矿山生态系统物能流核算
摘要
采矿活动在人类生产活动的各部门中,与自然环境资源的关系最为密切。过去由于对环境资源因素的价值认识不足,采矿活动造成生态系统的自适应性降低,以及人类后代生态福利的损失。因此,建立有效的可持续性评价指标考察矿产资源开发过程中社会与自然之间的互馈关系十分重要。
论文以社会-经济代谢为理论基础、MEFA模型为物能流核算框架、能值理论与方法为核算工具,以进入矿山生态-经济-社会复合系统的各子系统物能流历史数据为基础,研究矿山生态系统能学过程,考察矿山特定生命周期阶段主要年份的代谢机制。选择我国东部矿区中煤集团大屯公司姚桥煤矿和兖州煤业股份有限公司济宁三号煤矿开展矿山生态系统实证研究。
通过区域和矿山生态系统的能值评估,从系统运行、污染物排放以及与土地利用之间的关系三个方面开展系统能值流分析。实现了以统一的标准分析社会-经济系统与生态系统之间的相互联系,解决了多学科综合评价的指标难以兼容的难题。以量化的数据说明了环境资源对经济发展的贡献以及采矿活动对环境和人类的影响,评价了经济社会与生态环境相互作用的可持续性。论文主要内容:
对矿山生态系统所在区域复合系统进行能值评估,以实例详细介绍能值理论和评估方法,通过分析能值指标的变化轨迹评价区域生态经济系统的发展状况,为矿山生态系统能值评估提供区域能值指标。其中全社会电力能值使用量比例、总电力能值使用量比例之间逐渐扩大的差距体现了徐州延长煤炭产业链开发电力能源的发展策略。
依据能路语言符号,绘制矿山生态系统物能流概略图,极大地辅助了繁复的能值评估过程,建立了一套矿山生态系统能值评价指标体系。能值指标分析表明:2000年后的矿山生态系统物能流综合利用效率较2000年前大幅提高,近5年姚桥煤矿对环境资源和经济反馈的综合利用效率优于济三煤矿,但济三煤矿对经济反馈资源的利用效率是姚桥煤矿的3倍,万吨产量姚桥煤矿生产活动的经济反馈成本高;环境资源投入在系统总能值投入中占95%左右,其中几乎全部由煤层能值贡献,人类只需要投入数量级为10-7 J能量就能获得1 sej(等于1 J太阳能)的原煤;矿山生态系统中经济社会的投资收益越来越好,且姚桥煤矿的投资效益增速大于济三煤矿;电力系统升级、提高原煤生产效率、以及采用多种运输方式等对提升企业竞争力的成效显著;与地方的其它行业相比,获取相同经济效益,煤炭开采业要以4倍多的资源能值为代价,且济三煤矿获取1美元需要比姚桥煤矿消耗更多的能值;矿山生态系统的能值利用强度平均比地方高出7.76倍,经济发展的消耗强度大;获得相同产量,回采率低和煤质高决定了济三煤矿比姚桥煤矿动用了更多的煤炭储量能值;两矿山相同产值消耗的水资源能值逐年减少,济三煤矿万元产值水资源能值损失平均比姚桥煤矿低33%。此外,矿山生态系统的能值转换率和能值能耗指标所表现出来的差异,直观地说明了能量与能值的本质区别,体现了传统能耗核算对能质考虑的不足与能值核算在理论上和方法上的优势。比如,油脂、水泥、沙石、电缆、胶带等传统能耗指标中未考虑的项目,与一次能源一样对矿山生态系统运行具有很高的能值贡献。在研究不同能量源作用于同一系统时,应该更着重于在复合界面对系统中的各种流以同一标准进行统一评价。
以能值为度量标准,量化矿山生态系统主要污染物排放对生态环境的影响程度,以及大气污染物对人类健康的潜在危害程度。结果表明:稀释水污染物浓度的水资源能值贡献在系统中占很大比例;年长日久的煤矸石堆置会造成大量的土地能值损失。CO2通过气候变化对人类健康造成的影响不容忽视。相同原煤产出的情况下,济三煤矿污染物排放对生态环境的负面影响有加剧趋势,研究期内平均影响程度比姚桥煤矿小,且大气污染物对职工生命健康的潜在危害(DALYs)也较后者要小。
通过追踪系统物能流,分析矿山生态系统的代谢与土地利用/覆被变化之间的相互作用关系。结果表明:人类社会对矿山生态系统的经济反馈直接影响了水域和建设用地的土地面积变化,且能源的利用是矿山生态系统土地利用/覆被变化的重要社会-经济驱动力因子。以能值利用强度作为衡量矿山生态系统的垦殖强度指标,矿山生态系统的垦殖强度是所在区域垦殖强度的4.43倍。建立基于能值的生态足迹模型,以区域可更新自然资源和生物生产性土地的可更新部分为基础,计算能值-生态承载力;以系统物能流为基础,计算能值-生态足迹。模型应用结果表明:矿山生态系统经济反馈物能流的利用效率对系统的能值-生态足迹影响很大,人类对矿山生态系统的垦殖使得复合系统的可持续性每况愈下。
In various departments of human activities, mining has the most close relationship with natural resources. Because of the inadequate aware of environmental resources value in the past, mining activities caused not only the reduce of ecosystems adaptability, but also the loss of ecological welfares for future generations. Recently, a consensus seems to be under way to regard sustainability as a problem of the interaction between society and nature. Therefore, the establishment of effective sustainability evaluation indicators for monitoring society-nature interaction is very important during the mineral resources development.
Based on the theory of socio-economic metabolism and the framework of MEFA, emergy theroy and methodology was employed in this dissertation. By tracking the material and energy flows in each subsystem, the energetica process and metabolic mechanism of Mine ecosystem on specific life cycle stage were investigated. Yaoqiao Mine of Datun Coal Group and Jisan Mine of Yanzhou Coal Mining Company Ltd. were selected as the Mine ecosystems of empirical research. Both of them are located in the eastern mining area China.
With the emergy evaluation of region and the two Mine ecosystems, the quantitative relationship of various emergy flows was analysed from system process, pollutants emission, and the interaction with land use. In units of solar emjoule, the linkages between the social-economic system and the ecological systems were connected on a uniform standard. Then, the problem of difficult to compatible with each indicator among multi-disciplinary evaluation was solved. The dissertation also quantified the contribution of environmental resources and negative impact of mining activities based on emergy evaluation.
Through the regional emergy evaluation of Xuzhou, where Yaoqiao Mine located in, the emergy theory and evaluation methods were introduced in details. The values of a series of emergy indicators were used for assessing the dynamic changes of regional development trajectories. Some main emergy indices were provided for Mine ecosystem emergy evaluation and for comparative analysis between mining and other industry in the region.
Different types of material and energy flows during Mine ecosystem metabolic process were integrated in summary diagram with energy circuit language. Then, the solar emergy transformity of each flows was required to transform the original units into the uints of sej. All material and energy flows were quantified in the same uints, i.e., they are converted into emergy flows. Based on the emergy flows of Mine ecosystem, a set of emergy index was established by combining the environmental resouces input, economic system feedback and system output. Main indices results show that: after 2000, the utilization efficiency of material and energy flows in Mine ecosystem increased substantially. On the whole, the utilization efficiency environmental resources and economic feedback in Yaoqiao is better than that in Jisan in recent five years. But the utilization efficiency of feedback from economy in Jisan is 3 times higher than that in Yaoqiao. More economic feedback cost needed in Yaoqiao per 104 tons of coal production output. Environmental resources into the total emergy input in Mine ecosystem accounted for 95%, of which almost all of contributions from the coal seam emergy. Compared to other industries in Xuzhou, for the same economic benefit, the coal mining industry should take more than 4 times the emergy of resources cost. And for one U.S. dollar benefit, more emergy consumed in Jisan than that in Yaoqiao. The loss of water emergy per 104 yuan production value in Jisan is 33% less than that in Yaoqiao. And other results also were gained in chapter 5 of this dissertation.
Based on emergy theory and accounting methodology, a set of quantitative methods for accounting the environmental support due to pollutants emission was used to quantifing the negative effects of waste emission from Mine ecosystem. Then, the impacts on environment and effects on human health caused by pollutants emission from coal mining wastes were quantified in unified units.
By tracking the material and energy flow with emergy unit, the dissertation achieved using quantitative data analysis the interaction relationship between metabolism and land use and cover change in Mine ecosystem. To be able to measure the extend of colonization of natural processes, the emergy desity was employed. A new ecological footprint model based on emergy theory was also put forward. The new model focused on the ecological carrying capacity and the demand of ecological footprints based on material and energy flows for sustaining regional development.
There are 41 figures, 33 tables and 267 References in this dissertation.
论文以社会-经济代谢为理论基础、MEFA模型为物能流核算框架、能值理论与方法为核算工具,以进入矿山生态-经济-社会复合系统的各子系统物能流历史数据为基础,研究矿山生态系统能学过程,考察矿山特定生命周期阶段主要年份的代谢机制。选择我国东部矿区中煤集团大屯公司姚桥煤矿和兖州煤业股份有限公司济宁三号煤矿开展矿山生态系统实证研究。
通过区域和矿山生态系统的能值评估,从系统运行、污染物排放以及与土地利用之间的关系三个方面开展系统能值流分析。实现了以统一的标准分析社会-经济系统与生态系统之间的相互联系,解决了多学科综合评价的指标难以兼容的难题。以量化的数据说明了环境资源对经济发展的贡献以及采矿活动对环境和人类的影响,评价了经济社会与生态环境相互作用的可持续性。论文主要内容:
对矿山生态系统所在区域复合系统进行能值评估,以实例详细介绍能值理论和评估方法,通过分析能值指标的变化轨迹评价区域生态经济系统的发展状况,为矿山生态系统能值评估提供区域能值指标。其中全社会电力能值使用量比例、总电力能值使用量比例之间逐渐扩大的差距体现了徐州延长煤炭产业链开发电力能源的发展策略。
依据能路语言符号,绘制矿山生态系统物能流概略图,极大地辅助了繁复的能值评估过程,建立了一套矿山生态系统能值评价指标体系。能值指标分析表明:2000年后的矿山生态系统物能流综合利用效率较2000年前大幅提高,近5年姚桥煤矿对环境资源和经济反馈的综合利用效率优于济三煤矿,但济三煤矿对经济反馈资源的利用效率是姚桥煤矿的3倍,万吨产量姚桥煤矿生产活动的经济反馈成本高;环境资源投入在系统总能值投入中占95%左右,其中几乎全部由煤层能值贡献,人类只需要投入数量级为10-7 J能量就能获得1 sej(等于1 J太阳能)的原煤;矿山生态系统中经济社会的投资收益越来越好,且姚桥煤矿的投资效益增速大于济三煤矿;电力系统升级、提高原煤生产效率、以及采用多种运输方式等对提升企业竞争力的成效显著;与地方的其它行业相比,获取相同经济效益,煤炭开采业要以4倍多的资源能值为代价,且济三煤矿获取1美元需要比姚桥煤矿消耗更多的能值;矿山生态系统的能值利用强度平均比地方高出7.76倍,经济发展的消耗强度大;获得相同产量,回采率低和煤质高决定了济三煤矿比姚桥煤矿动用了更多的煤炭储量能值;两矿山相同产值消耗的水资源能值逐年减少,济三煤矿万元产值水资源能值损失平均比姚桥煤矿低33%。此外,矿山生态系统的能值转换率和能值能耗指标所表现出来的差异,直观地说明了能量与能值的本质区别,体现了传统能耗核算对能质考虑的不足与能值核算在理论上和方法上的优势。比如,油脂、水泥、沙石、电缆、胶带等传统能耗指标中未考虑的项目,与一次能源一样对矿山生态系统运行具有很高的能值贡献。在研究不同能量源作用于同一系统时,应该更着重于在复合界面对系统中的各种流以同一标准进行统一评价。
以能值为度量标准,量化矿山生态系统主要污染物排放对生态环境的影响程度,以及大气污染物对人类健康的潜在危害程度。结果表明:稀释水污染物浓度的水资源能值贡献在系统中占很大比例;年长日久的煤矸石堆置会造成大量的土地能值损失。CO2通过气候变化对人类健康造成的影响不容忽视。相同原煤产出的情况下,济三煤矿污染物排放对生态环境的负面影响有加剧趋势,研究期内平均影响程度比姚桥煤矿小,且大气污染物对职工生命健康的潜在危害(DALYs)也较后者要小。
通过追踪系统物能流,分析矿山生态系统的代谢与土地利用/覆被变化之间的相互作用关系。结果表明:人类社会对矿山生态系统的经济反馈直接影响了水域和建设用地的土地面积变化,且能源的利用是矿山生态系统土地利用/覆被变化的重要社会-经济驱动力因子。以能值利用强度作为衡量矿山生态系统的垦殖强度指标,矿山生态系统的垦殖强度是所在区域垦殖强度的4.43倍。建立基于能值的生态足迹模型,以区域可更新自然资源和生物生产性土地的可更新部分为基础,计算能值-生态承载力;以系统物能流为基础,计算能值-生态足迹。模型应用结果表明:矿山生态系统经济反馈物能流的利用效率对系统的能值-生态足迹影响很大,人类对矿山生态系统的垦殖使得复合系统的可持续性每况愈下。
In various departments of human activities, mining has the most close relationship with natural resources. Because of the inadequate aware of environmental resources value in the past, mining activities caused not only the reduce of ecosystems adaptability, but also the loss of ecological welfares for future generations. Recently, a consensus seems to be under way to regard sustainability as a problem of the interaction between society and nature. Therefore, the establishment of effective sustainability evaluation indicators for monitoring society-nature interaction is very important during the mineral resources development.
Based on the theory of socio-economic metabolism and the framework of MEFA, emergy theroy and methodology was employed in this dissertation. By tracking the material and energy flows in each subsystem, the energetica process and metabolic mechanism of Mine ecosystem on specific life cycle stage were investigated. Yaoqiao Mine of Datun Coal Group and Jisan Mine of Yanzhou Coal Mining Company Ltd. were selected as the Mine ecosystems of empirical research. Both of them are located in the eastern mining area China.
With the emergy evaluation of region and the two Mine ecosystems, the quantitative relationship of various emergy flows was analysed from system process, pollutants emission, and the interaction with land use. In units of solar emjoule, the linkages between the social-economic system and the ecological systems were connected on a uniform standard. Then, the problem of difficult to compatible with each indicator among multi-disciplinary evaluation was solved. The dissertation also quantified the contribution of environmental resources and negative impact of mining activities based on emergy evaluation.
Through the regional emergy evaluation of Xuzhou, where Yaoqiao Mine located in, the emergy theory and evaluation methods were introduced in details. The values of a series of emergy indicators were used for assessing the dynamic changes of regional development trajectories. Some main emergy indices were provided for Mine ecosystem emergy evaluation and for comparative analysis between mining and other industry in the region.
Different types of material and energy flows during Mine ecosystem metabolic process were integrated in summary diagram with energy circuit language. Then, the solar emergy transformity of each flows was required to transform the original units into the uints of sej. All material and energy flows were quantified in the same uints, i.e., they are converted into emergy flows. Based on the emergy flows of Mine ecosystem, a set of emergy index was established by combining the environmental resouces input, economic system feedback and system output. Main indices results show that: after 2000, the utilization efficiency of material and energy flows in Mine ecosystem increased substantially. On the whole, the utilization efficiency environmental resources and economic feedback in Yaoqiao is better than that in Jisan in recent five years. But the utilization efficiency of feedback from economy in Jisan is 3 times higher than that in Yaoqiao. More economic feedback cost needed in Yaoqiao per 104 tons of coal production output. Environmental resources into the total emergy input in Mine ecosystem accounted for 95%, of which almost all of contributions from the coal seam emergy. Compared to other industries in Xuzhou, for the same economic benefit, the coal mining industry should take more than 4 times the emergy of resources cost. And for one U.S. dollar benefit, more emergy consumed in Jisan than that in Yaoqiao. The loss of water emergy per 104 yuan production value in Jisan is 33% less than that in Yaoqiao. And other results also were gained in chapter 5 of this dissertation.
Based on emergy theory and accounting methodology, a set of quantitative methods for accounting the environmental support due to pollutants emission was used to quantifing the negative effects of waste emission from Mine ecosystem. Then, the impacts on environment and effects on human health caused by pollutants emission from coal mining wastes were quantified in unified units.
By tracking the material and energy flow with emergy unit, the dissertation achieved using quantitative data analysis the interaction relationship between metabolism and land use and cover change in Mine ecosystem. To be able to measure the extend of colonization of natural processes, the emergy desity was employed. A new ecological footprint model based on emergy theory was also put forward. The new model focused on the ecological carrying capacity and the demand of ecological footprints based on material and energy flows for sustaining regional development.
There are 41 figures, 33 tables and 267 References in this dissertation.
引文
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