无线传感器网络节点芯片的低功耗设计与实现
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摘要
无线传感器网络节点一般工作于室外环境并且分布广,只适于采用电池供电,有效工作时间很短。当电池能量耗尽后节点会退出网络,直接影响通信的效能,当过多节点退出网络后更会影响整体功能的实现。所以如何解决节点能量约束、提高节点工作寿命已经成为了无线传感器网络研究中的核心问题。
本文首先在比较分析了当前解决能量约束问题的两个主要措施——能量补充和节能措施之后,提出利用动态功耗管理策略设计低功耗节点芯片来解决节点能量约束问题。详细阐述了动态功耗管理策略利用芯片在多种节能模式模式间切换降低功耗的原理。
然后采用门控时钟和门控电源方法从硬件上实现了动态功耗管理策略,并研究了采用这两种方法后给节点芯片设计带来的新问题及相应的解决办法,包括:使用扫描链结构解决数据的恢复问题;使用隔离单元解决数据隔离问题;使用双时钟结构缩短芯片休眠唤醒时间;利用扫描链解决电源连接仿真;利用休眠定时器解决MAC计数器的恢复问题;合理设计了功耗管理时序以保证芯片节能模式切换的顺利完成。在此基础上,设计了改进后的低功耗的节点芯片架构。
最后,采用低功耗设计流程,使用HHNEC EF25G工艺完成了芯片的版图实现。使用Primepower对低功耗实现后的节点芯片进行功耗仿真,结果显示节能模式下的功耗仅不到正常工作模式下的1%,表明本文的低功耗策略有效的降低了节点芯片的功耗。
Wireless sensor network has been rated as one of the top ten technologies in the 21st century. Now it is has a wide range of applications in the military, environmental science, medicine, space exploration and so on. However, the limited energy of the network node limits its application. How to solve this problem has become the core issue of the research of wireless sensor networks now.
In this paper, the work of the following several aspects has been carried out around the issue of limited energy of wireless sensor network. First, the basic situation of wireless sensor network has been introduced, including the characteristics of the network, topology of the network and application status quo. The dangers and the status quo of the problem of limited energy have been introduced in particular. Based on the analysis of the status quo of the limited energy of the network, the current studies to address this issue have been introduced, including the addition of energy and network energy-saving measures.
After the discussion of the nodes system and the design method of main modules, low-power strategy in this article has been proposed: dynamic power management. The principles of dynamic power management has been analyzed, include its hardware implementation. Based on this, chip architecture of the node after the implement of low power has been put forward. Then the key technologies of low-power design has been carefully studied and analyzed, including: data recovery and isolation, the wake-up time shorten, power connector simulation, MAC timer recovery, and power-down power-up timing. For various techniques, the details of their problems and the details of their realizations have been introduced. Finally, the design flow of low power design has been introduced. The power simulation results of the netlist after the layout show that the dynamic power management strategy has a very significant reduce of power consumption. In sleep mode, power consumption is less than 1% of normal working mode power consumption. The chip has been layout by HHNEC EF250G process. The chip is being tested now.
本文首先在比较分析了当前解决能量约束问题的两个主要措施——能量补充和节能措施之后,提出利用动态功耗管理策略设计低功耗节点芯片来解决节点能量约束问题。详细阐述了动态功耗管理策略利用芯片在多种节能模式模式间切换降低功耗的原理。
然后采用门控时钟和门控电源方法从硬件上实现了动态功耗管理策略,并研究了采用这两种方法后给节点芯片设计带来的新问题及相应的解决办法,包括:使用扫描链结构解决数据的恢复问题;使用隔离单元解决数据隔离问题;使用双时钟结构缩短芯片休眠唤醒时间;利用扫描链解决电源连接仿真;利用休眠定时器解决MAC计数器的恢复问题;合理设计了功耗管理时序以保证芯片节能模式切换的顺利完成。在此基础上,设计了改进后的低功耗的节点芯片架构。
最后,采用低功耗设计流程,使用HHNEC EF25G工艺完成了芯片的版图实现。使用Primepower对低功耗实现后的节点芯片进行功耗仿真,结果显示节能模式下的功耗仅不到正常工作模式下的1%,表明本文的低功耗策略有效的降低了节点芯片的功耗。
Wireless sensor network has been rated as one of the top ten technologies in the 21st century. Now it is has a wide range of applications in the military, environmental science, medicine, space exploration and so on. However, the limited energy of the network node limits its application. How to solve this problem has become the core issue of the research of wireless sensor networks now.
In this paper, the work of the following several aspects has been carried out around the issue of limited energy of wireless sensor network. First, the basic situation of wireless sensor network has been introduced, including the characteristics of the network, topology of the network and application status quo. The dangers and the status quo of the problem of limited energy have been introduced in particular. Based on the analysis of the status quo of the limited energy of the network, the current studies to address this issue have been introduced, including the addition of energy and network energy-saving measures.
After the discussion of the nodes system and the design method of main modules, low-power strategy in this article has been proposed: dynamic power management. The principles of dynamic power management has been analyzed, include its hardware implementation. Based on this, chip architecture of the node after the implement of low power has been put forward. Then the key technologies of low-power design has been carefully studied and analyzed, including: data recovery and isolation, the wake-up time shorten, power connector simulation, MAC timer recovery, and power-down power-up timing. For various techniques, the details of their problems and the details of their realizations have been introduced. Finally, the design flow of low power design has been introduced. The power simulation results of the netlist after the layout show that the dynamic power management strategy has a very significant reduce of power consumption. In sleep mode, power consumption is less than 1% of normal working mode power consumption. The chip has been layout by HHNEC EF250G process. The chip is being tested now.
引文
[1]周亮.无线传感器网络低功耗节点控制器芯片设计与实现: [硕士学位论文].西安:电子科技大学图书馆, 2007
[2]孙利民,李建中,陈渝等.无线传感器网络.北京:清华大学出版社, 2008: 3
[3]张大踪.无线传感器网络的低功耗设计技术研究: [硕士学位论文].成都:西南科技大学图书馆, 2007
[4]马祖长,孙怡宁,梅涛.无线传感器网络综述.通信学报, 2004, 25(4): l6l~162
[5] Dai Shijin, Jing Xiaorong, Li Lemin. Research and Analysis on Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks. in: Communications, Circuits and Systems, Chengdu China: UESTC Press, 2005: 407~412
[6]徐静,吴元祥.未来无线通讯新领域——传感器网络.中兴通讯技术, 2004, (5): 52~53
[7]施承.基于ZigBee协议的无线传感器网络关键技术的研究和实现: [硕士学位论文].南京:东南大学图书馆, 2006
[8]任丰原,黄海宁,林闯.无线传感器网络.软件学报, 2003, 14(07): 1284~1285
[9]周又玲,黄本雄,王芙蓉.无线传感器网络的能源策略分析.信息技术, 2005, 29 (7): 43~46.
[10] Raghunathan Vijay, Kansal Aman, Hsu Jason, et al. Design Considerations for Solar Energy Harvesting Wireless Embedded Systems. in: Networked sensor energy management. NJ USA: IEEE Press, 2005: 457~462
[11] Watkins C, Shen B, Bramanian R V. Low-grade-heat energy harvesting using superlattice thermoelectrics for applications in implantable medical devices and sensors. in: International Conference on Thermoelectrics. NJ USA: IEEE Operations Center, 2005: 250~252
[12] Liu Y M, Ren K L, Hofmann H F, et al. Investigation of electrostrictive polymers for energy harvesting. IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, 2005, 52 (12): 2411~2417
[13] Krikke J. Sunrise for energy harvesting products. IEEE Pervasive Computing, 2005, 4(1): 428
[14] Taylor G W, Burns J R, Kammann S M, et al. The energy harvesting Eel: a small subsurface ocean/river power generator. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 2001, 26 (4): 539~547
[15]杜冬梅,何青,张志.无线传感器网络能量收集技术分析.微纳电子技术, 2007, (7/8): 431~433
[16] Ottman G K, Hofmann H F, Bhatt A C, et al. Adaptive piezoelectric energy harvesting circuit for wireless remote power supply. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2002, 17 (5) : 669~676
[17] Sodano H A, Inman D J, Park G. A review of power harvesting from vibration using piezoelectric materials. The Shock and Vibration Digest, 2004, 36 (3): 197-205
[18] Stephen N G. On energy harvesting from ambient vibration. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 2006, 293(1-2): 409~425
[19]胡冠山,姚彦青.无线网络传感器能量收集管理技术.传感器世界, 2006, 33 (3) : 33~36
[20]王立端,李倇倪,张静等.噪声发电.生态经济, 2004, (2): 62~65
[21]赵佳明.高科技使噪声变福音.沿海环境, 2001 , (7) : 20~21
[22] John Michael, Smith Sebastian.专用集成电路.虞慧华等译.北京:电子工业出版社, 2007: 612~615
[23] Burch R, Najm F N, Yang P, Trick T. A Monte Carlo Approach for Power Estimation. IEEE Transactions On VLSI, 1993, 1(1): 63~71
[24] Keating Michael, Flynn David, Aitken Robert, et al. Low Power Methodology Manual for System-on-Chip Design. NY USA: Springer, 2007: 2~4
[25]王彬,任艳颖.数字系统IC设计.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社, 2005:198~221
[26] Patterson David A, Hennessy John L.计算机组成和设计硬件/软件接口.第2版.郑纬民等译.北京:清华大学出版社, 2003: 425~430
[27] Keating Michael, Flynn David, Aitken Robert, et al. Low Power MethodologyManual for System-on-Chip Design. NY USA: Springer, 2007: 17~18
[28] Balch Mark.完整的数字设计.李兆麟译.北京:清华大学出版社, 2006: 126~132
[29]刘政林,霍文捷,艾金鹏,郭文平,李元,刘政,李子磊,龚明杨,万毓西.一种无线传感器网络接入协议的实现装置.中国.国家发明专利,申请号: 200910061561.1
[30]郭炜,郭筝,谢憬. SoC设计方法与实现.北京:电子工业出版社, 2007: 14~16
[31] Keating Michael, Flynn David, Aitken Robert, et al. Low Power Methodology Manual for System-on-Chip Design. NY USA: Springer, 2007: 50~58
[32] Scheffer Louis, Lavagno Luciano, Martin Grant.集成电路系统设计、验证与测试.陈力颖,王猛译.北京:科学出版社, 2008: 370~374
[33] Katz RH, Borriello Gaetano.现代逻辑设计.第2版.罗嵘等译.北京:电子工业出版社, 2006: 227~236
[34]韦恩.沃尔夫.现代VLSI设计——系统芯片设计.第三版.张欣等译.北京:科学出版社, 2004: 308~312
[35]姚亚峰,陈建文,黄载禄. ASIC设计技术及其发展研究.中国集成电路, 2006, (10): 16~18
[36]牛风举,刘元成,朱明程.基于IP复用的数字IC设计技术.北京:电子工业出版社, 2003: 4~7
[37]唐杉,徐强,王莉薇.数字IC设计——方法、技巧与实践.北京:机械工业出版社, 2006: 220~286
[38] Bhasker J, Chadha Rakesh. Static Timing Analysis for Nanometer Designs A Practical Approach. NY USA: Springer, 2009: 2~4
[39] Uyemura John P.超大规模集成电路与系统导论.周润德译.北京:电子工业出版社, 2004: 444~451
[40] Rabaey JM, Chandrakasan Anantha, Nikolic Borivoje. Digital Integrated Circuits. Second edition. NJ USA: Prentice Hall, 2003:453~471
[2]孙利民,李建中,陈渝等.无线传感器网络.北京:清华大学出版社, 2008: 3
[3]张大踪.无线传感器网络的低功耗设计技术研究: [硕士学位论文].成都:西南科技大学图书馆, 2007
[4]马祖长,孙怡宁,梅涛.无线传感器网络综述.通信学报, 2004, 25(4): l6l~162
[5] Dai Shijin, Jing Xiaorong, Li Lemin. Research and Analysis on Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks. in: Communications, Circuits and Systems, Chengdu China: UESTC Press, 2005: 407~412
[6]徐静,吴元祥.未来无线通讯新领域——传感器网络.中兴通讯技术, 2004, (5): 52~53
[7]施承.基于ZigBee协议的无线传感器网络关键技术的研究和实现: [硕士学位论文].南京:东南大学图书馆, 2006
[8]任丰原,黄海宁,林闯.无线传感器网络.软件学报, 2003, 14(07): 1284~1285
[9]周又玲,黄本雄,王芙蓉.无线传感器网络的能源策略分析.信息技术, 2005, 29 (7): 43~46.
[10] Raghunathan Vijay, Kansal Aman, Hsu Jason, et al. Design Considerations for Solar Energy Harvesting Wireless Embedded Systems. in: Networked sensor energy management. NJ USA: IEEE Press, 2005: 457~462
[11] Watkins C, Shen B, Bramanian R V. Low-grade-heat energy harvesting using superlattice thermoelectrics for applications in implantable medical devices and sensors. in: International Conference on Thermoelectrics. NJ USA: IEEE Operations Center, 2005: 250~252
[12] Liu Y M, Ren K L, Hofmann H F, et al. Investigation of electrostrictive polymers for energy harvesting. IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, 2005, 52 (12): 2411~2417
[13] Krikke J. Sunrise for energy harvesting products. IEEE Pervasive Computing, 2005, 4(1): 428
[14] Taylor G W, Burns J R, Kammann S M, et al. The energy harvesting Eel: a small subsurface ocean/river power generator. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 2001, 26 (4): 539~547
[15]杜冬梅,何青,张志.无线传感器网络能量收集技术分析.微纳电子技术, 2007, (7/8): 431~433
[16] Ottman G K, Hofmann H F, Bhatt A C, et al. Adaptive piezoelectric energy harvesting circuit for wireless remote power supply. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2002, 17 (5) : 669~676
[17] Sodano H A, Inman D J, Park G. A review of power harvesting from vibration using piezoelectric materials. The Shock and Vibration Digest, 2004, 36 (3): 197-205
[18] Stephen N G. On energy harvesting from ambient vibration. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 2006, 293(1-2): 409~425
[19]胡冠山,姚彦青.无线网络传感器能量收集管理技术.传感器世界, 2006, 33 (3) : 33~36
[20]王立端,李倇倪,张静等.噪声发电.生态经济, 2004, (2): 62~65
[21]赵佳明.高科技使噪声变福音.沿海环境, 2001 , (7) : 20~21
[22] John Michael, Smith Sebastian.专用集成电路.虞慧华等译.北京:电子工业出版社, 2007: 612~615
[23] Burch R, Najm F N, Yang P, Trick T. A Monte Carlo Approach for Power Estimation. IEEE Transactions On VLSI, 1993, 1(1): 63~71
[24] Keating Michael, Flynn David, Aitken Robert, et al. Low Power Methodology Manual for System-on-Chip Design. NY USA: Springer, 2007: 2~4
[25]王彬,任艳颖.数字系统IC设计.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社, 2005:198~221
[26] Patterson David A, Hennessy John L.计算机组成和设计硬件/软件接口.第2版.郑纬民等译.北京:清华大学出版社, 2003: 425~430
[27] Keating Michael, Flynn David, Aitken Robert, et al. Low Power MethodologyManual for System-on-Chip Design. NY USA: Springer, 2007: 17~18
[28] Balch Mark.完整的数字设计.李兆麟译.北京:清华大学出版社, 2006: 126~132
[29]刘政林,霍文捷,艾金鹏,郭文平,李元,刘政,李子磊,龚明杨,万毓西.一种无线传感器网络接入协议的实现装置.中国.国家发明专利,申请号: 200910061561.1
[30]郭炜,郭筝,谢憬. SoC设计方法与实现.北京:电子工业出版社, 2007: 14~16
[31] Keating Michael, Flynn David, Aitken Robert, et al. Low Power Methodology Manual for System-on-Chip Design. NY USA: Springer, 2007: 50~58
[32] Scheffer Louis, Lavagno Luciano, Martin Grant.集成电路系统设计、验证与测试.陈力颖,王猛译.北京:科学出版社, 2008: 370~374
[33] Katz RH, Borriello Gaetano.现代逻辑设计.第2版.罗嵘等译.北京:电子工业出版社, 2006: 227~236
[34]韦恩.沃尔夫.现代VLSI设计——系统芯片设计.第三版.张欣等译.北京:科学出版社, 2004: 308~312
[35]姚亚峰,陈建文,黄载禄. ASIC设计技术及其发展研究.中国集成电路, 2006, (10): 16~18
[36]牛风举,刘元成,朱明程.基于IP复用的数字IC设计技术.北京:电子工业出版社, 2003: 4~7
[37]唐杉,徐强,王莉薇.数字IC设计——方法、技巧与实践.北京:机械工业出版社, 2006: 220~286
[38] Bhasker J, Chadha Rakesh. Static Timing Analysis for Nanometer Designs A Practical Approach. NY USA: Springer, 2009: 2~4
[39] Uyemura John P.超大规模集成电路与系统导论.周润德译.北京:电子工业出版社, 2004: 444~451
[40] Rabaey JM, Chandrakasan Anantha, Nikolic Borivoje. Digital Integrated Circuits. Second edition. NJ USA: Prentice Hall, 2003:453~471