历史时期以来且末绿洲动态演变过程
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摘要
由人类活动而导致的生态与环境退化问题是当今全球面临的最严峻问题之一。特别是由人类对自然资源的过度开发利用而导致的自然资源枯竭,土地退化,生物多样性锐减,荒漠化面积扩大是当今全球生态与环境发生急剧变化的主要表现。深居内陆的地理区位、干燥的大陆性气候、山盆相间的地貌格局、广袤发育的内陆流域、荒漠性的土壤与植被使得中国西部干旱区具有独具特色的生物气候特征。在此生物气候背景下,该区山地生物气候的垂直分异使得该区的生态系统十分丰富多样。位于生物气候垂直带底部的荒漠生态系统的复杂多样性也堪称世界之最。在干旱区的巨型山盆体系下,山地～绿洲～荒漠构成了中国西部干旱区独特的三大生态系统。绿洲在自然体系的生态意义上和人为体系的经济意义上都处在十分关键的位置。
位于塔里木盆地东南部的且末绿洲历史悠久,在7000年以前就有人类活动。在历史时期,因人类经济活动范围微小,绿洲的演变主要受自然因素的影响。而到了近代,随着经济发展和人口增长,绿洲变化从以自然因素为主转变到人为作用为主。尤其是20世纪50年代之后,由于大规模水土开发,绿洲面积逐渐扩大,绿洲周边及河流下游天然植被面积萎缩、资源亏损、环境恶变。因此,在干旱区,实现绿洲可持续发展成为目前最重要的科学问题也是要解决的实际问题。本文高度综合历史文献、考古资料、各类专题地图、遥感数据和实地调查数据,通过广泛搜集半个世纪以来且末绿洲演化的基础信息,探讨历史以来且末绿洲自然生态环境和社会发展特征,由此揭示自然与人为因素驱动下的绿洲演变内在规律和主要驱动力,并提出且末绿洲生态与环境可持续发展的有效措施。
Caused by human activities, ecological and environmental degradation is one of the most serious problems the world facing today. Especially by human over-exploitation of natural resources resulting from natural resource depletion, land degradation, biodiversity loss, expansion of desertification area is the main performance of today's Global ecology and environment rapidly changes. Secluded inland geographic location, dry continental climate, the basin and the landscape pattern, broad development of inland valley, desertification of the soil and vegetation has made a unique bio-climatic feature in arid region’s of Western China. In the context of this bio-climatic, this area’s mountain bioclimatic vertical differentiation has making the area's ecosystems are very rich and varied. Bioclimatic zone at the bottom of the vertical complex diversity of desert ecosystem is also called the world. In the arid zone of the giant mountain-basin system, the Mountain ~ Oasis ~Desert has posed a unique three ecosystems in the arid areas of Western China. Oasis in a very key position in the sense of natural ecology system and in the sense of man-made economic.
The decline of the many ancient and modern oasis during the oasis civilization in the history, a series environmental and ecological problems have produced by oasis expansion. With the population increase, social and economic development, pressure of the oasis ecosystem gradually increased and the ecological crisis and sustainable development have become very prominent problem. It is results of human use the oasis resources, environment and economy unreasonably in long-term development. Oasis as to be a core place for human existence and production of in arid areas, it is appropriate development in scale is directly related to social and economic sustainable development and ecological stability in arid areas. Oasis system is a complex, highly nonlinear system, its evolution restricted by natural resources, ecological environment, and population and socio-economic, and many other natural and man-made factors, it has great uncertainty feature. In the condition of did not receive any outside influence, there has a nature force witch play an invisible role to dominate and control the formation and development of the oasis. Through the adaptive role, to realize oasis self-organization, self-evolution and grasp whole process of the oasis development, giving the oasis an obvious character of self-organizing. When oasis developed to a certain extent, it got the influence of demographic, economic, politicks, and culture of social and material system, at the end original scale of oasis expanding continually and spread to out space. In the long history, oasis has developed from the ecological dominated oasis system to today's population and socio-economic activated oasis system. For example, from the evolution history of all southern Tarim Basin oasis system, the ancient oasis had the small population, the production is simple, in the utilization of water resources, there is no ability to control the big river, so the initial planning control with the absence of human conditions, the oasis evolution mainly restricted by the nature. Around the 7th century, and late of 19th century, with population rapid growth, productivity levels improved, human activity has transfer to middle zone where has stabilize water resources. In modern times, with the population growth, rapidly expansion of agricultural production, constructed a series water conservancy facilities, increase the utilization of water resources, human activities shown the trend of expansion, at the end formed the distribution pattern of modern oasis.
During the long history, due to the influence of human economic activities was small range, oasis’s dynamic evolution impacted manly by the natural environment. However in recently, with development of economy and population growth, the influential factor in transformation of oasis changed from the factor that comes from nature to the factor that comes from human activities. Especially, after the 50th of 20centry, because of the wide exploitation of water and soil, scale of human activities enlarged from the inner part of oasis to the outer part of it, a result, whole size of oasis expanding rapidly, but the natural vegetation of oasis surrounding and the river downstream going to disappear, resource loss and environmental malignant. Therefore, in arid areas, sustainable development of oasis is an important scientific issue, also a practical problem. In this article, through gather wide evidence of information that happened during the half a century in Qerchen oasis used historical evidence, archaeological material, various types of thematic maps, remote science data and field survey data, discussed the natural environment changes and social economic development of Qerchen oasis during the long history. Furthermore, reveals the natural and human factors driving the evolution under the internal law of the oasis and the main driving force, and made Qerchen oasis ecology and environment of effective measures for sustainable development.
位于塔里木盆地东南部的且末绿洲历史悠久,在7000年以前就有人类活动。在历史时期,因人类经济活动范围微小,绿洲的演变主要受自然因素的影响。而到了近代,随着经济发展和人口增长,绿洲变化从以自然因素为主转变到人为作用为主。尤其是20世纪50年代之后,由于大规模水土开发,绿洲面积逐渐扩大,绿洲周边及河流下游天然植被面积萎缩、资源亏损、环境恶变。因此,在干旱区,实现绿洲可持续发展成为目前最重要的科学问题也是要解决的实际问题。本文高度综合历史文献、考古资料、各类专题地图、遥感数据和实地调查数据,通过广泛搜集半个世纪以来且末绿洲演化的基础信息,探讨历史以来且末绿洲自然生态环境和社会发展特征,由此揭示自然与人为因素驱动下的绿洲演变内在规律和主要驱动力,并提出且末绿洲生态与环境可持续发展的有效措施。
Caused by human activities, ecological and environmental degradation is one of the most serious problems the world facing today. Especially by human over-exploitation of natural resources resulting from natural resource depletion, land degradation, biodiversity loss, expansion of desertification area is the main performance of today's Global ecology and environment rapidly changes. Secluded inland geographic location, dry continental climate, the basin and the landscape pattern, broad development of inland valley, desertification of the soil and vegetation has made a unique bio-climatic feature in arid region’s of Western China. In the context of this bio-climatic, this area’s mountain bioclimatic vertical differentiation has making the area's ecosystems are very rich and varied. Bioclimatic zone at the bottom of the vertical complex diversity of desert ecosystem is also called the world. In the arid zone of the giant mountain-basin system, the Mountain ~ Oasis ~Desert has posed a unique three ecosystems in the arid areas of Western China. Oasis in a very key position in the sense of natural ecology system and in the sense of man-made economic.
The decline of the many ancient and modern oasis during the oasis civilization in the history, a series environmental and ecological problems have produced by oasis expansion. With the population increase, social and economic development, pressure of the oasis ecosystem gradually increased and the ecological crisis and sustainable development have become very prominent problem. It is results of human use the oasis resources, environment and economy unreasonably in long-term development. Oasis as to be a core place for human existence and production of in arid areas, it is appropriate development in scale is directly related to social and economic sustainable development and ecological stability in arid areas. Oasis system is a complex, highly nonlinear system, its evolution restricted by natural resources, ecological environment, and population and socio-economic, and many other natural and man-made factors, it has great uncertainty feature. In the condition of did not receive any outside influence, there has a nature force witch play an invisible role to dominate and control the formation and development of the oasis. Through the adaptive role, to realize oasis self-organization, self-evolution and grasp whole process of the oasis development, giving the oasis an obvious character of self-organizing. When oasis developed to a certain extent, it got the influence of demographic, economic, politicks, and culture of social and material system, at the end original scale of oasis expanding continually and spread to out space. In the long history, oasis has developed from the ecological dominated oasis system to today's population and socio-economic activated oasis system. For example, from the evolution history of all southern Tarim Basin oasis system, the ancient oasis had the small population, the production is simple, in the utilization of water resources, there is no ability to control the big river, so the initial planning control with the absence of human conditions, the oasis evolution mainly restricted by the nature. Around the 7th century, and late of 19th century, with population rapid growth, productivity levels improved, human activity has transfer to middle zone where has stabilize water resources. In modern times, with the population growth, rapidly expansion of agricultural production, constructed a series water conservancy facilities, increase the utilization of water resources, human activities shown the trend of expansion, at the end formed the distribution pattern of modern oasis.
During the long history, due to the influence of human economic activities was small range, oasis’s dynamic evolution impacted manly by the natural environment. However in recently, with development of economy and population growth, the influential factor in transformation of oasis changed from the factor that comes from nature to the factor that comes from human activities. Especially, after the 50th of 20centry, because of the wide exploitation of water and soil, scale of human activities enlarged from the inner part of oasis to the outer part of it, a result, whole size of oasis expanding rapidly, but the natural vegetation of oasis surrounding and the river downstream going to disappear, resource loss and environmental malignant. Therefore, in arid areas, sustainable development of oasis is an important scientific issue, also a practical problem. In this article, through gather wide evidence of information that happened during the half a century in Qerchen oasis used historical evidence, archaeological material, various types of thematic maps, remote science data and field survey data, discussed the natural environment changes and social economic development of Qerchen oasis during the long history. Furthermore, reveals the natural and human factors driving the evolution under the internal law of the oasis and the main driving force, and made Qerchen oasis ecology and environment of effective measures for sustainable development.
引文
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