阴离子型聚电解质盐溶液性质的研究
|
摘要
本实验着重考察了溶液中阴离子型聚电解质分子形态与盐的种类、浓度之间的关系。在30℃时，测定了0.5g/L的部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(粘均分子量1700万，水解度16％)的溶液中，含有不同浓度十六烷基三甲基溴化铵、乙二胺盐酸盐、三乙醇胺盐酸盐、2，3—环氧丙烷三甲基氯化铵时，溶液表观粘度的变化。证明大分子具有剪切变稀的性质，铵盐阳离子中，季铵基团(R_1R_2R_3R_4N~+)的数量越多，大分子溶液表观粘度值下降程度就越大。
实验中，重点研究了30℃条件下lg/L的部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(粘均分子量1000万，水解度10％～90％)、2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸钠与丙烯酰胺共聚物(粘均分子量600万)以及聚2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸钠(粘均分子量600万)溶液中，含有不同浓度的多价金属阳离子(Mg2~+、Ca2~+、Mn2~+、Ba2~+、Zn2~+、Co~(2+)、Cr~(3+)、Cu~(2+)、Fe~(3+))时，聚电解质大分子的均方回转半径、Zeta电位值的变化以及大分子发生絮凝、生成凝胶的现象。结果表明，溶液中，金属阳离子浓度增大时，阴离子型聚电解质分子的均方回转半径、Zeta电位值都呈现减小的趋势。
当部分水解聚丙烯酰胺水解度大于70％，所有金属阳离子均可以使大分子发生絮凝，水解度在20％～60％时，Cu~(2+)可以和大分子形成凝胶，水解度在20％～60％时，Zn~(2+)可以和大分子形成凝胶，Fe~(3+)在所有水解度范围内，都可以使大分子形成絮凝。各种金属离子对2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸钠与丙烯酰胺共聚物以及聚2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸钠的作用现象不明显，不会形成絮凝、凝胶。
实验中，利用紫外—可见光吸收法、原子分光光度法，测得了在30℃时，Cu~(2+)与lg/L水解度20％的部分水解聚丙烯酰胺形成凝胶的络合稳定常数(K=1.29×10~3)；Zn~(2+)与lg/L水解度40％的部分水解聚丙烯酰胺形成凝胶的络合稳定常数(K=0.589)。
对实验结果进行分析、比较，得出各种离子对部分水解聚丙烯酰胺分子形态的影响程度顺序为：Mg~(2+)＜Ca~(2+)＜Mn~(2+)＜Ba~(2+)＜Zn~(2+)＜Co~(2+)＜Cr~(3+)＜Cu~(2+)＜Fe~(3+)
The emphasis of experiment is the relation between anionic polyelectrolyte molecular conformation and salt with different sort and concentration in solution. Determine the change of apparent viscosity of 0.5g/L partial hydrolytic polyacrylamide(Mv=1.7×107,HD=16%) solution with varing concentration of ethylen , diamine dihydrochloride, triethanolamine hydrochloride, 2,3-epoxy prapane trimethyl ammonium chloride under 30℃. The outcoming testify that macromolecule has property of shear thinning. The more quaternary ammonium groups(R1R2R3R4N+),the decreaser of apparent viscosity.
In experiment ,it is studied that in Ig/L partial hydrolytic polyacrylamide(Mv=1×107), 2-acrylamido-2-methyipropanesulfonate sodium/acrylamide copolymer(Mv=6×106), poly-2-acrylamido-2-methyipropanesulfonate sodium(Mv=6×106) solution with different concentration of multivalent metal ions ,the change of macromolecular mean-square radius of gyration and Zeta potential as well as flocculation and gel. The result testify that macromolecular mean-square radius of gyration and Zeta potential decrease when the metal ions concentration is increasing.
When hydrolytic degree of partial hydrolytic polyacrylamide exceed 70%, flocculation can occure between all metal ions and partial hydrolytic polyacrylamide. When hydrolytic degree of partial hydrolytic polyacrylamide within the range of 20% to 60%, gel can form between Cu2+ and partial hydrolytic polyacrylamide. When hydrolytic degree of partial hydrolytic polyacrylamide within the range of 30% to 60%, gel can form between Zn2+ and partial hydrolytic polyacrylamide. Fe3+ can flocculate partial hydrolytic polyacrylamide in all hydrolytic degree. The effect of all metal ions on 2-acrylamido-2-methyipropanesulfonate sodium/acrylamide copolymer, poly-2-acrylamido-2- methyipropanesulfonate sodium didn't conspicuous. Flocculation and gel can't be formed.
Make use of UV and AFS ,the coordination constant(K = 1.29×103) between Cu2+ and partial hydrolytic polyacrylamide(HD=20%) has been calculated under 30℃;the coordination constant(K=0.589)
between Zn2+ and partial hydrolytic polyacrylamide(HD=30%) also has been calculated under 30℃.
With analying and comparing experimental date, the effect degree of all metal ions on partial hydrolytic polyacrylamide has been ranked: Mg2+< Ca2+< Mn2+< Ba2+
实验中，重点研究了30℃条件下lg/L的部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(粘均分子量1000万，水解度10％～90％)、2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸钠与丙烯酰胺共聚物(粘均分子量600万)以及聚2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸钠(粘均分子量600万)溶液中，含有不同浓度的多价金属阳离子(Mg2~+、Ca2~+、Mn2~+、Ba2~+、Zn2~+、Co~(2+)、Cr~(3+)、Cu~(2+)、Fe~(3+))时，聚电解质大分子的均方回转半径、Zeta电位值的变化以及大分子发生絮凝、生成凝胶的现象。结果表明，溶液中，金属阳离子浓度增大时，阴离子型聚电解质分子的均方回转半径、Zeta电位值都呈现减小的趋势。
当部分水解聚丙烯酰胺水解度大于70％，所有金属阳离子均可以使大分子发生絮凝，水解度在20％～60％时，Cu~(2+)可以和大分子形成凝胶，水解度在20％～60％时，Zn~(2+)可以和大分子形成凝胶，Fe~(3+)在所有水解度范围内，都可以使大分子形成絮凝。各种金属离子对2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸钠与丙烯酰胺共聚物以及聚2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸钠的作用现象不明显，不会形成絮凝、凝胶。
实验中，利用紫外—可见光吸收法、原子分光光度法，测得了在30℃时，Cu~(2+)与lg/L水解度20％的部分水解聚丙烯酰胺形成凝胶的络合稳定常数(K=1.29×10~3)；Zn~(2+)与lg/L水解度40％的部分水解聚丙烯酰胺形成凝胶的络合稳定常数(K=0.589)。
对实验结果进行分析、比较，得出各种离子对部分水解聚丙烯酰胺分子形态的影响程度顺序为：Mg~(2+)＜Ca~(2+)＜Mn~(2+)＜Ba~(2+)＜Zn~(2+)＜Co~(2+)＜Cr~(3+)＜Cu~(2+)＜Fe~(3+)
The emphasis of experiment is the relation between anionic polyelectrolyte molecular conformation and salt with different sort and concentration in solution. Determine the change of apparent viscosity of 0.5g/L partial hydrolytic polyacrylamide(Mv=1.7×107,HD=16%) solution with varing concentration of ethylen , diamine dihydrochloride, triethanolamine hydrochloride, 2,3-epoxy prapane trimethyl ammonium chloride under 30℃. The outcoming testify that macromolecule has property of shear thinning. The more quaternary ammonium groups(R1R2R3R4N+),the decreaser of apparent viscosity.
In experiment ,it is studied that in Ig/L partial hydrolytic polyacrylamide(Mv=1×107), 2-acrylamido-2-methyipropanesulfonate sodium/acrylamide copolymer(Mv=6×106), poly-2-acrylamido-2-methyipropanesulfonate sodium(Mv=6×106) solution with different concentration of multivalent metal ions ,the change of macromolecular mean-square radius of gyration and Zeta potential as well as flocculation and gel. The result testify that macromolecular mean-square radius of gyration and Zeta potential decrease when the metal ions concentration is increasing.
When hydrolytic degree of partial hydrolytic polyacrylamide exceed 70%, flocculation can occure between all metal ions and partial hydrolytic polyacrylamide. When hydrolytic degree of partial hydrolytic polyacrylamide within the range of 20% to 60%, gel can form between Cu2+ and partial hydrolytic polyacrylamide. When hydrolytic degree of partial hydrolytic polyacrylamide within the range of 30% to 60%, gel can form between Zn2+ and partial hydrolytic polyacrylamide. Fe3+ can flocculate partial hydrolytic polyacrylamide in all hydrolytic degree. The effect of all metal ions on 2-acrylamido-2-methyipropanesulfonate sodium/acrylamide copolymer, poly-2-acrylamido-2- methyipropanesulfonate sodium didn't conspicuous. Flocculation and gel can't be formed.
Make use of UV and AFS ,the coordination constant(K = 1.29×103) between Cu2+ and partial hydrolytic polyacrylamide(HD=20%) has been calculated under 30℃;the coordination constant(K=0.589)
between Zn2+ and partial hydrolytic polyacrylamide(HD=30%) also has been calculated under 30℃.
With analying and comparing experimental date, the effect degree of all metal ions on partial hydrolytic polyacrylamide has been ranked: Mg2+< Ca2+< Mn2+< Ba2+
引文
[1] 刘凤歧，汤心颐．高分子物理．北京：高教出版社，1995：143
[2] Raduio.Marilena T, Martin.Diana I, Calinescu.loan. Preparation of polyelectrolytes for wastewater treatment [J]. Journel of Hazardous Materials,2004, 106(1):27-37
[3] 蒋蝉杰，潘春跃，黄可龙．丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺共聚物研究进展[J]．高分子通报，2001，3：64-69
[4] N. Bicak, N. Acikkaya, G. Koza. Controlled conversion of polyacrylamide into polyacrylic acid [J]. Polymer Bulletin, 1997, 39(4):459-464
[5] 潘祖仁．高分子化学(第二版)．北京：化学工业出版社，1997：6-7
[6] 程杰成．超高分子量聚丙烯酰胺的合成及在三次采油中的应用研究．大连：大连理工大学博士论文，2000
[7] 周恩乐，李虹，薄淑琴等．聚丙烯酰胺的形态结构研究[J]．高分子学报，1991，1：51-56
[8] N. Volk, D. Vollmer, M. Schmidt. Conformation and Phase Diagrams of Flexible Polyelectrolytes [J]. Advances in Polymer Science, 2004, 166:29-65
[9] 张开．高分子物理学．四川：成都科技大学，1981：81-82
[10] R. Kakehashi, H. Yamazoe, H. Maeda. Osmotic coefficients ofvinylic polyelectrolyte solutions without added salt[J]. Colloid & Polymer Science, 1998, 276(1):28-33
[11] Jerome Bibette, Fernando Leal-Calderon, Veronique Schmitt. Phase Transitions [J]. Springer Tracts in Modern Physics, 2002, 181:47
[12] 严芮瑄．水溶性高分子．北京：化学工业出版社，1998：8-9
[13] P. Paton, F. I. Talens-Alesson. Effect ofpH on the Flocculation of SDS Micelles by AI3+[J]. Colloid & Polymer Science, 2001, 279(2):196-199
[14] G. Petzold, A. Nebel, H.-M. Buchhammer. Preparation and characterization of different polyelectrolyte complexes and their application as flocculants [J]. Colloid & Polymer Science, 1998, 276(2):125-130
[15] 姜涛，陈新钢．三次采油用聚丙烯酰胺研究进展[J]．精细石油化工进展，2000，1(6)：30-32
[16] 潘竟军．一种用于深部调剖的聚合物强凝胶堵剂的研究[J]．油田化学，2002，19(1)：39-42
[17] Sydansk, Robert D. Acrylamide-Polymer/Chromium (Ⅲ)-Carboxylate Gels for Near Wellbore Matrix
Treatments [A]. SPE/DOE Seventh Sympoum [C]. Tulsa, Oklahoma, Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1990:397
[18] 韩大匡，韩冬，杨普华．胶态分散凝胶驱油技术的研究与进展[J]．油田化学，1996，13(3)：273-276
[19] 王玉普，罗健辉，卜若颖．三次采油用抗温抗盐聚合物分析[J]．化工进展，2003，22(3)：271-274
[20] Bao-yu Yue, Qin-yan Wang, Bing-jian.Electrophoretic Nature and Evaluation of Poly-Aluminum-Chloride-Sulfate (PACS) as a Coagulant for Water and Wastewater Treatment[J]. Journal of Environmental Science & Health, 2003, 38(5):897-907
[21] Harrison John R, Monagle Daniel J. Sewage treatment. America, US3479283. Nov.18, 1969
[22] L. Mascia, K. Hashim. Carboxylic acid functionalization of nylon 6 by radiation grafting and conversion to zinc salts: effects on physical properties[J]. Colloid & Polymer Science, 1997, 275(7):689-697
[23] 刘志誉，王兴春，任桂兰．现代阻垢剂研究[J]．化工时刊，2003，17(6)：39-41
[24] 程云章，翟祥华，葛红花．阻垢剂的阻垢机理及性能评定[J]．华东电力，2003，7：14-18
[25] 任桂兰，陈宇飞，李青山．含磷高分子马来酸酐共聚物的阻垢性能[J]．功能高分子学报，2003， 16(2)：243-246
[26] O. Quadrat, L. Mrkvic kova, Z. Walterova. Structure and flow behavior of crosslinked ethyl acrylate-methacrylic acid copolymer dispersion particles[J]. Colloid & Polymer Science, 1998, 276(10):879-886
[27] Lees Ronald D, Harrison John R, Monagle Daniel J. Sugar purification, US3508965. Apr.28, 1970
[28] 周晓东，吉法祥，丁学文．共聚物电解质MA-Na_2／AA-Na水溶液的粘度特性[J]．高分子材料科学与工程，1996，12(6)：127-130
[29] S. E Campana Filho, A. Regiani, E. Frollini. On the stiffness of the welan chain[J]. Polymer Bulletin, 1997, 38(1):81-85
[30] 刘鲁滨，徐爱德，上官镇华．聚电解质溶液粘度的研究：Ⅱ．有外加盐时丙烯酸钠类共聚物溶液粘度的测定[J]．精细化工，1989，4：45-47
[31] Nagasawa M, Takahashi A. Light Scattering from Polymer Solution[In]. London and New York: Academic Press, 1772, 682-699
[32] 董朝霞，吴肇亮，林梅钦．盐浓度对交联聚合物线团形态的影响[J]．油田化学，2002，19(1)：80-84
[33] D. V. Pergushov, H.M. Buchhammer, K. Lunkwitz. Effect of a low-molecular-weight salt on colloidal dispersions of interpolyelectrolyte complex[J]. Colloid Polym Sci, 1999, 277(2/3):101-107
[34] N. Volk, D. Vollmer, M. Schmidt. Conformation and Phase Diagrams of Flexible Polyelectrolytes[J]. Advances in Polymer Science, 2004, 166: 29-65
[35] Rodolpe Roma-Luciow, Lena Sarraf, Michel Morcellet. Complexes of poly(acrylic acid) with some
divalent, trivalent and tetravalent metal ions[J]. European Polymer Journal, 2001, 37:1741-1745
[36] Shaoliang Chen, Moitaba Zommorodi, Eberhard Fritz. Hydrogel modified uptake of salt ions and calcium in Populus euphratica under saline conditions[J]. Trees - Structure and Function, 2003, 18(2):175-183
[37] 朱麟勇，常志英，李妙贞．二元阴离子型丙烯酰胺共聚物在二价金属离子存在下相分离行为的研究[J]．高分子学报，2001，3：412-414
[38] I.Sabbagh, M.Delsanti. Solubility of highly charged anionic polyelectrolytes in presence of multivalent cations: Specific interaction effect[J]. Europe Physics Journal E 2000, 1:75-86
[39] M.J. Stevens, S.J. Plimpton. The effect of added salt on polyelectrolyte structure[J]. The European Physical Journal B - Condensed Matter, 1998, 2(3):341-345
[40] Y. Seto, K. Kameyama, N. Tanaka. High-pressure studies on the coacervation of copoly(N-vinylformamide-vinylacetate) and eopoly(N-vinylacetylamide-vinylacetate) [J]. Colloid & Polymer Science, 2003, 281(7):690-694
[41] M. J. Tiera, V.A. De Oliveira, H.D. Burrows. Fluorescence study of the interaction between metal ions and methyl methacrylate-methacrylie acid copolymers in aqueous solutions: thallium(Ⅰ), calcium(Ⅱ), and terbium(Ⅲ) [J]. Colloid & Polymer Science, 1998, 276(3):206-212
[42] Concetta De Stefano, Demetrio Milea, Alberto Pettignano. Speciation of phytate ion in aqueous solution. Alkali metal complex formation in different ionic media[J]. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2003, 376(7):1030-1040
[43] R. Schweins, K. Huber. Collapse of sodium polyacrylate chains in calcium salt solutions[J]. European Physical Journal E, 2001, 5(1):117-126
[44] 方道斌，郭睿威，候永兴．水解聚丙烯酰胺盐水溶液表观粘度的数学模拟(Ⅳ)：存在二价金属离子时的通用MHS方程式[J]．化工学报，1998，49(1)：11-16
[45] 翁蕊，韦莉．低浓度HPAM／Cr~(3+)凝胶成胶行为影响因素的研究[J]．油田化学，1999，16(1)：53-56
[46] 段洪东，侯万国，汪庐山．部分水解聚丙烯酰胺／Cr~(3+)(Ⅲ)交联作用的研究方法[J]．高分子通报，2002，2：49-55
[47] Chen, Yan-Ling, Yuan, Jun-Hua, Yang, Wen-Hua. Self-Assembly Fractal Microstructures of HPAM/Chromium Acetate and HPAM/Phenolic Aldehyde Colloidal Dispersion Gel[J]. Journal of Dispersion Science & Technology, 2003, 24(1):113-121
[48] 李克华，王任芳，赵福麟．铬离子与聚丙烯酰胺交联反应动力学研究[J]．石油学报，2001，]7(6)：50-55
[49] 吴应川，曹敏，陈德斌．HPAM／有机钛弱凝胶调驱剂研制[J]．油田化学，2001，18(4)：351-353
[50] J.F. Berret, G. Cristobal, E Herve. Structure of colloidal complexes obtained from neutral/polyelectrolyte copolymers and oppositely charged surfactants[J]. The European Physical Journal E-Soft
Matter, 2002, 9(4):301-311
[51] 王新平，张嘉运，唐季安．表面活性剂与聚丙烯酰胺在油水界面的流变性[J]．物理化学学报，1998，14(1)：88-92
[52] Y. Yamaguchi, Y. Inaba, H. Uchiyama. Anomalous phase behavior of water-soluble polyelectrolyte and oppositely charged surfactants[J]. Colloid & Polymer Science, 1999, 277(12):1117-1124
[54] A. Asnacios, D. Langevin, J.F. Argillier. Mixed monolayers of cationic surfactants and anionic polymers at the air-water interface: Surface tension and ellipsometry studies[J]. The European Physical Journal B-Condensed Matter, 1998, 5(4):905-911
[55] Joseph J. Mallon, Raymond S. Farinato, Norwalk, United States Patent, 5738794
[56] 徐桂英、李锡忠，李干佐．天然羧酸盐对水解聚丙烯酰胺流变性的影响[J]．化学物理学报，1996，9(1)：77-82
[57] 董朝霞，林梅饮．光散射技术在研究高分子溶液和凝胶方面的应用[J]．高分子通报，2002(5)：25-33
[58] Fang. Liqi, Brown.W. Dynamic light scattering study of the sol-gel transition[J]. Macromolecules, 1991, 24(26):6839-6842
[59] 廖乾初．声发射扫描电镜进展及其物理基础[J]．电子显微学报，1998，17(3)：311-318
[60] RAndré, D.Long, A.Ajdari. Polyelectrolyte/post collisions during electrophoresis:Influence of hydrodynamic interactions[J]. Europe Physics Journal B, 1998, 4(3):307-312
[61] 胡博仲．聚合物驱采油工程．北京：石油工业出版社，1997：29
[62] S. R. Deshiikan, K. D. Papadopoulos. Modified Booth equation for the calculation of zeta potential[J]. Colloid & Polymer Science, 1998, 276(2):117-124
[63] Vishal Gauri, K. W. Koelling. Extensional theology of concentrated poly(ethylene oxide) solutions[J]. RheologicaActa, 1997, 36(5): 555-567
[64] M. Matsukata, M. Hirata, J. R Gong. Two-step surfactant binding of solvated and cross-linked poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co- (2-acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid)) [J]. Colloid & Polymer Science, 1998, 276(1):11-18
[65] H. O. Johansson, G. Kartstrm, F. Tjerneld. Effect of solute hydrophobicity on phase behaviour in solutions ofthermoseparating polymers [J]. Colloid & Polymer Science, 1997, 275(5):458-466
[66] Ken Terao, Setsuyo Hayashi, Yo Nakamura. Solution properties of polymacromonomers consisting of polystyrene 4. Translational diffusion coefficient in cyclohexane at the 0 temperature[J]. Polymer Bulletin, 2002, 44(3):309-316
[67] Bernabé L. Rivas, Nicolás Schiappacasse, Luis A. Basáez. Potyelectrolyte-Cu(Ⅱ) interactions studied by cyclic voltammetry[J]. Polymer Bulletin, 2000, 45(3):259-265
[68] H. Wiese, R. Rupaner. Influence of metal ions on the alkali-swelling behavior of carboxylated acrylic polymer latexes[J]. Colloid & Polymer Science, 1999, 277(4):372-375
[69] Nanda S K, Kumar R, Sindhwani K L. Charcterization of polyacrylamide-Cr~(3+) gels used for reducing water/oil ratio[A]. SPE International Symposium[C]. San Antonio, TX, U.S.A, Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1987, 16253
[70] 王任芳，李克华．聚丙烯酰胺与高价金属离子交联机理研究[J]．江汉石油学报，1999，21(2)：38-40
[71] Albonico Paola, Burrafato Giovanni, Di Lullo Albert. Effective Gelation-Delaying Additives for Cr~(+3)/Polymer Gels [A]. SPE International Symposium[C]. San Antonio, TX, U.S.A, Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1993:P.433
[72] Andrew B. Rodd, Dave E. Dustan, David V. Boger. Some properties of aqueous xanthan gels formed under the action ofaluminium(Ⅲ) ions[J]. Macromolecutar Symposia, 2002,19 (1): 79-92
[73] L．E．欧格耳，游效增(译]，过渡金属化学导论配位场理论．北京：科学出版社，1966
[74] 彭申甫，汪苞，罗忠鉴．无机化学原子分子结构络合物．四川：四川人民出版社，1984
[75] H.-J. Jacobasch, F. Simon, P. Weidenhammer. Adsorption of ions onto polymer surfaces and its influence on zeta potential and adhesion phenomena[J]. Colloid & Polymer Science, 1998, 276(5):434-442
[76] Schowalter, William R, Eidsath, Alec B. Brownian flocculation of polymer colloids in the presence of a secondary minimum[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2001, 98(7):3644-3651
[77] 段洪东，侯万国，武玉民．原子吸收法研究部分水解聚丙烯酰胺／Cr(Ⅲ)凝胶的交联密度[J]．高等学校化学学报，2002，23(8)：1638-1640
[78] Lockhart T P. Cr3+-polyacrylamide gels for profile modification crosslinking structure and chemistry[A]. Fifth European Symposium on Improved Oil Recovery[C]. Budapest, 1989, 25～27
[79] 戴安邦．配位化学．北京：科学出版社，1987
[80] 周名成，俞汝勤．紫外与可见分光光度分析法．北京：化学工业出版社，1986
[2] Raduio.Marilena T, Martin.Diana I, Calinescu.loan. Preparation of polyelectrolytes for wastewater treatment [J]. Journel of Hazardous Materials,2004, 106(1):27-37
[3] 蒋蝉杰，潘春跃，黄可龙．丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺共聚物研究进展[J]．高分子通报，2001，3：64-69
[4] N. Bicak, N. Acikkaya, G. Koza. Controlled conversion of polyacrylamide into polyacrylic acid [J]. Polymer Bulletin, 1997, 39(4):459-464
[5] 潘祖仁．高分子化学(第二版)．北京：化学工业出版社，1997：6-7
[6] 程杰成．超高分子量聚丙烯酰胺的合成及在三次采油中的应用研究．大连：大连理工大学博士论文，2000
[7] 周恩乐，李虹，薄淑琴等．聚丙烯酰胺的形态结构研究[J]．高分子学报，1991，1：51-56
[8] N. Volk, D. Vollmer, M. Schmidt. Conformation and Phase Diagrams of Flexible Polyelectrolytes [J]. Advances in Polymer Science, 2004, 166:29-65
[9] 张开．高分子物理学．四川：成都科技大学，1981：81-82
[10] R. Kakehashi, H. Yamazoe, H. Maeda. Osmotic coefficients ofvinylic polyelectrolyte solutions without added salt[J]. Colloid & Polymer Science, 1998, 276(1):28-33
[11] Jerome Bibette, Fernando Leal-Calderon, Veronique Schmitt. Phase Transitions [J]. Springer Tracts in Modern Physics, 2002, 181:47
[12] 严芮瑄．水溶性高分子．北京：化学工业出版社，1998：8-9
[13] P. Paton, F. I. Talens-Alesson. Effect ofpH on the Flocculation of SDS Micelles by AI3+[J]. Colloid & Polymer Science, 2001, 279(2):196-199
[14] G. Petzold, A. Nebel, H.-M. Buchhammer. Preparation and characterization of different polyelectrolyte complexes and their application as flocculants [J]. Colloid & Polymer Science, 1998, 276(2):125-130
[15] 姜涛，陈新钢．三次采油用聚丙烯酰胺研究进展[J]．精细石油化工进展，2000，1(6)：30-32
[16] 潘竟军．一种用于深部调剖的聚合物强凝胶堵剂的研究[J]．油田化学，2002，19(1)：39-42
[17] Sydansk, Robert D. Acrylamide-Polymer/Chromium (Ⅲ)-Carboxylate Gels for Near Wellbore Matrix
Treatments [A]. SPE/DOE Seventh Sympoum [C]. Tulsa, Oklahoma, Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1990:397
[18] 韩大匡，韩冬，杨普华．胶态分散凝胶驱油技术的研究与进展[J]．油田化学，1996，13(3)：273-276
[19] 王玉普，罗健辉，卜若颖．三次采油用抗温抗盐聚合物分析[J]．化工进展，2003，22(3)：271-274
[20] Bao-yu Yue, Qin-yan Wang, Bing-jian.Electrophoretic Nature and Evaluation of Poly-Aluminum-Chloride-Sulfate (PACS) as a Coagulant for Water and Wastewater Treatment[J]. Journal of Environmental Science & Health, 2003, 38(5):897-907
[21] Harrison John R, Monagle Daniel J. Sewage treatment. America, US3479283. Nov.18, 1969
[22] L. Mascia, K. Hashim. Carboxylic acid functionalization of nylon 6 by radiation grafting and conversion to zinc salts: effects on physical properties[J]. Colloid & Polymer Science, 1997, 275(7):689-697
[23] 刘志誉，王兴春，任桂兰．现代阻垢剂研究[J]．化工时刊，2003，17(6)：39-41
[24] 程云章，翟祥华，葛红花．阻垢剂的阻垢机理及性能评定[J]．华东电力，2003，7：14-18
[25] 任桂兰，陈宇飞，李青山．含磷高分子马来酸酐共聚物的阻垢性能[J]．功能高分子学报，2003， 16(2)：243-246
[26] O. Quadrat, L. Mrkvic kova, Z. Walterova. Structure and flow behavior of crosslinked ethyl acrylate-methacrylic acid copolymer dispersion particles[J]. Colloid & Polymer Science, 1998, 276(10):879-886
[27] Lees Ronald D, Harrison John R, Monagle Daniel J. Sugar purification, US3508965. Apr.28, 1970
[28] 周晓东，吉法祥，丁学文．共聚物电解质MA-Na_2／AA-Na水溶液的粘度特性[J]．高分子材料科学与工程，1996，12(6)：127-130
[29] S. E Campana Filho, A. Regiani, E. Frollini. On the stiffness of the welan chain[J]. Polymer Bulletin, 1997, 38(1):81-85
[30] 刘鲁滨，徐爱德，上官镇华．聚电解质溶液粘度的研究：Ⅱ．有外加盐时丙烯酸钠类共聚物溶液粘度的测定[J]．精细化工，1989，4：45-47
[31] Nagasawa M, Takahashi A. Light Scattering from Polymer Solution[In]. London and New York: Academic Press, 1772, 682-699
[32] 董朝霞，吴肇亮，林梅钦．盐浓度对交联聚合物线团形态的影响[J]．油田化学，2002，19(1)：80-84
[33] D. V. Pergushov, H.M. Buchhammer, K. Lunkwitz. Effect of a low-molecular-weight salt on colloidal dispersions of interpolyelectrolyte complex[J]. Colloid Polym Sci, 1999, 277(2/3):101-107
[34] N. Volk, D. Vollmer, M. Schmidt. Conformation and Phase Diagrams of Flexible Polyelectrolytes[J]. Advances in Polymer Science, 2004, 166: 29-65
[35] Rodolpe Roma-Luciow, Lena Sarraf, Michel Morcellet. Complexes of poly(acrylic acid) with some
divalent, trivalent and tetravalent metal ions[J]. European Polymer Journal, 2001, 37:1741-1745
[36] Shaoliang Chen, Moitaba Zommorodi, Eberhard Fritz. Hydrogel modified uptake of salt ions and calcium in Populus euphratica under saline conditions[J]. Trees - Structure and Function, 2003, 18(2):175-183
[37] 朱麟勇，常志英，李妙贞．二元阴离子型丙烯酰胺共聚物在二价金属离子存在下相分离行为的研究[J]．高分子学报，2001，3：412-414
[38] I.Sabbagh, M.Delsanti. Solubility of highly charged anionic polyelectrolytes in presence of multivalent cations: Specific interaction effect[J]. Europe Physics Journal E 2000, 1:75-86
[39] M.J. Stevens, S.J. Plimpton. The effect of added salt on polyelectrolyte structure[J]. The European Physical Journal B - Condensed Matter, 1998, 2(3):341-345
[40] Y. Seto, K. Kameyama, N. Tanaka. High-pressure studies on the coacervation of copoly(N-vinylformamide-vinylacetate) and eopoly(N-vinylacetylamide-vinylacetate) [J]. Colloid & Polymer Science, 2003, 281(7):690-694
[41] M. J. Tiera, V.A. De Oliveira, H.D. Burrows. Fluorescence study of the interaction between metal ions and methyl methacrylate-methacrylie acid copolymers in aqueous solutions: thallium(Ⅰ), calcium(Ⅱ), and terbium(Ⅲ) [J]. Colloid & Polymer Science, 1998, 276(3):206-212
[42] Concetta De Stefano, Demetrio Milea, Alberto Pettignano. Speciation of phytate ion in aqueous solution. Alkali metal complex formation in different ionic media[J]. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2003, 376(7):1030-1040
[43] R. Schweins, K. Huber. Collapse of sodium polyacrylate chains in calcium salt solutions[J]. European Physical Journal E, 2001, 5(1):117-126
[44] 方道斌，郭睿威，候永兴．水解聚丙烯酰胺盐水溶液表观粘度的数学模拟(Ⅳ)：存在二价金属离子时的通用MHS方程式[J]．化工学报，1998，49(1)：11-16
[45] 翁蕊，韦莉．低浓度HPAM／Cr~(3+)凝胶成胶行为影响因素的研究[J]．油田化学，1999，16(1)：53-56
[46] 段洪东，侯万国，汪庐山．部分水解聚丙烯酰胺／Cr~(3+)(Ⅲ)交联作用的研究方法[J]．高分子通报，2002，2：49-55
[47] Chen, Yan-Ling, Yuan, Jun-Hua, Yang, Wen-Hua. Self-Assembly Fractal Microstructures of HPAM/Chromium Acetate and HPAM/Phenolic Aldehyde Colloidal Dispersion Gel[J]. Journal of Dispersion Science & Technology, 2003, 24(1):113-121
[48] 李克华，王任芳，赵福麟．铬离子与聚丙烯酰胺交联反应动力学研究[J]．石油学报，2001，]7(6)：50-55
[49] 吴应川，曹敏，陈德斌．HPAM／有机钛弱凝胶调驱剂研制[J]．油田化学，2001，18(4)：351-353
[50] J.F. Berret, G. Cristobal, E Herve. Structure of colloidal complexes obtained from neutral/polyelectrolyte copolymers and oppositely charged surfactants[J]. The European Physical Journal E-Soft
Matter, 2002, 9(4):301-311
[51] 王新平，张嘉运，唐季安．表面活性剂与聚丙烯酰胺在油水界面的流变性[J]．物理化学学报，1998，14(1)：88-92
[52] Y. Yamaguchi, Y. Inaba, H. Uchiyama. Anomalous phase behavior of water-soluble polyelectrolyte and oppositely charged surfactants[J]. Colloid & Polymer Science, 1999, 277(12):1117-1124
[54] A. Asnacios, D. Langevin, J.F. Argillier. Mixed monolayers of cationic surfactants and anionic polymers at the air-water interface: Surface tension and ellipsometry studies[J]. The European Physical Journal B-Condensed Matter, 1998, 5(4):905-911
[55] Joseph J. Mallon, Raymond S. Farinato, Norwalk, United States Patent, 5738794
[56] 徐桂英、李锡忠，李干佐．天然羧酸盐对水解聚丙烯酰胺流变性的影响[J]．化学物理学报，1996，9(1)：77-82
[57] 董朝霞，林梅饮．光散射技术在研究高分子溶液和凝胶方面的应用[J]．高分子通报，2002(5)：25-33
[58] Fang. Liqi, Brown.W. Dynamic light scattering study of the sol-gel transition[J]. Macromolecules, 1991, 24(26):6839-6842
[59] 廖乾初．声发射扫描电镜进展及其物理基础[J]．电子显微学报，1998，17(3)：311-318
[60] RAndré, D.Long, A.Ajdari. Polyelectrolyte/post collisions during electrophoresis:Influence of hydrodynamic interactions[J]. Europe Physics Journal B, 1998, 4(3):307-312
[61] 胡博仲．聚合物驱采油工程．北京：石油工业出版社，1997：29
[62] S. R. Deshiikan, K. D. Papadopoulos. Modified Booth equation for the calculation of zeta potential[J]. Colloid & Polymer Science, 1998, 276(2):117-124
[63] Vishal Gauri, K. W. Koelling. Extensional theology of concentrated poly(ethylene oxide) solutions[J]. RheologicaActa, 1997, 36(5): 555-567
[64] M. Matsukata, M. Hirata, J. R Gong. Two-step surfactant binding of solvated and cross-linked poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co- (2-acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid)) [J]. Colloid & Polymer Science, 1998, 276(1):11-18
[65] H. O. Johansson, G. Kartstrm, F. Tjerneld. Effect of solute hydrophobicity on phase behaviour in solutions ofthermoseparating polymers [J]. Colloid & Polymer Science, 1997, 275(5):458-466
[66] Ken Terao, Setsuyo Hayashi, Yo Nakamura. Solution properties of polymacromonomers consisting of polystyrene 4. Translational diffusion coefficient in cyclohexane at the 0 temperature[J]. Polymer Bulletin, 2002, 44(3):309-316
[67] Bernabé L. Rivas, Nicolás Schiappacasse, Luis A. Basáez. Potyelectrolyte-Cu(Ⅱ) interactions studied by cyclic voltammetry[J]. Polymer Bulletin, 2000, 45(3):259-265
[68] H. Wiese, R. Rupaner. Influence of metal ions on the alkali-swelling behavior of carboxylated acrylic polymer latexes[J]. Colloid & Polymer Science, 1999, 277(4):372-375
[69] Nanda S K, Kumar R, Sindhwani K L. Charcterization of polyacrylamide-Cr~(3+) gels used for reducing water/oil ratio[A]. SPE International Symposium[C]. San Antonio, TX, U.S.A, Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1987, 16253
[70] 王任芳，李克华．聚丙烯酰胺与高价金属离子交联机理研究[J]．江汉石油学报，1999，21(2)：38-40
[71] Albonico Paola, Burrafato Giovanni, Di Lullo Albert. Effective Gelation-Delaying Additives for Cr~(+3)/Polymer Gels [A]. SPE International Symposium[C]. San Antonio, TX, U.S.A, Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1993:P.433
[72] Andrew B. Rodd, Dave E. Dustan, David V. Boger. Some properties of aqueous xanthan gels formed under the action ofaluminium(Ⅲ) ions[J]. Macromolecutar Symposia, 2002,19 (1): 79-92
[73] L．E．欧格耳，游效增(译]，过渡金属化学导论配位场理论．北京：科学出版社，1966
[74] 彭申甫，汪苞，罗忠鉴．无机化学原子分子结构络合物．四川：四川人民出版社，1984
[75] H.-J. Jacobasch, F. Simon, P. Weidenhammer. Adsorption of ions onto polymer surfaces and its influence on zeta potential and adhesion phenomena[J]. Colloid & Polymer Science, 1998, 276(5):434-442
[76] Schowalter, William R, Eidsath, Alec B. Brownian flocculation of polymer colloids in the presence of a secondary minimum[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2001, 98(7):3644-3651
[77] 段洪东，侯万国，武玉民．原子吸收法研究部分水解聚丙烯酰胺／Cr(Ⅲ)凝胶的交联密度[J]．高等学校化学学报，2002，23(8)：1638-1640
[78] Lockhart T P. Cr3+-polyacrylamide gels for profile modification crosslinking structure and chemistry[A]. Fifth European Symposium on Improved Oil Recovery[C]. Budapest, 1989, 25～27
[79] 戴安邦．配位化学．北京：科学出版社，1987
[80] 周名成，俞汝勤．紫外与可见分光光度分析法．北京：化学工业出版社，1986