云南镇沅混合铜矿选矿试验研究
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摘要
铜是一种非常常见的金属,与人类生活关系密切,被广泛地应用于电气、轻工、机械制造、建筑工业、国防工业等领域。在我国有色金属材料的消费中仅次于铝。随着逐年的开采,高品位矿、好选的铜矿资源越来越少,入选铜品位不断下降。与此同时,对铜消费的需求逐年增长。因此,对氧化-硫化混合铜矿、氧化铜矿的选矿研究显得格外重要。
本试验研究对象为云南省镇沅县境内的某铜矿,矿石为氧硫混合铜矿,原矿含铜1.10%,含银29.5g/t,且基本属于单质银。铜物相分析表明该铜矿石氧化率为44.82%,结合率为12.18%。氧化铜矿物主要为孔雀石,其次是硅孔雀石,少量蓝铜矿；硫化铜矿物主要是斑铜矿,其次是辉铜矿和铜蓝,少量黄铜矿。矿石属不等粒嵌布。脉石矿物主要为石英、绿泥石次之。
在对原矿进行工艺矿物研究后,进行了流程试验研究。探索实验发现优先浮选方案要好于混合浮选,于是决定采用优先浮选方案,先回收可浮性较好的硫化铜矿物,硫化铜矿物得到回收后,再考虑回收氧化铜矿物。随后进行了硫化矿粗选单因素试验,找到了最优的试验条件。
在氧化铜矿浮选试验中,硫化浮选效果要好于直接浮选,采用硫化钠作硫化剂。重点进行了氧化铜矿浮选捕收剂试验,结果表明组合药剂的浮选效果要好于单一捕收剂,最佳的捕收剂组合和药剂用量是75g/t丁黄药+75g/t羟肟酸钠。
原矿经硫化铜粗选,氧化铜硫化浮选,一精二扫,中矿循序返回的工艺流程,获得了铜精矿铜品位22.45%,铜回收率82.40%,铜精矿含银614.9g/t,银回收率为83.38%,试验指标较为理想。整个流程采用常用的浮选药剂,流程简单,可操作性强,可为选厂实践提供指导、参考。
Copper is a kind of base metals, has a closely relation to human life. It is widely used in electrical, light industry, machinery manufacturing, construction industry, defense industry and other fields. In China, the consumption of copper ranks the second place of non-ferrous metals, only behind that of Aluminum. However, with the fast development of mining, the resources of high-grade copper ore becomes exhausted. At the same time, the world copper production has increased steadily in recent year, and the world demand for copper is growing day by day. Therefore, the study of beneficiation of mixed copper and copper oxide ore becomes more and more important.
A mixed copper ore, in Yunnan province, assay 1.10% Cu and 29.5g/t Ag, respectively. And silver is basically in the form of elementary substance. Mineralogy studies show that, the oxidation rate of copper ore is 44.82% and the combined rate of copper is 12.18%. Oxide copper minerals are mainly malachite, the second is chrysocolla, followed by a small amount of azurite; and sulfide copper minerals are mainly bornite, followed by chalcocite and covellite, and a small amount of chalcopyrite. The embedded size of copper ore ranges widely. The main gangue mineral is quartz, followed by chlorite.
After mineralogy studies, the flotation tests have carried out. It is found in the preliminary experiments that selective flotation is better than bulk flotation. So the selective flotation process is listed as key points to study, in which sulfide copper minerals with better floatability are recovered firstly, and then sodium sulfide to activate the copper oxide is used. The optimum experimental conditions are determined by single-factor tests of sulfide copper rougher.
In the flotation tests of copper oxidation, the effect of sodium sulfide to activate the copper oxide is better than the direct flotation. The flotation tests of oxidation copper focus on choosing selective collector. The results of collector tests show that the performances of combined reagents are better than that of single collector. Optimum combination of collector and its dosage are 75g/t butyl xanthate and 75g/t sodium hydroxamic acid.
After two-roughing, one-scavenging and one-cleaning operations, a copper concentrate was obtained, assaying 22.45% Cu with a Copper recovery of 82.40%, assaying 614.9 g/t Ag with a Silver recovery of 83.38%. The tests results are satisfactory. And the reagents in flotation are easy to get; the flow sheet of flotation is simple and easy for operation. This paper can provide practical guidance and reference for plant operation.
本试验研究对象为云南省镇沅县境内的某铜矿,矿石为氧硫混合铜矿,原矿含铜1.10%,含银29.5g/t,且基本属于单质银。铜物相分析表明该铜矿石氧化率为44.82%,结合率为12.18%。氧化铜矿物主要为孔雀石,其次是硅孔雀石,少量蓝铜矿；硫化铜矿物主要是斑铜矿,其次是辉铜矿和铜蓝,少量黄铜矿。矿石属不等粒嵌布。脉石矿物主要为石英、绿泥石次之。
在对原矿进行工艺矿物研究后,进行了流程试验研究。探索实验发现优先浮选方案要好于混合浮选,于是决定采用优先浮选方案,先回收可浮性较好的硫化铜矿物,硫化铜矿物得到回收后,再考虑回收氧化铜矿物。随后进行了硫化矿粗选单因素试验,找到了最优的试验条件。
在氧化铜矿浮选试验中,硫化浮选效果要好于直接浮选,采用硫化钠作硫化剂。重点进行了氧化铜矿浮选捕收剂试验,结果表明组合药剂的浮选效果要好于单一捕收剂,最佳的捕收剂组合和药剂用量是75g/t丁黄药+75g/t羟肟酸钠。
原矿经硫化铜粗选,氧化铜硫化浮选,一精二扫,中矿循序返回的工艺流程,获得了铜精矿铜品位22.45%,铜回收率82.40%,铜精矿含银614.9g/t,银回收率为83.38%,试验指标较为理想。整个流程采用常用的浮选药剂,流程简单,可操作性强,可为选厂实践提供指导、参考。
Copper is a kind of base metals, has a closely relation to human life. It is widely used in electrical, light industry, machinery manufacturing, construction industry, defense industry and other fields. In China, the consumption of copper ranks the second place of non-ferrous metals, only behind that of Aluminum. However, with the fast development of mining, the resources of high-grade copper ore becomes exhausted. At the same time, the world copper production has increased steadily in recent year, and the world demand for copper is growing day by day. Therefore, the study of beneficiation of mixed copper and copper oxide ore becomes more and more important.
A mixed copper ore, in Yunnan province, assay 1.10% Cu and 29.5g/t Ag, respectively. And silver is basically in the form of elementary substance. Mineralogy studies show that, the oxidation rate of copper ore is 44.82% and the combined rate of copper is 12.18%. Oxide copper minerals are mainly malachite, the second is chrysocolla, followed by a small amount of azurite; and sulfide copper minerals are mainly bornite, followed by chalcocite and covellite, and a small amount of chalcopyrite. The embedded size of copper ore ranges widely. The main gangue mineral is quartz, followed by chlorite.
After mineralogy studies, the flotation tests have carried out. It is found in the preliminary experiments that selective flotation is better than bulk flotation. So the selective flotation process is listed as key points to study, in which sulfide copper minerals with better floatability are recovered firstly, and then sodium sulfide to activate the copper oxide is used. The optimum experimental conditions are determined by single-factor tests of sulfide copper rougher.
In the flotation tests of copper oxidation, the effect of sodium sulfide to activate the copper oxide is better than the direct flotation. The flotation tests of oxidation copper focus on choosing selective collector. The results of collector tests show that the performances of combined reagents are better than that of single collector. Optimum combination of collector and its dosage are 75g/t butyl xanthate and 75g/t sodium hydroxamic acid.
After two-roughing, one-scavenging and one-cleaning operations, a copper concentrate was obtained, assaying 22.45% Cu with a Copper recovery of 82.40%, assaying 614.9 g/t Ag with a Silver recovery of 83.38%. The tests results are satisfactory. And the reagents in flotation are easy to get; the flow sheet of flotation is simple and easy for operation. This paper can provide practical guidance and reference for plant operation.
引文
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[601《选矿设计手册》编委会,选矿设计手册.北京：冶金工业出版社,1998
[2]周廷熙,徐晓军,有色金属矿产资源的开发及加工技术(选矿部分).昆明：云南科技出版社,2000
[3]赵涌泉,氧化铜矿石的处理.北京：冶金工业出版社,1982
[4]张文彬,氧化铜矿浮选研究与实践.长沙：中南工业大学出版社,1992
[5]陈家模,多金属硫化矿浮选分离.贵阳：贵州科技出版社,2001
[6]王昌良,廖祥文,饶系英,西藏某铜矿选矿试验研究.矿产综合利用,2006(5)：3-6
[7]曲保忠,难选氧化铜矿LPF选别工艺的研究,新疆有色金属,2000(3)：14-20
[8]袁盛朝,戈保梁,难选氧化铜矿浸出-置换-浮选试验研究,矿冶,2008(3)：53-54
[9]Andrzej Luszczkiewicz, Tomasz Chmielewski. Acid treatment of copper sulfide middlings and rougher concentrates in the flotation circuit of carbonate ores. Int. J. Miner. Process,2008,88:45-52
[10]王彦杰,曹向东,从铜矿尾砂中回收铜的工艺研究,武汉工程大学学报,2007,7：42-44
[11]杜计划,氧化铜矿石的酸浸试验研究.国外金属矿选矿,2006(9)：37-39
[12]M.R. Shayestehfar, S. Karimi Nasab, H. Mohammadalizadeh. Mineralogy, petrology, and chemistry studies to evaluate oxide copper ores for heap leaching in Sarcheshmeh copper mine, Kerman, Iran. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2008,154:602-612
[13]H.R. Watling. The bioleaching of sulphide minerals with emphasis on copper sulphides-A review.Hydrometallurgy,2006,84:81-108
[14]Holmes, D.S., Debus, K.A. Biological opportunities for metal recovery. In:Malik, K.A.,Naqvi, S.H.M., Aleem, M.I.H. (Eds.), Proc. Intl. Symposium on Biotechnology for Energy (Faisalabad, Pakistan,1989). NIAB/NIBGE, Faisalabad,1991:341-358
[15]Ramachandra Rao, S., Finch, J.A. Galvanic interaction studies on sulphide minerals. Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly,1988.27:253-259
[16]Das, T., Ayyappan, S., Chaudhury, G.R. Factors affecting bioleaching kinetics of sulfide ores using acidophilic microorganisms. BioMetals,1999,12:1-10
[17]Sui, C.C., Brienne, S.H.R., Ramachandra Rao, S., etc. Metal ion production and transfer between sulphide minerals. Minerals Engineering,1995,8:1523-1539.
[18]Norris, P.R., Barr, D.W., Hinson, D. Iron and mineral oxidation by acidophilic bacteria:affinities for iron and attachment to pyrite. In:Norris, P.R., Kelly, D.P. (Eds.), Biohydrometallurgy:Proc. Intl.Symposium (Warwick, UK,1987). Science and Technology Letters, Kew,1988:43-59
[19]Hansford, G.S. Recent developments in modeling the kinetics of bioleaching. In: Rawlings, D.E. (Ed.), Biomining:Theory, Microbes and Industrial Processes. Springer Verlag, Berlin,1997:153-175
[20]Schrenk, M.O., Edwards, K.J., Goodman, R.M., etc. Distribution of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans:implications for generation of acid mine drainage. Science,1998.279:1519-1522
[21]Rawlings, D.E., Tributsch, H., Hansford, G.S. Reasons why'Leptospirillum'-like species rather than Thiobacillus ferrooxidans are the dominant iron-oxidising bacteria in many commercial processes for the biooxidation of pyrite and related ores. Microbiology,1999,145:5-13
[22]Vasquez, M., Espejo, R.T. Chemolithotrophic bacteria in copper ores leached at high sulfuric acid concentration. Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1997, 63:332-334
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