管内单相对流换热的优化和评价
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摘要
由于世界性能源短缺日益严重，以节能为目标的传热强化技术受到了人们的广泛关注并得到了快速发展，对于我国而言，工业节能更是当前的重中之重。在我国，工业上对于能量利用的过程中涉及到热交换的工艺和设备所占比重超过90%。因此，本文对基本的对流换热问题进行了主动优化设计，以期获得具有优异的综合换热与阻力特性的流场结构。
在已有的最小熵产优化原理和最小火积耗散优化原理的基础上进一步提出了最小功损耗优化原理和最小热损耗优化原理，通过泛函变分和求极值，获得了流体的优化场方程。数值求解发现，管内流动中形成了多纵向旋流的流动结构。对其换热与阻力特性进行分析可以发现，这种管内多纵向旋流流场相对于未优化的光管而言，在Re数为200的层流流动下其Nu数增强了170%而其阻力系数增幅不超过10%，在Re数为20000的湍流流动下其Nu数增强了15%而其阻力增幅仅为25%，均获得了优良的综合换热效果。
通过在管内核心流区域添加扰流体的方法，提出了基于流体的强化传热方式及原则。通过对管内流动区域进行分区并分别给予不同的优化目标和约束条件，获得了支持这一原则的优化方法，并求得了相对于未优化的光管换热增幅与阻力增幅比超过3的数值解。在基于流体的强化传热原则的指导下，提出了一种新型的管外扰流支撑元件用于管壳式换热器的管束间强化，与常用的折流杆换热器在Re数为3000至21000的湍流流动区域进行对比，可以发现扰流叶片换热器可比折流杆换热器的换热系数提高10%-60%的同时阻力系数降低0%-50%，扰流叶片换热器相比于折流杆换热器的综合性能评价指标最高达到了1.5。
除此之外，从传热过程的不可逆耗散损失的热损耗表征出发，从热力学第二定律的角度提出了传热过程的效率。通过数值计算可以发现，传热效率能够很好地指导对流换热的优化设计。
Along with the worldwide energy shortage increasingly more serious, heattransfer enhancement technologies with energy saving-orientation seize people'sextensive attentions and gain rapid development. Especially for our country, industrialenergy saving is priority for all at current. In our country’s industry, the proportion ofheat transfer crafts and devices in the energy utilization process is more than90%.Therefore, active optimization design for the basic convective heat transfer problem isdiscussed in this thesis, and the flow field structure with excellent comprehensive heattransfer and flow resistance characteristics is expected to obtain.
On the basis of existing entropy generation minimum principle and entransydissipation minimum principle, the power consumption minimum principle and heatconsumption minimum principle are proposed in this thesis. Optimal field equation forconvective heat transfer can be derived by functional variation and seeking forextreme value. It can be found that from the numerical solution, longitudinal swirlflow structure with multi-vortexes appears in the flow field of pipeline flow.Compared with the heat transfer and resistance characteristics in bare tube withoutoptimization, it can be found that the multi-vortexes flow structure has outstandingcomprehensive heat transfer effect. Specifically, when the Re number is200for thelaminar flow, the the Nusselt number can be increased to170%, while the resistancecoefficient is only increased less than10%compared with the bare tube; when the Renumber is20000for the turbulent flow, the the Nusselt number can be increased to15%, while the resistance coefficient is only increased to25%compared with the baretube.
Through adding component which can disturb the fluid in the core flow insidetubes in this thesis, the manner and principle of heat transfer enhancement based onfluid is proposed in this thesis. Dividing flow area inside a tube, disparate optimizationobjects and constraint conditions are applied in different flow area, and then,optimization method is obtained which can support above-mentioned principle. Also, asuperduper numerical solution is achieved, whose increasing range of Nusselt numberis three times more than increasing range of resistance coefficient comparing with fluid flow in smooth tube without optimization. Under the guidance of the principle ofheat transfer enhancement based on fluid, heat exchanger with a kind of vane-typespoiler insets for the sake of heat transfer enhancement among pipes inside thetube-and-shell heat exchanger is presented in this thesis. The turbulent simulationresults of the vane-type spoiler heat exchanger show that, when Re number is in thescope of3000-21000, the heat transfer coefficient increases by10%-60%while theresistance coefficient decreases by0%-50%compared with rod baffle heat exchanger.Also, the comprehensive performance evaluation criterion of vane-type spoiler heatexchanger relative to rod baffle heat exchanger reaches up to1.5superlatively.
In addition, based on the heat consumption characterization of irreversibilitydissipation loss in heat transfer process, efficiency of heat transfer process is proposedin the view of the second law of thermodynamics in this thesis. It can be inferred fromthe numerical calculation, the efficiency of heat transfer process suggested in thisthesis can guide the optimization design of convective heat transfer well.
在已有的最小熵产优化原理和最小火积耗散优化原理的基础上进一步提出了最小功损耗优化原理和最小热损耗优化原理，通过泛函变分和求极值，获得了流体的优化场方程。数值求解发现，管内流动中形成了多纵向旋流的流动结构。对其换热与阻力特性进行分析可以发现，这种管内多纵向旋流流场相对于未优化的光管而言，在Re数为200的层流流动下其Nu数增强了170%而其阻力系数增幅不超过10%，在Re数为20000的湍流流动下其Nu数增强了15%而其阻力增幅仅为25%，均获得了优良的综合换热效果。
通过在管内核心流区域添加扰流体的方法，提出了基于流体的强化传热方式及原则。通过对管内流动区域进行分区并分别给予不同的优化目标和约束条件，获得了支持这一原则的优化方法，并求得了相对于未优化的光管换热增幅与阻力增幅比超过3的数值解。在基于流体的强化传热原则的指导下，提出了一种新型的管外扰流支撑元件用于管壳式换热器的管束间强化，与常用的折流杆换热器在Re数为3000至21000的湍流流动区域进行对比，可以发现扰流叶片换热器可比折流杆换热器的换热系数提高10%-60%的同时阻力系数降低0%-50%，扰流叶片换热器相比于折流杆换热器的综合性能评价指标最高达到了1.5。
除此之外，从传热过程的不可逆耗散损失的热损耗表征出发，从热力学第二定律的角度提出了传热过程的效率。通过数值计算可以发现，传热效率能够很好地指导对流换热的优化设计。
Along with the worldwide energy shortage increasingly more serious, heattransfer enhancement technologies with energy saving-orientation seize people'sextensive attentions and gain rapid development. Especially for our country, industrialenergy saving is priority for all at current. In our country’s industry, the proportion ofheat transfer crafts and devices in the energy utilization process is more than90%.Therefore, active optimization design for the basic convective heat transfer problem isdiscussed in this thesis, and the flow field structure with excellent comprehensive heattransfer and flow resistance characteristics is expected to obtain.
On the basis of existing entropy generation minimum principle and entransydissipation minimum principle, the power consumption minimum principle and heatconsumption minimum principle are proposed in this thesis. Optimal field equation forconvective heat transfer can be derived by functional variation and seeking forextreme value. It can be found that from the numerical solution, longitudinal swirlflow structure with multi-vortexes appears in the flow field of pipeline flow.Compared with the heat transfer and resistance characteristics in bare tube withoutoptimization, it can be found that the multi-vortexes flow structure has outstandingcomprehensive heat transfer effect. Specifically, when the Re number is200for thelaminar flow, the the Nusselt number can be increased to170%, while the resistancecoefficient is only increased less than10%compared with the bare tube; when the Renumber is20000for the turbulent flow, the the Nusselt number can be increased to15%, while the resistance coefficient is only increased to25%compared with the baretube.
Through adding component which can disturb the fluid in the core flow insidetubes in this thesis, the manner and principle of heat transfer enhancement based onfluid is proposed in this thesis. Dividing flow area inside a tube, disparate optimizationobjects and constraint conditions are applied in different flow area, and then,optimization method is obtained which can support above-mentioned principle. Also, asuperduper numerical solution is achieved, whose increasing range of Nusselt numberis three times more than increasing range of resistance coefficient comparing with fluid flow in smooth tube without optimization. Under the guidance of the principle ofheat transfer enhancement based on fluid, heat exchanger with a kind of vane-typespoiler insets for the sake of heat transfer enhancement among pipes inside thetube-and-shell heat exchanger is presented in this thesis. The turbulent simulationresults of the vane-type spoiler heat exchanger show that, when Re number is in thescope of3000-21000, the heat transfer coefficient increases by10%-60%while theresistance coefficient decreases by0%-50%compared with rod baffle heat exchanger.Also, the comprehensive performance evaluation criterion of vane-type spoiler heatexchanger relative to rod baffle heat exchanger reaches up to1.5superlatively.
In addition, based on the heat consumption characterization of irreversibilitydissipation loss in heat transfer process, efficiency of heat transfer process is proposedin the view of the second law of thermodynamics in this thesis. It can be inferred fromthe numerical calculation, the efficiency of heat transfer process suggested in thisthesis can guide the optimization design of convective heat transfer well.
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