含风电场的电源规划研究
|
摘要
风电具有一些与火电、水电、核电等常规发电机组不同的特性,如间歇性、波动性、反调峰特性等。本文从电源规划的角度分析了风电场给电力系统带来的影响,并以风电场的接入方式为切入点,研究了含大型风电场的电源规划问题和分布式风电源的选址定容规划问题。其主要研究成果有:
1)提出了基于等效电量频率法的含风电场的电力系统随机生产模拟方法。该方法利用等效负荷频率曲线计算发电机组的启停次数,在生产模拟中保留了负荷和风电机组的时变特性,不仅可以得到常规算法所能得到的生产模拟结果,而且可以评估风电场接入对常规机组造成的开停机影响,以及与火电机组开机、停机等因素相关的动态费用。
2)以等风险度原则为基础,以各检修时段风险度方差最小为目标函数,建立了含风电场的电力系统发电机组检修计划模型,提出了最小累积风险度法和模拟植物生长算法两种求解方法。采用半不变量法结合Gram-Charlier级数展开法求解系统的风险度,考虑了风电场出力的不确定性。最小累积风险度法通过寻找检修区间内累积风险度最小的区间确定待检修机组的检修位置。模拟植物生长算法以发电机组检修的开始时段序号作为决策变量,利用植物的向光性生长机制寻找最优解。
3)提出了含风电场的成本最小化电源规划模型,考虑了系统的调峰能力约束、调频能力约束以及污染物排放量约束。在此基础上,计及上网电价差异对电源规划的影响,按照分解协调的思想建立了净收益最大化双层电源规划模型,上层规划为电源投资决策问题,以发电商总收益最大为目标函数,下层规划为生产优化决策问题,并提出了模拟植物生长算法、最小累积风险度法、等效电量频率法相结合的求解方法。
4)提出了分布式风电源接入现有配电网的选址定容机会约束规划模型,以独立发电商收益最大为目标函数,允许规划方案以一定的置信水平满足节点电压约束和支路功率传输约束;提出了模拟植物生长算法与随机潮流相结合的求解方法,构建了风电机组出力离散化模型,采用基于半不变量的配电网随机潮流方法评估规划方案是否满足概率性约束条件,考虑了分布式风电源可能导致的双向潮流问题。
5)提出了主动管理模式下基于双层规划的分布式风电源选址定容规划模型,打破了被动管理模式下分布式电源接入配电网所遵循的“安装即忘记”原则,以分布式风电源的净收益期望值最大作为上层规划目标,以满足电压和潮流约束下风电源出力切除量期望值最小作为下层规划目标,考虑了主动电压管理在改善支路潮流和节点电压方面的作用,提出了模拟植物生长算法与概率最优潮流算法相结合的求解方法。
相关算例验证了所提出的含风电场的电源规划模型、方法的正确性和有效性。
Unlike conventional generation sources, such as coal or gas fired power, hydro power, and nuclear power, etc., wind power is with natures of low-controllable, stochastic, intermittent, and anti-peak-shaving. This dissertation analyses the impact of wind power on generation expansion planning, and studies generation expansion planning problems with large-scale wind farms and sizing and siting of distributed wind generation (DWG). The main innovations of the dissertation are as follows:
1) According to the natures of stochastic and intermittent of wind turbines, equivalent energy and frequency function (EEFF) method is proposed for power system probabilistic production simulation, which combines the frequency and duration (FD) approach and equiva1ent energy function (EEF) method. EEFF method keeps the time-dependent behaviour of power load and wind turbine generator, and it can evaluate the effect of wind power and load on the commitment of conventional units, as well as the dynamic cost associated with the commitment of thermal units.
2) A novel generator maintenance scheduling model based on equivalent risk principle is present, which takes the minimum of risk standard variance of all the maintainance period as planning objective. Heuristic algorithm based on minimum cumulative risk and plant growth simulation algorithm (PGSA) are put forword to solve the model. Both algorithms calculate the system risk with the method of combined semi-invariant and Gram-Charlier expanding, and take into account the uncertainty of wind power. Minimum cumulative risk algorithm takes the minimum cumulative risk period as the maintenance period of the unit. PGSA takes the start period number of the generators to be maintained as decision variables and search the optimal solution with the plant phototropism mechanism.
3) An generation expansion planning model of cost minimization with large-scale wind farms is put forward, considering the impacts of wind farms on system peak regulation, frequency regulation, and environmental protection benefit. In order to take into account the impact of different generation price on investment decision, a bi-level generation expansion planning model is put forword, whose top planning problem is the generator investment decision problem with objective of net benefit maximinum, and lower planning problem is production optimizing decision problem. The PGSA combined with minimum cumulative risk algorithm and EEFF method is present to solve the bi-level programming model.
4) A planning scheme based on the chance constrained programming of distributed wind generation in the existing distribution networks is proposed, whose planning objective is to maximize the benefit of the independent power producer (IPP). PGSA is put forword to solve the model and the probabilistic power flow method based on semi-invariant is applied to judge whether the planning schemes satisfy the constraints of both the node voltage operation ranges and the branch transmission capacities.
5) A novel bi-level programming model for siting and sizing of distributed wind generation under active management (AM) mode is put forward, which breaks the“fit and forget”installation policy of distributed generation in the passive distribution network. The model takes the maximum expectation of net benefit of DWG as the upper level program objective, and takes the minimum expectation of generation curtailment with voltage and thermal constraints as the lower level program objective, and takes into account the impact of active voltage management algorithm on improvement of branch power flow and node voltage. The PGSA combined with probabilistic optimal power flow algorithm is applied to solve the optimal planning of DWG under AM mode.
Numerical examples prove the feasibility and effectivity of the proposed model and methodology in this dissertation.
1)提出了基于等效电量频率法的含风电场的电力系统随机生产模拟方法。该方法利用等效负荷频率曲线计算发电机组的启停次数,在生产模拟中保留了负荷和风电机组的时变特性,不仅可以得到常规算法所能得到的生产模拟结果,而且可以评估风电场接入对常规机组造成的开停机影响,以及与火电机组开机、停机等因素相关的动态费用。
2)以等风险度原则为基础,以各检修时段风险度方差最小为目标函数,建立了含风电场的电力系统发电机组检修计划模型,提出了最小累积风险度法和模拟植物生长算法两种求解方法。采用半不变量法结合Gram-Charlier级数展开法求解系统的风险度,考虑了风电场出力的不确定性。最小累积风险度法通过寻找检修区间内累积风险度最小的区间确定待检修机组的检修位置。模拟植物生长算法以发电机组检修的开始时段序号作为决策变量,利用植物的向光性生长机制寻找最优解。
3)提出了含风电场的成本最小化电源规划模型,考虑了系统的调峰能力约束、调频能力约束以及污染物排放量约束。在此基础上,计及上网电价差异对电源规划的影响,按照分解协调的思想建立了净收益最大化双层电源规划模型,上层规划为电源投资决策问题,以发电商总收益最大为目标函数,下层规划为生产优化决策问题,并提出了模拟植物生长算法、最小累积风险度法、等效电量频率法相结合的求解方法。
4)提出了分布式风电源接入现有配电网的选址定容机会约束规划模型,以独立发电商收益最大为目标函数,允许规划方案以一定的置信水平满足节点电压约束和支路功率传输约束;提出了模拟植物生长算法与随机潮流相结合的求解方法,构建了风电机组出力离散化模型,采用基于半不变量的配电网随机潮流方法评估规划方案是否满足概率性约束条件,考虑了分布式风电源可能导致的双向潮流问题。
5)提出了主动管理模式下基于双层规划的分布式风电源选址定容规划模型,打破了被动管理模式下分布式电源接入配电网所遵循的“安装即忘记”原则,以分布式风电源的净收益期望值最大作为上层规划目标,以满足电压和潮流约束下风电源出力切除量期望值最小作为下层规划目标,考虑了主动电压管理在改善支路潮流和节点电压方面的作用,提出了模拟植物生长算法与概率最优潮流算法相结合的求解方法。
相关算例验证了所提出的含风电场的电源规划模型、方法的正确性和有效性。
Unlike conventional generation sources, such as coal or gas fired power, hydro power, and nuclear power, etc., wind power is with natures of low-controllable, stochastic, intermittent, and anti-peak-shaving. This dissertation analyses the impact of wind power on generation expansion planning, and studies generation expansion planning problems with large-scale wind farms and sizing and siting of distributed wind generation (DWG). The main innovations of the dissertation are as follows:
1) According to the natures of stochastic and intermittent of wind turbines, equivalent energy and frequency function (EEFF) method is proposed for power system probabilistic production simulation, which combines the frequency and duration (FD) approach and equiva1ent energy function (EEF) method. EEFF method keeps the time-dependent behaviour of power load and wind turbine generator, and it can evaluate the effect of wind power and load on the commitment of conventional units, as well as the dynamic cost associated with the commitment of thermal units.
2) A novel generator maintenance scheduling model based on equivalent risk principle is present, which takes the minimum of risk standard variance of all the maintainance period as planning objective. Heuristic algorithm based on minimum cumulative risk and plant growth simulation algorithm (PGSA) are put forword to solve the model. Both algorithms calculate the system risk with the method of combined semi-invariant and Gram-Charlier expanding, and take into account the uncertainty of wind power. Minimum cumulative risk algorithm takes the minimum cumulative risk period as the maintenance period of the unit. PGSA takes the start period number of the generators to be maintained as decision variables and search the optimal solution with the plant phototropism mechanism.
3) An generation expansion planning model of cost minimization with large-scale wind farms is put forward, considering the impacts of wind farms on system peak regulation, frequency regulation, and environmental protection benefit. In order to take into account the impact of different generation price on investment decision, a bi-level generation expansion planning model is put forword, whose top planning problem is the generator investment decision problem with objective of net benefit maximinum, and lower planning problem is production optimizing decision problem. The PGSA combined with minimum cumulative risk algorithm and EEFF method is present to solve the bi-level programming model.
4) A planning scheme based on the chance constrained programming of distributed wind generation in the existing distribution networks is proposed, whose planning objective is to maximize the benefit of the independent power producer (IPP). PGSA is put forword to solve the model and the probabilistic power flow method based on semi-invariant is applied to judge whether the planning schemes satisfy the constraints of both the node voltage operation ranges and the branch transmission capacities.
5) A novel bi-level programming model for siting and sizing of distributed wind generation under active management (AM) mode is put forward, which breaks the“fit and forget”installation policy of distributed generation in the passive distribution network. The model takes the maximum expectation of net benefit of DWG as the upper level program objective, and takes the minimum expectation of generation curtailment with voltage and thermal constraints as the lower level program objective, and takes into account the impact of active voltage management algorithm on improvement of branch power flow and node voltage. The PGSA combined with probabilistic optimal power flow algorithm is applied to solve the optimal planning of DWG under AM mode.
Numerical examples prove the feasibility and effectivity of the proposed model and methodology in this dissertation.
引文
[1]刘开俊.加强电网建设促进风电产业化发展[J].上海电力,2007(01):5-8.
[2]李俊峰,高虎,施鹏飞,等.中国风电发展报告?2007[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2007.
[3]可再生能源中长期发展规划[R].国家发展和改革委员会.2007.
[4]吴义纯.含风电场的电力系统可靠性与规划问题的研究[D].合肥:合肥工业大学博士学位论文,2006.
[5]王锡凡.电力系统优化规划[M].北京:水利电力出版社,1990.
[6] Schlueter R A,Park G L,Reddoch T W,et al.A modified unit commitment and generation control for utilities with large wind generation penetrations[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1985,PAS-104(7):1630-1636.
[7]庞爱莉.风力发电场接入后对系统的影响[J].上海电力,2007,20(01):33-35.
[8]雷亚洲.与风电并网相关的研究课题[J].电力系统自动化,2003,27(8):84-89.
[9]王成山,郑海峰,谢莹华,等.计及分布式发电的配电系统随机潮流计算[J].电力系统自动化,2005,29(24):39-44.
[10]雷亚洲,王伟胜,印永华,等.风电对电力系统运行的价值分析[J].电网技术,2002,26(05):10-14.
[11]朱祚云,孙健刚,毕毓良,等.风力发电对上海电网的影响[J].上海电力,2007(1):30-33.
[12] Larsson A.Flicker emission of wind turbines caused by switching operations [J].IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,2002,17(1):119-123.
[13]王敏,丁明.含分布式电源的配电系统规划[J].电力系统及其自动化学报,2004,16(6):5-8, 23.
[14]邱大维.能源规划与系统优化[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1995.
[15]魏本宁.基于目标规划理论的电源规划方法研究[D].北京:华北电力大学工商管理学院博士学位论文,2004.
[16]陈金富,李小明,段献忠,等.结合独立发电商和环境保护的电源规划模型[J].华中科技大学学报(自然科学版),2006,34(6):55-57.
[17]李小明,陈金富,段献忠.考虑环境保护的发电机组扩展规划[J].电力系统及其自动化学报,2007,19(2):35-38.
[18] Farghal S A,Abdel Aziz M R.Generation expansion planning including the renewable energy sources[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1988,3(3):816-822.
[19] Srivastava S C,Srivastava A K,Rout U K,et al.Least cost generation expansion planning for a regional electricity board in India considering green house gas mitigation[C].POWERCON 2000 Conference,Nedlands, Australia:2000,1:31-36.
[20] Kim Y C,Ahu B H.Multicriteria generation-expansion planning with global environmental considerations[J].IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,1993,40(2):154-161.
[21] Meza J L C,Yildirim M B,Masud A S M.A model for the multiperiod multiobjective power generation expansion problem[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2007,22(2):871-878.
[22]李开海,王旭,蒋燕.期权理论在电源规划投资模型中的应用[J].现代电力,2003,20(3,4):129-132.
[23] Moreira A,Rocha K,David P.Thermopower generation investment in brazil-economic conditions[J].Energy Policy,2004,32(1):91-100.
[24] El-Khattam W,Bhattacharya K,Hegazy Y,et al.Optimal investment planning for distributed generation in a competitive electricity market[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2004,19(3):1674-1684.
[25]贾德香,程浩忠.电力市场下的电源规划研究综述[J].电力系统及其自动化学报,2007,19(05):58-65, 118.
[26]贾德香,程浩忠,韩净.发电投资的期权博弈决策方法[J].电力系统自动化,2007,31(08):17-21.
[27]臧宝锋,胡汉辉,王建兴.电力市场条件下的发电投资均衡[J].电力系统自动化,2006,30(2):41-44.
[28] Chuang A S,Wu F,Varaiya P.A game-theoretic model for generation expansion planning: problem formulation and numerical comparisons[J].IEEE Power Engineering Review,2001,21(10):63.
[29]贾德香.电力市场环境下的电源规划方法研究[D].上海:上海交通大学博士论文,2007.
[30]陈皓勇,王锡凡.电源规划JASP的改进算法[J].电力系统自动化,2000,24(11):22-25.
[31] Dapklus W D,Bowe T R.Planning for new electric generation technologies a stochastic dynamic programming approach[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1984,PAS-103(6):1447-1453.
[32] Mo B,Hegge J,Wangensteen I.Stochastic generation expansion planning by means of stochastic dynamic programming[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1991,6(2):662-668.
[33] George D.Decomposition techniques for multi-area generation expansion planning under uncertainty[R].Palo Alto, CA (USA):Electric Power Research Inst.,1989.
[34] Sasaki H,Kubokawa J,Watanabe M,et al.A solution of generation expansion problem by means of neural network[C].Proceeding of First International Forum on Applications of Power Systems,Seattle:1991.
[35] Fukuyama Y , Chiang H D . A parallel genetic algorithm for generation expansion planning[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1996,11(2):955-961.
[36]吴耀武,侯云鹤,熊信艮,等.基于遗传算法的电力系统电源规划模型[J].电网技术,1999,25(03):11-15.
[37]王文,贺峰,李远德,等.PGA在水火电混合系统电源规划中的应用[J].电力系统及其自动化学报,2003,15(05):14-18.
[38] Giorsetto P,Utsurogi K F.Development of a new procedure for reliability modeling of wind turbine generators[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1983,PAS-102(1):134-143.
[39] Castro Sayas F,Allan R N.Generation availability assessment of wind farms[J].IEE Proceedings- Generation, Transmission and Distribution,1996,143(5):507-518.
[40] Wang X F,Dai H Z,Thomas R J.Reliability modeling of large wind farms and associateed electric utility interface systems[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1984,PAS-103(3):569-575.
[41]陈树勇,戴慧珠,白晓民,等.风电场的发电可靠性模型及其应用[J].中国电机工程学报,2000,20(03):27-30.
[42] Billinton R,Allan R N.电力系统可靠性评估[M].重庆:科技文献出版社,1986.
[43]吴义纯,丁明.基于蒙特卡罗仿真的风力发电系统可靠性评估[J].电力自动化设备,2004,24(12):70-72.
[44] Schenk K F,Chan S.Incorporation and impact of a wind energy conversion system in generation expansion planning[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1981,PAS-100(12):4710-4718.
[45] Kabouris J,Contaxis G J.Optimum expansion planning of an conventional generation system operating in parallel with a large scale network[J].IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,1991,6(3):394-400.
[46] Roy S.Optimal planning of wind energy conversion systems over an energy scenario[J].IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,1977,12(3):248-254.
[47] Roy S.Market constrained optimal planning for wind energy conversion systems over multiple installation sites[J].IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,2002,22(1):67.
[48]陈树勇,戴慧珠,白晓民,等.含风电场的电力系统随机生产模拟[J].中国电力,2000,33(03):30-31.
[49] Wang P,Billinton R.Reliability benefit analysis of adding WTG to a distribution system [J].IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,2001,16(2):134-139.
[50] Piwko R,Osborn D,Gramlich R,et al.Wind energy delivery issues [transmission planning and competitive electricity market operation][J].IEEE Power and Energy Magazine,2005,3(6):47-56.
[51] Billinton R,Wangdee W.Reliability-based transmission reinforcement planning associated with large-scale wind farms[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2007,22(1):34-41.
[52] Ault G W,Mcdonald J R.Planning for distributed generation within distribution networks in restructured electricity markets[J].Power Engineering Review IEEE,2000,20(2):52-54.
[53] Kim K,Lee Y,Rhee S,et al.Dispersed generator placement using fuzzy-GA in distribution systems[C].IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting,2002,3:1148-1153.
[54] Kashem M A,Le A D T,Negnevitsky M,et al.Distributed generation for minimization of power losses in distribution systems[C].IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting,2006:8.
[55] Willis H L . Analytical methods and rules of thumb for modeling DG-distribution interaction[C].IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting,2000,3:1643-1644.
[56] Nehrir M H,Wang C,Gerez V.Impact of wind power distributed generation on distribution systems[C].Proc. 17th Int. Conf. Electricity Distribution (CIRED),Barcelona, Spain:2003.
[57] Rau N S,Yih-Heui W.Optimum location of resources in distributed planning[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1994,9(4):2014-2020.
[58] Gozel T,Hocaoglu M H,Eminoglu U,et al.Optimal placement and sizing of distributed generation on radial feeder with different static load models[C].Future Power Systems, 2005 International Conference on,2005:2-6.
[59]莫颖涛.分布式发电及其对系统规划的影响[D].杭州:浙江大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[60] Khoa T Q D,Binh P T T,Tran H B.Optimizing Location and Sizing of Distributed Generation in Distribution Systems[C].Power Systems Conference and Exposition, 2006. PSCE '06. 2006 IEEE PES,2006:725-732.
[61] Celli G,Ghiani E,Mocci S,et al.A multiobjective evolutionary algorithm for the sizing and siting of distributed generation[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2005,20(2):750-757.
[62]陈海焱,段献忠,陈金富.计及配网静态电压稳定约束的分布式发电规划模型与算法[J].电网技术,2006,30(21):11-14.
[63]陈海焱,陈金富,杨雄平,等.配电网中计及短路电流约束的分布式发电规划[J].电力系统自动化,2006,30(21):16-21.
[64] Silvestri A , Berizzi A , Buonanno S . Distributed generation planning using genetic algorithms[C].International Conference on Electric Power Engineering,1999:257.
[65] Carpinelli G , Celli G , Pilo F , et al . Distributed generation siting and sizing under uncertainty[C].IEEE Porto Power Tech Proceedings,2001,4:4-7.
[66] Celli G,Pilo F.Optimal distributed generation allocation in MV distribution networks[C].22nd IEEE Power Engineering Society International Conference,2001:81-86.
[67] Mardaneh M,Gharehpetian G B.Siting and sizing of DG units using GA and OPF based technique[C].2004 IEEE Region 10 Conference,2004,3:331-334.
[68] Nara K,Hayashi Y,Ikeda K,et al.Application of tabu search to optimal placement of distributed generators[C].IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting,2001,2:918-923.
[69] Gandomkar M,Vakilian M,Ehsan M.Optimal distributed generation allocation in distribution network using Hereford Ranch algorithm[C].ICEMS,2005,2:916-918.
[70] Currie R A F,Ault G W,Foote C E T.Fundamental research challenges for active management of distribution networks with high levels of renewable generation[C].Proceedings of Universities Power Engineering Conference,Bristol:2004.
[71]王锡凡,王秀丽.随机生产模拟及其应用[J].电力系统自动化,2003,27(08):10-15.
[72]戴慧珠,王伟胜,迟永宁.风电场接入电力系统研究的新进展(英文)[J].电网技术,2007,31(20):16-23.
[73]陈树勇,戴慧珠,白晓民,等.风电场的容量可信度和可避免费用计算[J].太阳能学报,1999,20(4):432-438.
[74]王海超,鲁宗相,周双喜.风电场发电容量可信度研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2005,25(10):103-106.
[75] Booth R R.Power system simulation model based on probability analysis[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1972,PAS-91(1):62-69.
[76] Mohan P,Balasubramanian R,Rao K S P.A new fourier method for evaluating generation system reliability indices[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1986,1(3):88-94.
[77] Wang X F.Equivalent energy function approach to power system probabilistic modeling[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1988,3(3):823-829.
[78]王锡凡.电力系统随机生产模拟的等效电量函数法[J].西安交通大学学报,1984,18(6):13-26.
[79]李林川,王锡凡,王秀丽.基于等效电量函数法的互联电力系统随机生产模拟[J].中国电机工程学报,1996,16(3):180-184.
[80] Stremel J P,Jenkins R T,Babb R A,et al.Production costing using the cumulant method of representing the equivalent load curve[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1980,PAS-99(5):1947-1956.
[81] Rau N S,Toy P,Schenk K F.Expected energy production costs by the method of moments[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1980,PAS-99(5):1908-1917.
[82]陈刚,相年德,陈雪青.一种基于负荷分解的随机生产模拟新方法[J].中国电机工程学报,1992,12(3):49-54.
[83]夏清,王少军,相年德.时序负荷曲线下电力系统概率性生产模拟[J].中国电机工程学报,1994,14(3):21-28.
[84]夏清,王少军,相年德,等.时序负荷曲线下电力系统概率性水电生产模拟[J].中国电机工程学报,1998,18(6):429-433.
[85]康重庆,白利超,清夏,等.基于序列运算理论的随机生产模拟算法的实施[J].中国电机工程学报,2002,22(9):6-11.
[86]康重庆,夏清,相年德,等.随机生产模拟的序列化分析[J].中国电机工程学报,2002,22(4):8-12.
[87] Grubb M.The inclusion of dynamic factors in statistical power system cost models Part I: Assessment of startup and banking costs[J].IEEE Power Engineering Review,1989,9(5):39-40.
[88] Malik A S . Simulating limited energy units within the framework of ELDC and FDmethods[J].Electrical Power and Energy Systems,2004(24):645-653.
[89]陆华,周浩.发电厂的环境成本分析[J].环境保护,2004(04):51-54.
[90] Bowden G J,Barker P R,Shestopal V O,et al.The Weibull distribution function and wind power statistics[J].Wind Engineering ,1983,7(2):85-98.
[91] Balouktsis A,Chassapis D,Karapantsios T D.A nomogram method for estimating the energy produced by wind turbine generators[J].Solar Energy,2002,72(3):251-259.
[92] Damousis I G,Alexiadis M C,Theocharis J B,et al.A fuzzy model for wind speed prediction and power generation in wind parks using spatial correlation[J].IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,2004,19(2):352-361.
[93]孙春顺,王耀南,李欣然.小时风速的向量自回归模型及应用[J].中国电机工程学报,2008,28(14):112-117.
[94] Subcommittee P M.IEEE Reliability Test System[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1979,PAS-98(6):2047-2054.
[95] http://www.goldwind.cn/product/show.asp?id=112
[96]蒋鹏程.贺兰山风电场G52-850kW、G58-850kW与V52-850kW型风力发电机组运行比较[J].宁夏电力,2007(2):55-57.
[97] http://www.gamesa.es
[98] Malik A S,Cory B J.An application of frequency and duration approach in generation planning[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1997,12(3):1076-1084.
[99]丁明,冯永青.发电机组检修计划的可靠性和经济性研究[J].中国电力,2001,34(7):22-25.
[100]丘昌涛,岳占明,李朝华.用等风险度法制定发电机组检修计划的计算机程序[J].东北电力学院学报,1983(1):83-93.
[101]中华人民共和国国家经济贸易委员会.风力发电场检修规程[S].2001.
[102] Kendall M,Stuart A.The advanced theory of Statistics[M].London:C. Griffin,1977.
[103] Tian W D,Sutanto D,Lee Y B,et al.Cumulant based probabilistic power system simulation using Laguerre polynomials[J].IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,1989,4(4):567-574.
[104] Stremel J P,Jenkins R T.Maintenance scheduling under uncertainty[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1981,PAS-100(2):460-465.
[105]陈刚.一种制订孤立系统和辐射形互联系统机组检修计划的新方法[J].中国电机工程学报,1989,9(3):34-40.
[106]李彤,王春峰,王文波,等.求解整数规划的一种仿生类全局优化算法——模拟植物生长算法[J].系统工程理论与实践,2005,25(01):76-85.
[107]王淳,程浩忠.模拟植物生长算法及其在输电网规划中的应用[J].电力系统自动化,2007,31(7):24-28.
[108]王淳,程浩忠.基于模拟植物生长算法的电力系统无功优化[J].电网技术,2006,30(21):37-41.
[109]王淳,程浩忠,陈恳.配电网动态无功补偿的整体优化算法[J].电工技术学报,2008,23(2):109-114.
[110] Wang C,Cheng H Z.Optimization of network configuration in large distribution systems using plant growth simulation algorithm[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2008,23(1):119-126.
[111]王淳,程浩忠.基于模拟植物生长算法的配电网重构[J].中国电机工程学报,2007,27(19):50-55.
[112] Schlueter R A,Park G L,Lotfalian M,et al.Modification of power system operation for significant wind generation penetration[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1983,PAS-102(1):153-161.
[113] Sorensen P,Cutululis N A,Vigueras-Rodriguez A,et al.Power fluctuations from large wind farms[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2007,22(3):958-965.
[114] Soder L.Reserve margin planning in a wind-hydro-thermal power system[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1993,8(2):564-571.
[115]娄素华,吴耀武,黄智.考虑周抽水蓄能电站的电力系统调峰电源规划优化模型[J].高电压技术,2007,33(9):80-84.
[116]余欣梅,熊信艮,吴耀武,等.电力系统调峰电源规划优化模型探讨及其应用[J].中国电力,2003,36(1):48-51.
[117]王承煦,张源.风力发电[M].北京:中国电力出版社,2003.
[118]迟永宁.大型风电场接入电网的稳定性问题研究[D].北京:中国电力科学研究院博士学位论文,2006.
[119]董子刚.双层规划性质及若干算法研究[D].山东科技大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[120]国家电网公司.国家电网风电场接入电网技术规定(试行)[S].2007.
[121]陈海焱,段献忠,陈金富.分布式发电对配网静态电压稳定性的影响[J].电网技术,2006,30(19):27-30.
[122]胡骅,吴汕,夏翔,等.考虑电压调整约束的多个分布式电源准入功率计算[J].中国电机工程学报,2006,26(19):13-17.
[123] Hadjsaid N,Canard J F,Dumas F.Dispersed generation impact on distribution networks[J].IEEE Computer Applications in Power,1999,12(2):22-28.
[124] Puttgen H B,Macgregor P R,Lambert F C.Distributed generation: Semantic hype or the dawn of a new era?[J].IEEE Power and Energy Magazine,2003,1(1):22-29.
[125] Bakirtzis A G,Dokopoulos P S,Gavanidou E S,et al.A probabilistic costing method for the evaluation of the performance of grid-connected wind arrays[J].IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,1989,4(1):34-40.
[126] Bakirtzis A G,Dokopoulos P S,Gavanidou E S,et al.A probabilistic costing method for the evaluation of the performance of grid-connected wind arrays[J].1989,9(3):28-29.
[127]王成山,陈恺,谢莹华,等.配电网扩展规划中分布式电源的选址和定容[J].电力系统自动化,2006,30(03):38-43.
[128]刘宝碇,赵瑞清,王纲.不确定规划及应用[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2003.
[129]雷亚洲,王伟胜,印永华,等.基于机会约束规划的风电穿透功率极限计算[J].中国电机工程学报,2002,22(05):33-36.
[130]王锡凡,王秀丽.电力系统的随机潮流分析[J].西安交通大学学报,1988,22(03):87-97.
[131]胡泽春,王锡凡,张显,等.考虑线路故障的随机潮流[J].中国电机工程学报,2005,25(24):26-33.
[132] Zhang P,Lee S T.Probabilistic load flow computation using the method of combined cumulants and Gram-Charlier expansion[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2004,19(1):676-682.
[133] Baran M E,Wu F F.Network reconfiguration in distribution systems for loss reduction and load balancing[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1989,4(2):1401-1407.
[134]谢建民,邱毓昌,张治源.风力发电机优化选型与云南省风力发电场规划研究[J].电力建设,2001,22(05):27-31.
[135] Workstream 3.Solutions for the connection and operation of distributed generation[R].EA Technology Ltd,2003.
[136] Shafiu A,Bopp T,Chilvers I.Active management and protection of distribution networks with distributed generation[C].Proceedings of IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting,Denver, United States:2004:1098-1103.
[137] Wei H,Sasaki H,Kubokawa J,et al.An interior point nonlinear programming for optimal power flow problems with a novel data structure[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1998,13(3):870-877.
[138] Strbac G,Jenkins N,Hird M,et al.Integration of operation of embedded generation and distribution networks[R].MCEE, UMIST:ETSU Project Report,2002.
[139] Gordijn J,Akkermans H.Business models for distributed generation in a liberalized market environment[J].Electric Power Systems Research Distributed Generation,2007,77(9):1178-1188.
[140] Schellenberg A,Rosehart W,Aguado J.Cumulant-based probabilistic optimal power flow (P-OPF) with Gaussian and gamma distributions[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2005,20(2):773-781.
[141] Verbic G,Canizares C A.Probabilistic optimal power flow in electricity markets based on a two-point estimate method[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2006,21(4):1883-1893.
[142] Madrigal M,Ponnambalam K,Quintana V H.Probabilistic optimal power flow[C].IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering,1998,1:385-388.
[143] Su C L.Probabilistic load-flow computation using point estimate method[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2005,20(4):1843-1851.
[144] Hong H P.An efficient point estimate method for probabilistic analysis[J].Reliability Engineering and System Safety,1998,59(3):261-267.
[145] Su C L , Lu C N . Two-point estimate method for quantifying transfer capability uncertainty[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2005,20(2):573-579.
[146]潘炜,刘文颖,杨以涵.概率最优潮流的点估计算法[J].中国电机工程学报,2008,28(16):28-33.
[147] Morales J M,Perez-Ruiz J.Point estimate schemes to solve the probabilistic power flow[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2007,22(4):1594-1601.
[148]范宏.基于二层规划方法的输电网扩展规划研究[D].上海:上海交通大学博士学位论文,2008.
[2]李俊峰,高虎,施鹏飞,等.中国风电发展报告?2007[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2007.
[3]可再生能源中长期发展规划[R].国家发展和改革委员会.2007.
[4]吴义纯.含风电场的电力系统可靠性与规划问题的研究[D].合肥:合肥工业大学博士学位论文,2006.
[5]王锡凡.电力系统优化规划[M].北京:水利电力出版社,1990.
[6] Schlueter R A,Park G L,Reddoch T W,et al.A modified unit commitment and generation control for utilities with large wind generation penetrations[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1985,PAS-104(7):1630-1636.
[7]庞爱莉.风力发电场接入后对系统的影响[J].上海电力,2007,20(01):33-35.
[8]雷亚洲.与风电并网相关的研究课题[J].电力系统自动化,2003,27(8):84-89.
[9]王成山,郑海峰,谢莹华,等.计及分布式发电的配电系统随机潮流计算[J].电力系统自动化,2005,29(24):39-44.
[10]雷亚洲,王伟胜,印永华,等.风电对电力系统运行的价值分析[J].电网技术,2002,26(05):10-14.
[11]朱祚云,孙健刚,毕毓良,等.风力发电对上海电网的影响[J].上海电力,2007(1):30-33.
[12] Larsson A.Flicker emission of wind turbines caused by switching operations [J].IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,2002,17(1):119-123.
[13]王敏,丁明.含分布式电源的配电系统规划[J].电力系统及其自动化学报,2004,16(6):5-8, 23.
[14]邱大维.能源规划与系统优化[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1995.
[15]魏本宁.基于目标规划理论的电源规划方法研究[D].北京:华北电力大学工商管理学院博士学位论文,2004.
[16]陈金富,李小明,段献忠,等.结合独立发电商和环境保护的电源规划模型[J].华中科技大学学报(自然科学版),2006,34(6):55-57.
[17]李小明,陈金富,段献忠.考虑环境保护的发电机组扩展规划[J].电力系统及其自动化学报,2007,19(2):35-38.
[18] Farghal S A,Abdel Aziz M R.Generation expansion planning including the renewable energy sources[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1988,3(3):816-822.
[19] Srivastava S C,Srivastava A K,Rout U K,et al.Least cost generation expansion planning for a regional electricity board in India considering green house gas mitigation[C].POWERCON 2000 Conference,Nedlands, Australia:2000,1:31-36.
[20] Kim Y C,Ahu B H.Multicriteria generation-expansion planning with global environmental considerations[J].IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,1993,40(2):154-161.
[21] Meza J L C,Yildirim M B,Masud A S M.A model for the multiperiod multiobjective power generation expansion problem[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2007,22(2):871-878.
[22]李开海,王旭,蒋燕.期权理论在电源规划投资模型中的应用[J].现代电力,2003,20(3,4):129-132.
[23] Moreira A,Rocha K,David P.Thermopower generation investment in brazil-economic conditions[J].Energy Policy,2004,32(1):91-100.
[24] El-Khattam W,Bhattacharya K,Hegazy Y,et al.Optimal investment planning for distributed generation in a competitive electricity market[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2004,19(3):1674-1684.
[25]贾德香,程浩忠.电力市场下的电源规划研究综述[J].电力系统及其自动化学报,2007,19(05):58-65, 118.
[26]贾德香,程浩忠,韩净.发电投资的期权博弈决策方法[J].电力系统自动化,2007,31(08):17-21.
[27]臧宝锋,胡汉辉,王建兴.电力市场条件下的发电投资均衡[J].电力系统自动化,2006,30(2):41-44.
[28] Chuang A S,Wu F,Varaiya P.A game-theoretic model for generation expansion planning: problem formulation and numerical comparisons[J].IEEE Power Engineering Review,2001,21(10):63.
[29]贾德香.电力市场环境下的电源规划方法研究[D].上海:上海交通大学博士论文,2007.
[30]陈皓勇,王锡凡.电源规划JASP的改进算法[J].电力系统自动化,2000,24(11):22-25.
[31] Dapklus W D,Bowe T R.Planning for new electric generation technologies a stochastic dynamic programming approach[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1984,PAS-103(6):1447-1453.
[32] Mo B,Hegge J,Wangensteen I.Stochastic generation expansion planning by means of stochastic dynamic programming[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1991,6(2):662-668.
[33] George D.Decomposition techniques for multi-area generation expansion planning under uncertainty[R].Palo Alto, CA (USA):Electric Power Research Inst.,1989.
[34] Sasaki H,Kubokawa J,Watanabe M,et al.A solution of generation expansion problem by means of neural network[C].Proceeding of First International Forum on Applications of Power Systems,Seattle:1991.
[35] Fukuyama Y , Chiang H D . A parallel genetic algorithm for generation expansion planning[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1996,11(2):955-961.
[36]吴耀武,侯云鹤,熊信艮,等.基于遗传算法的电力系统电源规划模型[J].电网技术,1999,25(03):11-15.
[37]王文,贺峰,李远德,等.PGA在水火电混合系统电源规划中的应用[J].电力系统及其自动化学报,2003,15(05):14-18.
[38] Giorsetto P,Utsurogi K F.Development of a new procedure for reliability modeling of wind turbine generators[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1983,PAS-102(1):134-143.
[39] Castro Sayas F,Allan R N.Generation availability assessment of wind farms[J].IEE Proceedings- Generation, Transmission and Distribution,1996,143(5):507-518.
[40] Wang X F,Dai H Z,Thomas R J.Reliability modeling of large wind farms and associateed electric utility interface systems[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1984,PAS-103(3):569-575.
[41]陈树勇,戴慧珠,白晓民,等.风电场的发电可靠性模型及其应用[J].中国电机工程学报,2000,20(03):27-30.
[42] Billinton R,Allan R N.电力系统可靠性评估[M].重庆:科技文献出版社,1986.
[43]吴义纯,丁明.基于蒙特卡罗仿真的风力发电系统可靠性评估[J].电力自动化设备,2004,24(12):70-72.
[44] Schenk K F,Chan S.Incorporation and impact of a wind energy conversion system in generation expansion planning[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1981,PAS-100(12):4710-4718.
[45] Kabouris J,Contaxis G J.Optimum expansion planning of an conventional generation system operating in parallel with a large scale network[J].IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,1991,6(3):394-400.
[46] Roy S.Optimal planning of wind energy conversion systems over an energy scenario[J].IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,1977,12(3):248-254.
[47] Roy S.Market constrained optimal planning for wind energy conversion systems over multiple installation sites[J].IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,2002,22(1):67.
[48]陈树勇,戴慧珠,白晓民,等.含风电场的电力系统随机生产模拟[J].中国电力,2000,33(03):30-31.
[49] Wang P,Billinton R.Reliability benefit analysis of adding WTG to a distribution system [J].IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,2001,16(2):134-139.
[50] Piwko R,Osborn D,Gramlich R,et al.Wind energy delivery issues [transmission planning and competitive electricity market operation][J].IEEE Power and Energy Magazine,2005,3(6):47-56.
[51] Billinton R,Wangdee W.Reliability-based transmission reinforcement planning associated with large-scale wind farms[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2007,22(1):34-41.
[52] Ault G W,Mcdonald J R.Planning for distributed generation within distribution networks in restructured electricity markets[J].Power Engineering Review IEEE,2000,20(2):52-54.
[53] Kim K,Lee Y,Rhee S,et al.Dispersed generator placement using fuzzy-GA in distribution systems[C].IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting,2002,3:1148-1153.
[54] Kashem M A,Le A D T,Negnevitsky M,et al.Distributed generation for minimization of power losses in distribution systems[C].IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting,2006:8.
[55] Willis H L . Analytical methods and rules of thumb for modeling DG-distribution interaction[C].IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting,2000,3:1643-1644.
[56] Nehrir M H,Wang C,Gerez V.Impact of wind power distributed generation on distribution systems[C].Proc. 17th Int. Conf. Electricity Distribution (CIRED),Barcelona, Spain:2003.
[57] Rau N S,Yih-Heui W.Optimum location of resources in distributed planning[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1994,9(4):2014-2020.
[58] Gozel T,Hocaoglu M H,Eminoglu U,et al.Optimal placement and sizing of distributed generation on radial feeder with different static load models[C].Future Power Systems, 2005 International Conference on,2005:2-6.
[59]莫颖涛.分布式发电及其对系统规划的影响[D].杭州:浙江大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[60] Khoa T Q D,Binh P T T,Tran H B.Optimizing Location and Sizing of Distributed Generation in Distribution Systems[C].Power Systems Conference and Exposition, 2006. PSCE '06. 2006 IEEE PES,2006:725-732.
[61] Celli G,Ghiani E,Mocci S,et al.A multiobjective evolutionary algorithm for the sizing and siting of distributed generation[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2005,20(2):750-757.
[62]陈海焱,段献忠,陈金富.计及配网静态电压稳定约束的分布式发电规划模型与算法[J].电网技术,2006,30(21):11-14.
[63]陈海焱,陈金富,杨雄平,等.配电网中计及短路电流约束的分布式发电规划[J].电力系统自动化,2006,30(21):16-21.
[64] Silvestri A , Berizzi A , Buonanno S . Distributed generation planning using genetic algorithms[C].International Conference on Electric Power Engineering,1999:257.
[65] Carpinelli G , Celli G , Pilo F , et al . Distributed generation siting and sizing under uncertainty[C].IEEE Porto Power Tech Proceedings,2001,4:4-7.
[66] Celli G,Pilo F.Optimal distributed generation allocation in MV distribution networks[C].22nd IEEE Power Engineering Society International Conference,2001:81-86.
[67] Mardaneh M,Gharehpetian G B.Siting and sizing of DG units using GA and OPF based technique[C].2004 IEEE Region 10 Conference,2004,3:331-334.
[68] Nara K,Hayashi Y,Ikeda K,et al.Application of tabu search to optimal placement of distributed generators[C].IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting,2001,2:918-923.
[69] Gandomkar M,Vakilian M,Ehsan M.Optimal distributed generation allocation in distribution network using Hereford Ranch algorithm[C].ICEMS,2005,2:916-918.
[70] Currie R A F,Ault G W,Foote C E T.Fundamental research challenges for active management of distribution networks with high levels of renewable generation[C].Proceedings of Universities Power Engineering Conference,Bristol:2004.
[71]王锡凡,王秀丽.随机生产模拟及其应用[J].电力系统自动化,2003,27(08):10-15.
[72]戴慧珠,王伟胜,迟永宁.风电场接入电力系统研究的新进展(英文)[J].电网技术,2007,31(20):16-23.
[73]陈树勇,戴慧珠,白晓民,等.风电场的容量可信度和可避免费用计算[J].太阳能学报,1999,20(4):432-438.
[74]王海超,鲁宗相,周双喜.风电场发电容量可信度研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2005,25(10):103-106.
[75] Booth R R.Power system simulation model based on probability analysis[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1972,PAS-91(1):62-69.
[76] Mohan P,Balasubramanian R,Rao K S P.A new fourier method for evaluating generation system reliability indices[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1986,1(3):88-94.
[77] Wang X F.Equivalent energy function approach to power system probabilistic modeling[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1988,3(3):823-829.
[78]王锡凡.电力系统随机生产模拟的等效电量函数法[J].西安交通大学学报,1984,18(6):13-26.
[79]李林川,王锡凡,王秀丽.基于等效电量函数法的互联电力系统随机生产模拟[J].中国电机工程学报,1996,16(3):180-184.
[80] Stremel J P,Jenkins R T,Babb R A,et al.Production costing using the cumulant method of representing the equivalent load curve[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1980,PAS-99(5):1947-1956.
[81] Rau N S,Toy P,Schenk K F.Expected energy production costs by the method of moments[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1980,PAS-99(5):1908-1917.
[82]陈刚,相年德,陈雪青.一种基于负荷分解的随机生产模拟新方法[J].中国电机工程学报,1992,12(3):49-54.
[83]夏清,王少军,相年德.时序负荷曲线下电力系统概率性生产模拟[J].中国电机工程学报,1994,14(3):21-28.
[84]夏清,王少军,相年德,等.时序负荷曲线下电力系统概率性水电生产模拟[J].中国电机工程学报,1998,18(6):429-433.
[85]康重庆,白利超,清夏,等.基于序列运算理论的随机生产模拟算法的实施[J].中国电机工程学报,2002,22(9):6-11.
[86]康重庆,夏清,相年德,等.随机生产模拟的序列化分析[J].中国电机工程学报,2002,22(4):8-12.
[87] Grubb M.The inclusion of dynamic factors in statistical power system cost models Part I: Assessment of startup and banking costs[J].IEEE Power Engineering Review,1989,9(5):39-40.
[88] Malik A S . Simulating limited energy units within the framework of ELDC and FDmethods[J].Electrical Power and Energy Systems,2004(24):645-653.
[89]陆华,周浩.发电厂的环境成本分析[J].环境保护,2004(04):51-54.
[90] Bowden G J,Barker P R,Shestopal V O,et al.The Weibull distribution function and wind power statistics[J].Wind Engineering ,1983,7(2):85-98.
[91] Balouktsis A,Chassapis D,Karapantsios T D.A nomogram method for estimating the energy produced by wind turbine generators[J].Solar Energy,2002,72(3):251-259.
[92] Damousis I G,Alexiadis M C,Theocharis J B,et al.A fuzzy model for wind speed prediction and power generation in wind parks using spatial correlation[J].IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,2004,19(2):352-361.
[93]孙春顺,王耀南,李欣然.小时风速的向量自回归模型及应用[J].中国电机工程学报,2008,28(14):112-117.
[94] Subcommittee P M.IEEE Reliability Test System[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1979,PAS-98(6):2047-2054.
[95] http://www.goldwind.cn/product/show.asp?id=112
[96]蒋鹏程.贺兰山风电场G52-850kW、G58-850kW与V52-850kW型风力发电机组运行比较[J].宁夏电力,2007(2):55-57.
[97] http://www.gamesa.es
[98] Malik A S,Cory B J.An application of frequency and duration approach in generation planning[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1997,12(3):1076-1084.
[99]丁明,冯永青.发电机组检修计划的可靠性和经济性研究[J].中国电力,2001,34(7):22-25.
[100]丘昌涛,岳占明,李朝华.用等风险度法制定发电机组检修计划的计算机程序[J].东北电力学院学报,1983(1):83-93.
[101]中华人民共和国国家经济贸易委员会.风力发电场检修规程[S].2001.
[102] Kendall M,Stuart A.The advanced theory of Statistics[M].London:C. Griffin,1977.
[103] Tian W D,Sutanto D,Lee Y B,et al.Cumulant based probabilistic power system simulation using Laguerre polynomials[J].IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,1989,4(4):567-574.
[104] Stremel J P,Jenkins R T.Maintenance scheduling under uncertainty[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1981,PAS-100(2):460-465.
[105]陈刚.一种制订孤立系统和辐射形互联系统机组检修计划的新方法[J].中国电机工程学报,1989,9(3):34-40.
[106]李彤,王春峰,王文波,等.求解整数规划的一种仿生类全局优化算法——模拟植物生长算法[J].系统工程理论与实践,2005,25(01):76-85.
[107]王淳,程浩忠.模拟植物生长算法及其在输电网规划中的应用[J].电力系统自动化,2007,31(7):24-28.
[108]王淳,程浩忠.基于模拟植物生长算法的电力系统无功优化[J].电网技术,2006,30(21):37-41.
[109]王淳,程浩忠,陈恳.配电网动态无功补偿的整体优化算法[J].电工技术学报,2008,23(2):109-114.
[110] Wang C,Cheng H Z.Optimization of network configuration in large distribution systems using plant growth simulation algorithm[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2008,23(1):119-126.
[111]王淳,程浩忠.基于模拟植物生长算法的配电网重构[J].中国电机工程学报,2007,27(19):50-55.
[112] Schlueter R A,Park G L,Lotfalian M,et al.Modification of power system operation for significant wind generation penetration[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1983,PAS-102(1):153-161.
[113] Sorensen P,Cutululis N A,Vigueras-Rodriguez A,et al.Power fluctuations from large wind farms[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2007,22(3):958-965.
[114] Soder L.Reserve margin planning in a wind-hydro-thermal power system[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1993,8(2):564-571.
[115]娄素华,吴耀武,黄智.考虑周抽水蓄能电站的电力系统调峰电源规划优化模型[J].高电压技术,2007,33(9):80-84.
[116]余欣梅,熊信艮,吴耀武,等.电力系统调峰电源规划优化模型探讨及其应用[J].中国电力,2003,36(1):48-51.
[117]王承煦,张源.风力发电[M].北京:中国电力出版社,2003.
[118]迟永宁.大型风电场接入电网的稳定性问题研究[D].北京:中国电力科学研究院博士学位论文,2006.
[119]董子刚.双层规划性质及若干算法研究[D].山东科技大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[120]国家电网公司.国家电网风电场接入电网技术规定(试行)[S].2007.
[121]陈海焱,段献忠,陈金富.分布式发电对配网静态电压稳定性的影响[J].电网技术,2006,30(19):27-30.
[122]胡骅,吴汕,夏翔,等.考虑电压调整约束的多个分布式电源准入功率计算[J].中国电机工程学报,2006,26(19):13-17.
[123] Hadjsaid N,Canard J F,Dumas F.Dispersed generation impact on distribution networks[J].IEEE Computer Applications in Power,1999,12(2):22-28.
[124] Puttgen H B,Macgregor P R,Lambert F C.Distributed generation: Semantic hype or the dawn of a new era?[J].IEEE Power and Energy Magazine,2003,1(1):22-29.
[125] Bakirtzis A G,Dokopoulos P S,Gavanidou E S,et al.A probabilistic costing method for the evaluation of the performance of grid-connected wind arrays[J].IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,1989,4(1):34-40.
[126] Bakirtzis A G,Dokopoulos P S,Gavanidou E S,et al.A probabilistic costing method for the evaluation of the performance of grid-connected wind arrays[J].1989,9(3):28-29.
[127]王成山,陈恺,谢莹华,等.配电网扩展规划中分布式电源的选址和定容[J].电力系统自动化,2006,30(03):38-43.
[128]刘宝碇,赵瑞清,王纲.不确定规划及应用[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2003.
[129]雷亚洲,王伟胜,印永华,等.基于机会约束规划的风电穿透功率极限计算[J].中国电机工程学报,2002,22(05):33-36.
[130]王锡凡,王秀丽.电力系统的随机潮流分析[J].西安交通大学学报,1988,22(03):87-97.
[131]胡泽春,王锡凡,张显,等.考虑线路故障的随机潮流[J].中国电机工程学报,2005,25(24):26-33.
[132] Zhang P,Lee S T.Probabilistic load flow computation using the method of combined cumulants and Gram-Charlier expansion[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2004,19(1):676-682.
[133] Baran M E,Wu F F.Network reconfiguration in distribution systems for loss reduction and load balancing[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1989,4(2):1401-1407.
[134]谢建民,邱毓昌,张治源.风力发电机优化选型与云南省风力发电场规划研究[J].电力建设,2001,22(05):27-31.
[135] Workstream 3.Solutions for the connection and operation of distributed generation[R].EA Technology Ltd,2003.
[136] Shafiu A,Bopp T,Chilvers I.Active management and protection of distribution networks with distributed generation[C].Proceedings of IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting,Denver, United States:2004:1098-1103.
[137] Wei H,Sasaki H,Kubokawa J,et al.An interior point nonlinear programming for optimal power flow problems with a novel data structure[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1998,13(3):870-877.
[138] Strbac G,Jenkins N,Hird M,et al.Integration of operation of embedded generation and distribution networks[R].MCEE, UMIST:ETSU Project Report,2002.
[139] Gordijn J,Akkermans H.Business models for distributed generation in a liberalized market environment[J].Electric Power Systems Research Distributed Generation,2007,77(9):1178-1188.
[140] Schellenberg A,Rosehart W,Aguado J.Cumulant-based probabilistic optimal power flow (P-OPF) with Gaussian and gamma distributions[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2005,20(2):773-781.
[141] Verbic G,Canizares C A.Probabilistic optimal power flow in electricity markets based on a two-point estimate method[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2006,21(4):1883-1893.
[142] Madrigal M,Ponnambalam K,Quintana V H.Probabilistic optimal power flow[C].IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering,1998,1:385-388.
[143] Su C L.Probabilistic load-flow computation using point estimate method[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2005,20(4):1843-1851.
[144] Hong H P.An efficient point estimate method for probabilistic analysis[J].Reliability Engineering and System Safety,1998,59(3):261-267.
[145] Su C L , Lu C N . Two-point estimate method for quantifying transfer capability uncertainty[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2005,20(2):573-579.
[146]潘炜,刘文颖,杨以涵.概率最优潮流的点估计算法[J].中国电机工程学报,2008,28(16):28-33.
[147] Morales J M,Perez-Ruiz J.Point estimate schemes to solve the probabilistic power flow[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2007,22(4):1594-1601.
[148]范宏.基于二层规划方法的输电网扩展规划研究[D].上海:上海交通大学博士学位论文,2008.