工程热物理学报．2003，24(1)：88-90
18 Triem T. Hoang, Jentung Ku. Advanced Loop Heat Pipes For Spacecraft Thermal Control. 8th AIAA/ASME Joint Thermophysics and Heat Transfer Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, 2002-3094
19 Triem T. Hoang, Jentung Ku, Tamara A. O' Connell. Management of Parasitics in Cryogenic Advanced Loop Heat Pipes. AIAA, 2002
20 Dmitry K. Khrustalev, Sergey Y. Semenov. Advanced in Low-Temperature, Cryogenic, and Miniature Loop Heat Pipes. Presentation at the 12 Annual Spacecraft Thermal Control. Technology Workshop, El Segundo. March 2003
21 Triem T. Hoang, Tamara A. O' Connell, Jentung Ku, C. Dan Butler, Theodore D. Swanson, Dmitry K. Khrustalev. Design Optimization of a Hydrogen Advanced Loop Heat Pipe for Space-Based IR Sensor and Detector Cryocooling. Proceedings of' SPIE Vol. 5172: 86-96, 2003
22 Triem T. Hoang, ramara A.O' Connell, Jentung Ku, C. Dan Butler, Theodore D. Swanson. Performance Demonstration of a Hydrogen Advanced Loop Heat Pipe for 20-30K Cryocooling of Far Infrared Sensors. Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 5904: 2005
23 向艳超，侯增祺，张加迅．环路热管技术(LHP)的发展现状．工程热物理学报．2004，25(4)：682-683
24 Zengqi Hou (侯增祺) et al. Experimental Study on a Capillary Pumped Loop Testing Model. Proceedings of 7th IHPC. USSR: Minsk. 1990
25 Zhang Jiaxun, Hou Zengqi. The effect of disturbance in the evaporator on the performance of capillary pumped loop. J. of Thermal science. 1999, 8(2): 120-124
26 张加迅，侯增祺．反向式蒸发器芯层内蒸汽阻力的分析计算．中国空间科学技术．1999(22)：8-14
27 Z. Hou(侯增祺) et al.. The Tests Study on the Unsteady Operation of Capillary Pumped Loop. Proceedings of 10th IHPC, Germany: Stuttgart. 1997
28 黄晓明，刘伟，韩延民．CPL蒸发器多孔芯传热传质特性的新数学模型．工程热物理学报．2004，25(4)：652-654
29 Qu Wei, Ma Tongze. Investigate on operational unsteady characteristics of CPL: the effects of evaportator and reserveoir. J. of Thermal Science. 1999, 8(2): 114-119
30 邓强．毛细泵环蒸发器内的传热和流动研究．中科院工程热物理所博士论文．1998
31 赵小翔．CPL技术在FY—1C卫星中的应用．上海航天．2001(2)：44-50
32 宣益民，钱吉裕，李强．CPL复合毛细芯流动性能及工质特性分析．工程热物理学报．2003(24)：1007-1009
33 钱吉裕，李强，宣益民．毛细泵回路(CPL)蒸发器的数值研究．中国空间科学技术．2005(25)：28-32
34 钱吉裕，李强，陈小波，宣益民．CPL系统的非稳态数值模拟．热能动力工程．2004(19)：605-609
35 韩延民，刘伟，黄晓明，许囡良．CPL冷凝器多孔芯及槽道内蒸气的冷凝分析．华中科技大学学报(自然科学版)．2003，31(7)：58-60
36 王强，刘伟，刘志春，黄晓明．CPL蒸发器多孔芯温压变化的数值模拟．华中科技大学学报(自然科学版)．2004，32(5)：87-89
37 张红星，林贵平，丁汀等．环路热管温度波动现象的实验分析．北京航空航天大学学报．2005，31(2)：116-120
38 牟其峥，屠传经．毛细抽吸两相回路蒸发器管内流动的理论分析．浙江大学学报(工学版)．2000，34(3)：253-256
39 莫青，蔡京辉，梁惊涛，周远．液氮温区低温网路热管的实验研究．真空与低温．2005，11(1)：19-21
40 莫青，梁惊涛，蔡京辉，周远．液氮温区重力辅助深冷回路热管的实验研究．低温工程．2005(1)：49-52
41 Heather L. Watson, B.S., M.S.. Thermal Analysis of a Loop Heat Pipe Evaporator and Compensation Chamber. Dissertation for the degree Doctor of New Mexico State University. 2001
42 Tarik Kaya, Triem T. Hoang, Jentung Ku, Mark K. Cheung. Mathematical Modeling of Loop Heat Pipes. AIAA, 1999-0477
43 Michelle L. Parker. Modeling of Loop Heat Pipes with Applications to Spacecraft Thermal Control. Dissertation for the degree Doctor of the University of Pennsylvania. 2000
44 Triem T. Hoang, Jentung Ku. Mathematical Modeling of Loop Heat Pipes with Multiple Evaporators and Multiple Condensers. AIAA, 2005-5682
45 K. R. Wrenn, S. J. Krein, T.T. Hoang, R.D. Allen. Verification of a Transient Loop Heat Pipe Model. Society of Automotive Engineers, inc. 1999
46 Tarik Kaya, Trien T. Hoang. Mathematical Modeling of Loop Heat Pipes with Two-phase Pressure Drop. AIAA, 99-33875
47 Tarik Kaya, Trien T. Hoang. Mathematical of Loop Heat Pipes and Experimental validation. J. Thermophysics and Heat Transfer. 1999(13): 314-320
48 Triem T. Hoang, Jentung Ku. Transient Modeling of Loop Heat Pipes. AIAA, 2003
49 Triem T. Hoang, Jentung Ku, Tamara A.O' Connell. Mathematical Modeling of Loop Heat Pipes with Multiple Capillary Pumps and Multiple Condensers Patti-steady State Simulations. AIAA, 2004-5577
50 Mullolland G.., Gerhart C., Gluck D., Stanley S.. Comparison between analytical prediction and experimental dada for a loop heat pipe. AIP Conference proceedings. 1999(158): 805-810
51 Brent Cullimore, Jane Baumann. Steady-State and Transient Loop Heat Pipe Modeling. Society of Automotive Engineers, inc. 2000
52 Pauken. M.,and Rodriguez. J.. Performance Characterization and model verification of a loop heat pipe. SAE Paper No. 200-01-2317
53 Tien C L. Minimun Meniscius Radius of Heat Pipes Wicking Material. Int. Jour. Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol 14, No. 11, 1971
54 马同泽，汪肇平，赵嘉琪．热管网状毛细芯毛细力及渗透率研究．工程热物理学报，1980，1(2)
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