岳麓山枫香种群空间分布格局及动态研究
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摘要
枫香(Liquidambar formosana Hance.),属金缕梅科(Hamamelidaceae)枫香属(Liquidambar L.)的高大落叶乔木,分布在1000～1500m以下平原、丘陵、山谷、山麓。它是优美的园林观赏树种及我国南方著名的秋色树种,在混交林中有重要的作用。为探索该种群在岳麓山的分布格局及动态特征,本研究依坡位、坡向,设置样地56块,系统研究了岳麓山枫香种群的空间分布格局及其动态,格局的成因与机制。研究结果表明:
在不同生境中,枫香种群分布格局有差异。枫香种群在上坡位、中坡位、下坡位均呈集群分布,聚集度渐次降低。枫香种群在阳坡、半阳坡、半阴坡呈集群分布,聚集度依次降低;在阴坡呈随机分布。枫香幼苗、幼树、中树阶段呈集群分布,幼苗聚集度最高,中树聚集度次之,幼树聚集度较小;大树阶段呈随机分布趋势。
枫香种群的分形维数值较低,占据生态空间能力不强,格局强度随尺度变化不大,个体空间关联不强。枫香种群的生态间隙维较大,理论上,其潜在生态空间扩展能力大,但受生态环境的限制,潜在扩展能力难以表现。相比较,在下坡位、阳坡枫香的分形维数较高,而上坡位、阴坡枫香的分形维数值较低。枫香幼苗占据生态空间能力较小,格局强度随尺度变化不大,个体间竞争程度不强;至幼树阶段,其占据生态空间能力比幼苗稍大,但仍较低;中树阶段的枫香,其分形维数相对大些;到大树阶段,枫香的分形维数减小。
总体上,枫香幼苗生长至幼树过程中,由于环境筛的强烈作用,幼苗死亡较多,枫香幼树缺乏,中树相对较多。枫香幼苗在上坡位、阴坡分布较少,影响到这些地段枫香种群的更新。岳麓山枫香种群的动态指数虽大于0,但指数较小,枫香种群的增长性不大,在非随机干扰下,在阴坡枫香种群将呈衰退趋势。
Liquidambar formosana Hance. is a tall deciduous tree species, belonging to the family Hamamelidaceae, he generus Liquidambar L.. It is always distributed those places below 1000 to 1500m,on plains, in hilly valleys and foothills. They are beautiful garden trees and famous Autumn landscape trees in Southern China, playing an important role in mixed forest. To explore the distribution patterns of the population in Yuelu Mountain, 56 plots were set up according to slopes and aspects. On the basis of field observations, the tempo-spatial patterns and dynamics of the population are analyzed. The results show that:
In different habitats, the distribution pattern of Liquidambar formosana Hance population is different. Liquidambar formosana Hance in the upper-slope、middle-slop、under-slope all present clump distribution with gradually reducing aggregation. It is clump distribution in the sunny, semi-sunny and semi-cloudy slope but random distribution in the cloudy slope. Liquidambar formosana Hance at the seedlings, saplings, and middle-aged stands all presents clump distribution, clump degree of its seedlings is the highest, middle-aged trees are the second, saplings is the lowest; trees at the old-aged stage are randomly distributed.
With respect to the Liquidambar formosana populations,they have lower fractal dimension and low capability about occupying the ecological space, and with the changes of scale, pattern intensities little change, then individual spatial conjunction is not strong. Ecological gap of Liquidambar formosana Hance is larger, in turn, the potential ecological space capacity for extension is strong. However, because of the constraints of eco-environmental factors, the accomplishment of the potential ecological space capacity become difficult. In comparison, the fractal dimension of Liquidambar formosana in the downhill, sunny slope is higher, but lower on upper and cloudy slope. Due to Liquidambar formosana Hance's biological characteristics and the impact of habitats on it, the seedlings occupy less ecological space, the small-scale patterns change little , the degree of competition among individuals is not strong. With respect to sapling stage, the ecological occupying space capabilities is stronger than the seedlings, but still lower. The fractal dimension of middle-aged tree is relatively large; at old-aged stage, fractal dimensions decrease.
Overall, by the strongly environmental sieve, the growth process from seedlings to saplings, more seedlings died, saplings lack and the middle-aged trees are clumpy. The lack of the seedlings in place on the renewal and cloudy slope influences population updates on these places. Although the dynamics index of the population on Yuelu Mountain exceed 0, but it have a smaller index, the growth of the population is little interference, by the non-random, population of Liquidambar formosana Hance on the cloudy slope will deteriorate.
在不同生境中,枫香种群分布格局有差异。枫香种群在上坡位、中坡位、下坡位均呈集群分布,聚集度渐次降低。枫香种群在阳坡、半阳坡、半阴坡呈集群分布,聚集度依次降低;在阴坡呈随机分布。枫香幼苗、幼树、中树阶段呈集群分布,幼苗聚集度最高,中树聚集度次之,幼树聚集度较小;大树阶段呈随机分布趋势。
枫香种群的分形维数值较低,占据生态空间能力不强,格局强度随尺度变化不大,个体空间关联不强。枫香种群的生态间隙维较大,理论上,其潜在生态空间扩展能力大,但受生态环境的限制,潜在扩展能力难以表现。相比较,在下坡位、阳坡枫香的分形维数较高,而上坡位、阴坡枫香的分形维数值较低。枫香幼苗占据生态空间能力较小,格局强度随尺度变化不大,个体间竞争程度不强;至幼树阶段,其占据生态空间能力比幼苗稍大,但仍较低;中树阶段的枫香,其分形维数相对大些;到大树阶段,枫香的分形维数减小。
总体上,枫香幼苗生长至幼树过程中,由于环境筛的强烈作用,幼苗死亡较多,枫香幼树缺乏,中树相对较多。枫香幼苗在上坡位、阴坡分布较少,影响到这些地段枫香种群的更新。岳麓山枫香种群的动态指数虽大于0,但指数较小,枫香种群的增长性不大,在非随机干扰下,在阴坡枫香种群将呈衰退趋势。
Liquidambar formosana Hance. is a tall deciduous tree species, belonging to the family Hamamelidaceae, he generus Liquidambar L.. It is always distributed those places below 1000 to 1500m,on plains, in hilly valleys and foothills. They are beautiful garden trees and famous Autumn landscape trees in Southern China, playing an important role in mixed forest. To explore the distribution patterns of the population in Yuelu Mountain, 56 plots were set up according to slopes and aspects. On the basis of field observations, the tempo-spatial patterns and dynamics of the population are analyzed. The results show that:
In different habitats, the distribution pattern of Liquidambar formosana Hance population is different. Liquidambar formosana Hance in the upper-slope、middle-slop、under-slope all present clump distribution with gradually reducing aggregation. It is clump distribution in the sunny, semi-sunny and semi-cloudy slope but random distribution in the cloudy slope. Liquidambar formosana Hance at the seedlings, saplings, and middle-aged stands all presents clump distribution, clump degree of its seedlings is the highest, middle-aged trees are the second, saplings is the lowest; trees at the old-aged stage are randomly distributed.
With respect to the Liquidambar formosana populations,they have lower fractal dimension and low capability about occupying the ecological space, and with the changes of scale, pattern intensities little change, then individual spatial conjunction is not strong. Ecological gap of Liquidambar formosana Hance is larger, in turn, the potential ecological space capacity for extension is strong. However, because of the constraints of eco-environmental factors, the accomplishment of the potential ecological space capacity become difficult. In comparison, the fractal dimension of Liquidambar formosana in the downhill, sunny slope is higher, but lower on upper and cloudy slope. Due to Liquidambar formosana Hance's biological characteristics and the impact of habitats on it, the seedlings occupy less ecological space, the small-scale patterns change little , the degree of competition among individuals is not strong. With respect to sapling stage, the ecological occupying space capabilities is stronger than the seedlings, but still lower. The fractal dimension of middle-aged tree is relatively large; at old-aged stage, fractal dimensions decrease.
Overall, by the strongly environmental sieve, the growth process from seedlings to saplings, more seedlings died, saplings lack and the middle-aged trees are clumpy. The lack of the seedlings in place on the renewal and cloudy slope influences population updates on these places. Although the dynamics index of the population on Yuelu Mountain exceed 0, but it have a smaller index, the growth of the population is little interference, by the non-random, population of Liquidambar formosana Hance on the cloudy slope will deteriorate.
引文
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