中国石油资源流动空间格局演化与形成机制
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摘要
中国石油资源分布与消费布局的空间不匹配,表现为国内石油生产集中于北部和西部的大型油田,而国内石油消费则主要集中于东中部和南部沿海地区,因而在国内各区域之间形成了大规模的石油资源流动;目前,中国每年需要从国外进口超过两亿吨的石油,今后的进口规模还将继续扩大,大量进口石油流动叠加在国内石油之上,使得中国石油资源流动的规模和格局进一步扩大,出现了石油资源分布与消费布局空间不匹配、石油管网布局不合理及各石油企业之间不合理竞争等问题。
     论文基于节点和通道这两个视角,尝试采用多种研究理论与方法,探讨中国石油资源流动的空间格局、演化规律及其形成机制,从理论上优化我国石油资源流动的空间配置,提高石油资源的利用效率,为上述问题的解决提供参考借鉴。全文共分为八章,各章的主要内容如下:
     第一章,序论。本章主要阐述了论文的选题背景与研究意义,论述了研究目标与研究内容,对论文的研究方法与技术路线做出了说明,从总体上对论文研究思路做出了概述。
     第二章,相关概念与研究进展。本章首先对资源流动、能源资源流动和石油资源流动等相关概念进行辨析;然后对国内外资源流动研究,尤其是论文所研究的横向资源流动研究进行了概括和总结;并详细回顾和总结不同时期国内外能源和石油资源流动的研究进展。既把握了资源流动的研究趋势,也明确了论文的研究对象和研究视角。
     第三章,中国石油资源流动源-汇系统空间格局演化。本章将中国省级行政单元抽象为石油资源流动节点,选取1985、1995、1999、2003和2009等5个特征时点,依据石油自给率和流动比率的分类原则,将各节点分为源地、汇地和交流地三大类型,并将进口石油纳入源地系统内;然后采用重心和标准差椭圆方法,分别研究源地和汇地系统的空间布局演化趋势,得出其形态变动特征。
     第四章,中国石油资源流动通道网络空间格局演化。本章首先对中国石油管道网络的建设历程及空间格局进行了全面回顾和归纳,对石油管网数据进行了系统整理;然后采用交通网络指标,对石油管道网络结构、枢纽结构特征和空间差异进行了初步分析讨论;并进一步采用分形理论,从管网密度、连通性和通达性等方面,深入研究全国及各区域石油管网及的结构特征和空间差异。
     第五章,中国石油资源流动源-汇系统空间格局演化的形成机制。本章首先采用空间重叠性和变动一致性指标,分析了1985-2009年中国石油资源流动源-汇地系统重心与经济重心的空间耦合程度;进而采用指示克里金内插方法,分别拟合源地系统和汇地系统与国内油田、进口石油港(口岸)和国内炼厂的趋势面,并进行空间相关系数测定和相关程度判定,以揭示中国石油资源空间流动的驱动机制。
     第六章,中国石油资源流动通道网络空间格局演化的形成机制。本章从区域石油生产-消费量和社会经济指标等两个角度,采用相关系数分析和主成分分析方法,讨论了中国石油资源流动通道网络空间格局演化的形成机制。
     第七章,中国石油资源流动通道网络空间优化研究。本章在详细回顾中国石油流动通道网络状况的基础上,将地理空间分析与数学线性规划方法相结合,基于运费最低原则,考虑到石油管道和水路运输在费用、运量等方面的差别,分别对中国东中部石油管网和长江流域石油资源流动通道网络进行了优化分析及讨论。
     第八章,结论与讨论。本章总结了研究获得的主要结论,概括了论文所取得的主要创新点,并对研究中存在的问题进行了讨论。
     通过以上研究,论文主要取得了以下几个创新点:
     (1)将分形理论用于中国石油管网量测,有利于深入了解中国石油管道网络的空间结构及分布规律,为促进我国石油管道网络空间布局优化提供科学依据,也为研究石油资源流动网络格局提供新的定量分析手段和方法。
     (2)将地统计学的指示克里金内插方法用于拟合源地系统和汇地系统与国内油田、进口石油港和国内炼厂趋势面,并引入空间相关系数的概念,对其进行量化测算和相关程度判定,能够较为详细地甄别和解释源汇系统空间格局演化的形成机制及其影响因素,并为煤炭、矿产等其它资源流动研究提供视角和方法上的一些启示。
     (3)采用地理空间分析与数学线性规划相结合的研究思路及方法,对石油资源流动通道网络进行空间优化研究,丰富石油流动通道网络优化的研究方法,为其他能源流动通道网络研究提供方法借鉴;也为降低石油运输成本、提高空间配置效率提供决策参考。
There is a great spatial dismatch between China's crude oil production and consumption, which represents that most large oilfields distribute over Northern China and Western China, whereas most large oil refineries distribute over Eastern and Southern China's coastal area. Therefore, this dismatch phenomenon leads to a large crude oil resources flow among the different regions of China. Furthermore, to satisfy domestic demands, China needs of more than two hundred million tons of oil imported from abroad every year, and this import will continue to expand more and more. On this basis, large import of oil flow superimposes on the domestic oil resources flow, with the result that the scale and structure of China's oil resources flow further expands and it causes some problems such as the dismatch between oil production and consumption, irrational location of oil pipeline networks and irrational competition among petroleum enterprises.
     Based on the two perspectives of node and channel, this paper attempts to use a variety of theories and methods, in order to inquiry into the spatial pattern, evolutions rule and its formation mechanism of China's oil resources flow, optimize the spatial allocation of oil resources flow in theory and inprove the efficiency of utilization of oil resources. This paper includes eight chapters, each of which is summarized as the following.
     Chapter1, introduction. This chapter gives a description of the research mentality. The author elaborates the research background and the research significance, and then expounds the research objectives, the primary coverage, methods and the train of thought.
     Chapter2, the overview of related concepts and research progress. This chapter firstly differentiates the concepts as resource flow, energy flow, oil resource flow and so on. And then the chapter summarizes and conclutes the research on domestic and foreign resource flows,especially for the research of transverse flow, which this paper studies on it.Finally, this chapter gives a detailed review and summary of energy and crude oil flow research progress home and abroad in different periods. After this, it is necessary to understand the trend of resource flow research and clarifies this paper's research object and perspective.
     Chapter3, the evolution research of spatial displacement pattern of China's crude oil flow source-collection system. This chapter takes provincial administrative units as the nodes of flow, and examines China's crude oil flow. Five feature years are selected from the research period1985-2009, in order to grasp the stage characteristics of oil flow evolution. According to the oil self-sufficiency and liquidity ratio, flow nodes are divided into three flow function types:source regions, collection regions and exchanging regions at five different feature years, respectively. Then, based on gravity-center model and standard deviational ellipse model, this chapter analyzes the central tendency and dispersion of spatial distribution pattern of source-region system and collection-region system in China, in order to clarify their spatial displacement and shape change.
     Chapter4, structural features and spatial differences of China's crude oil pipeline network. On the basis of a systematic review of the development process of China's crude oil pipeline network, connectivity, index of oil transportation scale, accessible index are adopted to analyze the network structure, hub structure and spatial variation of the crude oil pipeline network consisting of69major crude oil pipelines and the corresponding90nodes in the Northeast, North, East, Northwest and South China. For analyzing and revealing spatial structure of China's national and regional crude oil pipeline networks in deep, at first this chapter calculates three fractal dimensions of weighted length-radius, dendrite-radius and spatial correlation. Then corresponding to the fractal dimensions above, this paper analyzes the pipeline networks' density, connectivity and availability.
     Chapter5, driving mechanism analysis of spatial displacement pattern of China's crude oil flow source-collection system. According to the overlap between the gravity center of the source system (or collection system) of China's crude oil flow and the gravity center of China's economy, as well as the consistency of their displacement trends, this chapter analyzes the spatial coupling degree between the gravity centers of source system (or collection system) and economy in five typical years from the research period1985-2009. To reveal the driving mechanism of China's crude oil flow, Indicator Kriging interpolating Method is applied to fit the trend surfaces of source system and collection system, as well as the distribution of domestic oilfields, seaports of oil import (including land ports, same as below), and domestic refineries, and then, the spatial correlation coefficients are used to determine the spatial correlation between them.
     Chapter6, driving mechanism analysis of China's crude oil pipeline network. Both from the view of regional crude oil production-cunsumption and social-economic indexes, this chapter discusses the driving mechanism analysis of China's crude oil pipeline network, with the methods of correlation coefficients and principal component analysis.
     Chapter7, study on the spatial optimization of Eastern China's crude oil pipeline network. Based on reviewing the status of China's crude oil flow channel network, this chapter takes both Eastern China's crude oil pipeline network and the Yangtze River Basin oil channel network as research subject. Then, this chapter constructs the supply and demand balance table of oil output and input fields. Upon cost minimum and considering the transportation cost variance of different pipelines with different diameters, this chapter researches the spatial optimization of both Eastern China's pipeline network and the Yangtze River Basin oil channel network following the research methods and ideas of spatial analysis and linear programming. Furthermore, this chapter classifies all the pipelines and estimates the running condition of each pipeline under cost minimum.
     Chapter8, conclusion and discussion. In conclusion, the author sums up the main results and the creative works of this study. And in discussion, the author discusses problems and prospects in this study.
     Based on above work, this paper has made the following innovative achievements.
     First, with the theory and methods of fractal, it is quite accurate to reflect the spatial structure and regularity of distribution of China's crude oil pipeline networks. And then, it may provide a scientific basis to promote the layout optimization of China's oil pipeline network and quantitative analysis of new methods for the study of crude oil flow network.
     Second, Indicator Kriging interpolating method is applied to fit the trend surfaces of source-collection system, as well as the distribution of domestic oilfields, seaports of oil import (including land ports), and domestic refineries, and then, the spatial correlation coefficients are used to determine the spatial correlation between them. All of these measures could deeply discriminate and interpretate the mechanism and its factors of China's crude oil flow source-collection system. Furthermore, it could provide some enlightenment perspective and method on the other resources flow of coal, mineral and others.
     Finally, this paper combines spatial analysis and mathematical linear programming to optimize the crude oil flow channel network. This paper hopes it may provide some suggestion on reducing oil transportation cost, improving efficiency of crude oil'sspatial configuration, as well as a reference for other related research.
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